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刘东军 《北方牧业(奶牛)》2008,(9)
奶牛围产期一般指奶牛产前21天至产后14天,其中产前3周称为围产前期,产后2周为围产后期。围产期是奶牛整个泌乳周期中最至天重要的一个时期．存这个阶段．奶牛经历了巨大的生理与代谢变化,以及一系列应激反映．如分娩、泌乳、日粮结构改变、饲养环境改变等, 相似文献
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<正>围产期(产前3周至产后2周,其中产前3周为围产前期,产后2周为围产后期),是奶牛产奶周期中最为关键的阶段。这一时期奶牛具有以下生理特征：(1)胎儿发育对营养需要的增加,营养过多或不足,都会直接影响胎儿的生长和母牛产后的健康；(2)为分娩和产奶做准备,母牛内分泌状态发生明显改变、干物质采食量减少均会影响奶牛的营养代谢；(3)血钙在产犊前最后几天有所下降；(4)母牛由于妊娠、分娩、泌乳,免疫状况下降,抗病力降低,奶牛常见的各种疾病如产褥热、酮中 相似文献
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围产期指的是产前15天和产后15天,是奶牛饲养管理最关键时期。这期间奶牛要经历干奶、分娩、泌乳等生理过程,是奶牛最容易生病的一个阶段,成年母牛死亡60%～70%发生在这一时期。围产期健康决定着奶牛产奶量多少和经济效益高低。因此,抓好该期饲养管理,对提高奶牛经济效益至关重要。1产前母牛饲养管理围产前期15天,要求母牛达到一定膘情但又不要过肥,过肥的母牛难产较多发生,而且产后容易出现代谢病。因此,在此阶段要增加精料,保障胎儿的发育,又可使母牛多贮备一些营养成分,待产后出现营养不平衡,动用出来供产奶,这样可以缓解产后能量不平衡… 相似文献
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广义的围产期是指产前2个月至产后2个月共4个月,包括干奶期和泌乳前期的大部分时间。狭义的围产期包括产前3周至产后3周共42 d,是奶牛养殖的关键阶段。本保健计划在实践的基础上,参考国内外研究成果,从围产期总体管理目标入手,阐述达成良好目标所需要的管理措施,然后分析各种疾病的科学防治方案和管理措施。 相似文献
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围产期是指母牛在产前、产后一段时间的总和,一般指分娩前14d～10d至产后10d～15d。在此阶段奶牛经历了从泌乳到干乳、分娩到开始泌乳的生理转变,各器官系统的机能、营养代谢和内分泌机能的变换。本阶段是奶牛疾病的高发阶段,奶牛围产期疾病不仅严重影响奶牛的生产性能,而且直接危害奶牛的健康乃至生命,给养牛业造成重大的经济损失。因此,要加强奶牛围产期的管理。1母牛的产前管理因其将近分娩,全身抵抗力下降,更容易受细菌感染,应注意牛体和环境的卫生,加强产前管理,做好产前一切准备工作。1.1加强对母牛分娩前兆的观察对有分娩前兆表现的… 相似文献
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We investigated the relationship of the stress levels of the dam before and after delivery to that of her offspring soon after birth. Eight pregnant cows were penned 7 days before calving. Blood was taken from the jugular vein of cows at ?7, 1, 2 and 3 days from calving. Blood was also taken from newborn calves at 6 h and 1 and 2 days after birth. Concentrations of cortisol and immunoglobulin G in blood and colostrum were examined. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that the higher the plasma cortisol concentration of a cow before calving, the higher that of its calf after birth (all P < 0.01). In addition, path analysis demonstrated that the direct effect of the plasma cortisol concentration of the dam before calving on the plasma cortisol concentration of her calf after birth was 0.971 (P < 0.01). However, the colostrum cortisol concentration correlated with neither plasma cortisol concentrations of cows before calving nor that of calves after birth. Unlike cortisol, a clear correlation of immunoglobulin G concentrations in plasma and colostrum was not observed between cows and calves. The results indicate stress is transferred from a cow to her newborn calf not by way of the colostrum but through the placenta. 相似文献
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在研究不同比例全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草组合日粮饲喂干奶前期奶牛对其围产期生产性能和血液生化及免疫指标的影响。选择健康、体况一致的干奶前期荷斯坦奶牛45头,根据体重、胎次及预产期接近(P>0.05)的原则将奶牛随机分为试验A、B和C组,每组15头。分别以精料、全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草16∶24∶30∶30(A组)、16∶24∶45∶15(B组)和16∶24∶60∶0(C组)比例配合日粮饲喂。产前2周将3组试验牛转入围产牛群,3个试验组开始饲喂场内同一围产前期和新产牛日粮。试验期88 d。结果表明:1)与C组相比,B组在产后1、2和3周的干物质采食量分别提高10.46%(P<0.05)、7.79%(P<0.05)和5.65%(P<0.05)。除产后1周外,产后2、3周B组的奶牛体况评分分别比C组高6.60%(P<0.05)和9.06%(P<0.05)。2)各试验组的犊牛初生重差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验A、B组初乳免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量分别比C组提高10.82%(P<0.01)和18.07%(P<0.01)。3)与C组相比,B组产后21 d产奶量提高9.00%(P<0.05),乳非脂固形物率提高2.83%(P<0.05),乳蛋白率提高10.59%(P<0.05),乳糖率提高5.64%(P<0.05)。各试验组间乳脂率和尿素氮无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)分娩当天和产后21 d,B组的血清甘油三酯含量显著低于A和C组(P<0.05),B组的血糖含量显著高于A和C组(P<0.05), B组的血清尿素氮和胰岛素显著低于C组(P<0.05),B组的胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF-I)和总蛋白显著高于C组(P<0.05);在产前7 d和分娩当天,B组的血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白B(IgM)和IgG显著高于C组(P<0.05);在产后21 d,B组的血清IgM和IgG含量显著高于C组(P<0.05);产前7 d和分娩当天,B组瘦素显著高于C组,而B组的血清非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)含量显著低于C组(P<0.05);在产前7 d、分娩当天和产后21 d,B组的胆固醇均显著低于C组(P<0.05),B组的血清白蛋白含量显著高于C组,B组谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)也显著低于C组(P<0.05)。各试验组间β-羟丁酸无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合分析,干奶前期饲粮组成和养分水平可影响围产期奶牛的机体代谢和生产性能。在本试验条件下,干奶前期奶牛日粮中精料、全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草的适宜比例为16∶24∶45∶15。 相似文献
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A W McClurkin M F Coria R C Cutlip 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1979,174(10):1116-1119
A Holstein-Friesian bull and three Holstein-Friesian cows were seronegative for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus but were persistently infected with the virus. Virus was isolated from buffy coat cells and nasal and lacrimal secretions during their lifetime, and they remained free of clinical signs of BVD. The three cows were pregnant when purchased, and they gave birth to full-term calves. One calf lived only a few hours, one calf became ill and died within a few days, and one calf became ill and was euthanatized within a few weeks. One cow was then bred and became pregnant but aborted a 7-month fetus. A second cow was bred approximately 5 months after parturition but did not conceive. The third cow was necropsied 6 weeks after calving, because of loss of weight. Although the bull's semen contained BVD virus when seropositive cows were bred, normal calves were born. When seronegative heifers were bred, they became seropositive to BVD virus within two weeks, with higher titers in six weeks. On heifer conceived after one service but aborted a 6-month fetus. Three others continued to have estrous cycles until their titers rose to 1:128, then they conceived and gave birth to normal calves. Another heifer conceived on the first service, had a titer of 1:128 two weeks after breeding, and gave birth to a normal calf. 相似文献
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Onda K Matsuki N Ono K Wada Y 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(1):9-13
The expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) mRNA was examined in mammary gland with or without lactation, and during periparturient period in a Holstein cow and a Jersey cow. In the lactating mammary gland, PTHrP was detected in alveolar epithelial cells and the lumen by immunohistochemical analysis. The relative expression levels of PTHrP mRNA in mammary gland from lactating cows were significantly higher than those from non-lactating cows (P<0.05). During periparturient period, relative PTHrP mRNA level was remarkably low before the parturition in a Jersey and a Holstein cow, however, both levels were gradually increased and reached a peak level at 5-6 weeks after the parturition. In addition, the peak level in a Jersey cow was approximately 3-fold higher than that in a Holstein cow. From these results, PTHrP was synthesized and secreted in alveolar epithelial cells in mammary gland and increased subsequently with the lactation, suggesting a possible mechanism for the regulation of local calcium homeostasis. 相似文献
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ZHAO Shanjiang HAO Haisheng LIU Yunxiang WANG Xianjun XU Li LI Laibao HU Zhihui ZHU Huabin 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(11):3618-3625
Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows. 相似文献
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现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of vaccination of young calves and to see whether maternal antibodies may influence the immunological response in calves. For this project 20 matched-pairs of cows and their offspring were selected. Of each pair, one cow received a placebo 8 and 4 weeks before term (group A) and the other was vaccinated against Feline Leucose Virus, FeLV, with Leucogen? (group B). All calves received colostrum from their respective mother shortly after birth and all calves were vaccinated with Leucogen? 10 days after birth. Blood samples from the cows and calves were taken during the whole study period (till four weeks after calf vaccination). An ELISA test was done in the lab to define the FeLV antibody concentration. 30 % of the vaccinated cows showed a seroconversion, 13 out of 20 vaccinated cows passed the antibodies onto their calves. 11 calves of group B did not convert in comparation of only 4 of group A. All seroconverted calves had low antibody concentration before their vaccination. Calves of group B with a low passive antibody level at the beginning showed a higher seroconversion as compared to calves with higher antibody concentrations of the same group. Two thirds of the calves without maternal antibodies reacted adequately to the vaccination. Therefore, an early vaccination of calves can be recommended. 相似文献
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Wilson GF 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2001,49(2):78-80
AIMS: To assess the efficacy of a feed supplement designed to reduce the dietary availability of calcium when fed during the last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy, on the incidence of postparturient hypocalcaemia (milk fever) and on milksolids (MS) production in pasture-fed dairy cows in early lactation. METHODS: In Experiment 1, late-pregnant Holstein/Friesian cows, 4-10 years old, grazing pasture, were either fed the supplement (1 kg/cow/day) for 2-4 weeks prior to calving (n=11) or no supplement (n=10). Plasma calcium concentrations were measured immediately before and after a 20 h fast intended to induce hypocalcaemia at the end of this period, 1-7 days before the cows calved. In Experiment 2, mixed-breed dairy cows, 3-10 years old in 7 commercial dairy herds were fed the same supplement (1 kg/cow/day) for 1-3 weeks immediately prior to calving (n=565) or no supplement (n=614), and incidences of clinical milk fever and MS production at 6-9 weeks post calving were compared between groups. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, plasma calcium concentrations were higher (p=0.01) in supplemented than in non-supplemented cows after fasting, indicating reduced susceptibility to fasting-induced hypocalcaemia. In Experiment 2, the incidence of milk fever was lower (6.4% vs 17.1%, p=0.001) and MS production was higher (p=0.01) in supplemented than in non-supplemented cows. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results demonstrate that feeding a supplement designed to reduce dietary calcium availability for 2-4 weeks immediately prior to calving reduced the susceptibility of cows to fasting-induced hypocalcaemia, reduced the incidence of clinical milk fever and increased MS production in early lactation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The concept and product reported here have potential to provide dairy farmers with a practical means to prevent hypocalcaemia and improve milk production during early lactation. 相似文献
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Cavestany D Blanc JE Kulcsar M Uriarte G Chilibroste P Meikle A Febel H Ferraris A Krall E 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2005,52(1):1-7
This study describes the effect of parity (multiparous versus primiparous) and body condition score (BCS) at calving (<3 or > or =3; scale 1-5) on variations of BCS, body weight (BW) and metabolic profiles in Holstein cows grazing on improved pastures. Forty-two cows were studied (21 multiparous and 21 primiparous) from 2 months before to 3 months after calving. BCS, BW and milk production were measured every 2 weeks. Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks to determine total protein, albumin, urea, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Primiparous cows had lower BCS during the early postpartum (PP) period and produced less milk than multiparous. In primiparous cows NEFA concentrations were higher during the early postpartum period; BHB levels were similar in both categories during this period. Primiparous cows showed a more unbalanced metabolic profile than multiparous cows, reflecting that they are recovering from the loss of BCS after calving with less success. 相似文献