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1.
Paul PA Madden LV Bradley CA Robertson AE Munkvold GP Shaner G Wise KA Malvick DK Allen TW Grybauskas A Vincelli P Esker P 《Phytopathology》2011,101(9):1122-1132
The use of foliar fungicides on field corn has increased greatly over the past 5 years in the United States in an attempt to increase yields, despite limited evidence that use of the fungicides is consistently profitable. To assess the value of using fungicides in grain corn production, random-effects meta-analyses were performed on results from foliar fungicide experiments conducted during 2002 to 2009 in 14 states across the United States to determine the mean yield response to the fungicides azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, and propiconazole + azoxystrobin. For all fungicides, the yield difference between treated and nontreated plots was highly variable among studies. All four fungicides resulted in a significant mean yield increase relative to the nontreated plots (P < 0.05). Mean yield difference was highest for propiconazole + trifloxystrobin (390 kg/ha), followed by propiconazole + azoxystrobin (331 kg/ha) and pyraclostrobin (256 kg/ha), and lowest for azoxystrobin (230 kg/ha). Baseline yield (mean yield in the nontreated plots) had a significant effect on yield for propiconazole + azoxystrobin (P < 0.05), whereas baseline foliar disease severity (mean severity in the nontreated plots) significantly affected the yield response to pyraclostrobin, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, and propiconazole + azoxystrobin but not to azoxystrobin. Mean yield difference was generally higher in the lowest yield and higher disease severity categories than in the highest yield and lower disease categories. The probability of failing to recover the fungicide application cost (p(loss)) also was estimated for a range of grain corn prices and application costs. At the 10-year average corn grain price of $0.12/kg ($2.97/bushel) and application costs of $40 to 95/ha, p(loss) for disease severity <5% was 0.55 to 0.98 for pyraclostrobin, 0.62 to 0.93 for propiconazole + trifloxystrobin, 0.58 to 0.89 for propiconazole + azoxystrobin, and 0.91 to 0.99 for azoxystrobin. When disease severity was >5%, the corresponding probabilities were 0.36 to 95, 0.25 to 0.69, 0.25 to 0.64, and 0.37 to 0.98 for the four fungicides. In conclusion, the high p(loss) values found in most scenarios suggest that the use of these foliar fungicides is unlikely to be profitable when foliar disease severity is low and yield expectation is high. 相似文献
2.
L. LESCAR 《EPPO Bulletin》1981,11(3):337-346
Fungicide use is rapidly increasing on cereal crops in France: 40 % of the area (3 million ha) was treated at least once in 1980. The yield increases due to these treatments are sometimes very large (up to 1.5 or 2 tonne/ha), but are also very variable. Rational use of fungicides is therefore only possible if reliable practical methods are developed for the farmers. Research in France since 1971 has led to the development of a risk assessment table for the north of France based on the disease status of the crops and on the conditions of its cultivation. Current research seeks to improve this table by bringing climatic factors into account. Models for forecasting disease are currently being examined (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) and a control strategy is proposed. It is envisaged that, with the development of improved forecasting models for the major diseases, it will be possible to predict, and to account for, the effects of fungicides on yield. 相似文献
3.
小麦主要病虫分期混合施药技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究结果表明,小麦主要病虫的发生有明显的阶段性,秋苗期主要是纹枯病和地下害虫,返青拔节期主要是纹枯病和麦蜘蛛,两者皆在3月25日前后进入侵染和为害盛期;穗期主要有白粉病、叶锈病和麦蚜,有的年份条锈病流行,它们多在5月1日前后进入盛发期。播种期、返青拔节期和穗期3期,杀虫剂与杀菌剂混合施药具有良好的药效和明显的增产作用,特别是穗期。3期混合施药的最优组合是:播种期,0.08％甲基异柳磷与0.03％三唑醇混合拌种,返青拔节期,甲基硫环磷(175.5g/ha)与三唑醇(75g/ha)混合喷雾;穗期,抗蚜威(45g/ha)与三唑醇(105g/ha)混合喷雾。3期施药经济效益显著,投入产出比1: 12.7～14.1,每ha纯收益1450.5～1797.0元。 相似文献
4.
Strobilurin fungicides produce intensified greening and delayed senescence in plants, and have been claimed to enhance yields of field crops in the absence of disease. To help evaluate this claim, available publicly sponsored tests of fungicides on soft red winter wheat in Virginia and North Carolina (n = 42) were analyzed for the period 1994 to 2010. All tests were replicated and had a randomized complete block, split-plot, or split-block design. Each test included 1 to 32 cultivars and one to five fungicides (two strobilurins, one triazole, and two strobilurin-triazole mixtures). There was a total of 311 test-cultivar-fungicide treatment comparisons, where a comparison was the reported yield difference between sprayed and unsprayed treatments of a given cultivar in a given test. Parameters used to calculate the economic benefit or loss associated with fungicide application included a grain price range of $73.49 to 257.21 Mg(-1) ($2 to 7 bu(-1)), a total fungicide application cost of $24.71 to 74.13 ha(-1) ($10 to 30 acre(-1)), and a 0.14 to 0.21 Mg ha(-1) (2.3 to 3.4 bu acre(-1)) loss in yield from driving over wheat during application (with a sprayer 27.4 or 18.3 m [90 or 60 feet] wide, respectively). The yield increase needed to pay for a fungicide application at each combination of cost and price was calculated, and the cumulative probability function for the fungicide yield-response data was modeled. The model was used to predict the probability of achieving a break-even yield, and the probabilities were graphed against each cost-price combination. Tests were categorized as "no-disease" or "diseased" based on reports of the researchers rating the tests. Subsets of the data were analyzed to assess the profitability of the triazole fungicide and the strobilurin-containing fungicides separately in no-disease versus diseased experiments. From the results, it was concluded that, with routine fungicide application based solely on wheat growth stage, total fungicide application costs had to be <$24.71 ha(-1) ($10 acre(-1)) in order to average a ≥ 50% probability of breaking even or making a profit (compared with not spraying). By contrast, if fungicides were applied when fungal disease was present, total application costs of ≤ $47 ha(-1) ($19 acre(-1)) for strobilurins and ≤ $72 ha(-1) ($29 acre(-1)) for propiconazole alone were associated with a ≥ 50% probability of breaking even or making a profit at a wheat price of $184 Mg(-1). The results do not support the application of strobilurin or triazole fungicides to mid-Atlantic wheat crops for "plant health" in the absence of disease. Rather, they support basing the decision to apply fungicide on observation of disease, if an economic return for the input is desired. 相似文献
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优化的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测黄瓜中29种杀菌剂残留 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
建立了采用QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）同时检测黄瓜中29种杀菌剂残留的分析方法。黄瓜样品经乙腈提取和前处理方法优化,以乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）和石墨化碳黑（GCB）为分散固相萃取（dSPE）吸附剂,涡旋提取后过滤膜,采用UPLC-MS/MS检测。结果表明:在0.000 1~0.05 mg/kg范围内,29种杀菌剂的质量浓度与相应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.996,定量限（LOQ）在0.000 1~0.01 mg/kg之间;在0.01、0.05和0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,29种杀菌剂的平均回收率均在74%~112%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.1%~17%之间（n=5）。经实际样品检测验证,该方法快速、简便、可靠、高效,且成本低廉,适用于同时检测黄瓜中29种杀菌剂的残留量。 相似文献
8.
R. A. Daamen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1991,97(5):275-288
Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application. 相似文献
9.
H. T. A. M. Schepers 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1984,90(4):165-171
Isolates ofSphaerotheca fuliginea collected in 1981–1983 in cucumber glasshouses in the Netherlands were tested for their sensitivity to benzimidazole fungicides, dimethirimol, dinocap and pyrazophos.Resistance to dinocap was not observed, although this fungicide has been used for over 30 years. Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides and dimethirimol has been persistent since these fungicides were withdrawn for control of cucumber powdery mildew more than 10 years ago. Although pyrazophos has only been used incidentally after 1977, the level of resistance has not decreased.Factors possibly involved in the persistence of resistance and implications for disease control in practice are discussed.Samenvatting De gevoeligheid voor twee benzimidazool-fungiciden en dimethirimol, dinocap en pyrazofos werd getoetst vanSphaerotheca fuliginea isolaten die in 1981–1983 verzameld waren in komkommerkassen in Nederland. Resistentie tegen dinocap werd niet waargenomen, ofschoon dit fungicide al meer dan 30 jaar wordt gebruikt.De resistentie tegen benzimidazool-fungiciden en dimethirimol, die meer dan 10 jaar geleden werden teruggetrokken voor de bestrijding vanS. fuliginea, was persistent. Hoewel pyrazofos slechts incidenteel gebruikt is sinds 1977, is het resistentieniveau niet teruggelopen. Factoren die mogelijk betrokken zijn bij de persistentie van resistentie en de gevolgen voor de ziektebestrijding worden besproken. 相似文献
10.
Control of take-all of wheat in the field with benzimidazole and triazole fungicides applied at seeding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Control of take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) of wheat, with fungicides applied at seeding, was investigated at three naturally infested field sites. Fungicides were applied with seed either as granules or as pellets at rates ranging from 1-5 to 140 kg a.i./ha. Treatment with benzimidazole and triazole fungicides resulted in lower disease severity on seminal roots, up to 100% fewer deadheads and more than 200% greater yields. 相似文献
11.
T. Enyinnia 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):77-80
Abstract Two systemic fungicides, benomyl (methyl 1‐((butylamino)‐carbonyl)‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate) (Benlate 50WP, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.) and tricyclazole (5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (3,4‐b) benzothiazole) (Beam 75 WP, Eli Lilly & Co.), were sprayed on Faro 29, a popular shallow swamp rice, at full tillering stage for the control of natural infection of rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in the rainforest zone of eastern Nigeria. The rates evaluated for each fungicide were a split application of 150 + 150, 300, and 400ga.i./ha of each fungicide. Both fungicides suppressed foliar and neck blast development, but tricyclazole was superior to benomyl. One application of tricyclazole at 400g a.i./ha at full tillering stage of rice successfully suppressed blast development and resulted in a significantly (P = 005) higher grain yield than the untreated control plants by an average of 42.17% during the 2 years of this study. Similarly, benomyl at 400g a.i./ha produced 18.94% more rice grain than the control. A fungicide such as tricyclazole may therefore be recommended for control of blast in areas where resistant varieties are not available or where popular resistant varieties become susceptible to one or the other phases of the disease. 相似文献
12.
A laboratory-assembled high pressure liquid chromatograph with variable wavelength ultraviolet detector is described. The chromatography of the systemic fungicides benomyl, thiabendazole, thiophanate, related fungicides and benzimidazoles (13 compounds in all) is described using reverse phase and adsorption systems. Temperature affects reverse phase systems but not adsorption systems. Use of a variable wavelength detector increases sensitivity and selectivity. High pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) has been applied to measurements of the solubility of benomyl and carbendazim in water and the degradation of benomyl in solution. Use of h.p.l.c. to measure benzimidazole residues awaits the development of methods of avoiding interference by substances extracted from crops and soils. 相似文献
13.
James B. Sinclair 《Pest management science》1993,37(1):15-19
The control of pathogens, including two bacteria, nine fungi and a virus that cause diseases of soybean seeds and seedlings is discussed. Control methods include general management practices, biocontrol agents, fungicides applied to seeds and foliage, and thermotherapy. Guidelines for the use of seed treatment and foliar fungicides are given. The fungicides commonly used are listed and the interaction between certain fungicides and Bradyrhizobium inoculant is discussed. 相似文献
14.
美国农业部农业统计中心（National Agricultural Statistics Service,NASS）日前公布了2010年度蔬菜中农药使用情况的统计报告。此报告中的数据采自2010年9月-2011年1月,对19个州的样本进行了统计,考察对象包括29种蔬菜作物。本文依据美国农业部发布的报告,对美国2010年黄瓜、番茄、茄子以及菜用玉米等果菜类蔬菜上常用杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂的使用情况作了详细的计算和分析。按照有效成分统计,黄瓜上使用的杀虫剂有45种、杀菌剂39种、除草剂19种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、百菌清和乙丁烯氟灵。番茄上使用杀虫剂有34种、杀菌剂23种、除草剂11种,其中使用最普遍的分别是高效氯氰菊酯、百菌清和敌草胺。茄子上使用杀虫剂有24种、杀菌剂17种、除草剂11种,其中使用最普遍的分别是乙基多杀菌素、氢氧化铜和敌草胺。菜用甜玉米上使用杀虫剂有50种、杀菌剂19种、除草剂48种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、代森锰锌和莠去津。调查数据分析表明,美国在果菜类蔬菜生产中使用的农药品种以传统品种为主。 相似文献
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D. R. JONES 《Plant pathology》1994,43(5):831-846
Following the discovery of resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in the cereal eyespot pathogen Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in the UK in 1981, and an initial in vitro screen to select the fungicides with greatest activity against the pathogen, 40 field experiments were carried out between 1983 and 1986 to evaluate alternative fungicides for control of eyespot. At the majority of experimental sites, benomyl-resistant strains of the pathogen were present, and carbendazim did not control eyespot. Prochloraz was the most effective fungicide, reducing the eyespot index by 30–60%. There was no extra benefit from adding carbendazim to prochloraz. Flusilazole was almost as effective as prochloraz, but other fungicides had little or no effect. At sites with a high incidence of eyespot, prochloraz, with or without the addition of carbendazim, generally gave the largest yield increase. The mean yield increases each year were in the range 0·36–0·85 t/ha, and the greatest yield increase at any site was 2·27 t/ha. Most other fungicides increased yield, but carbendazim did not from 1984 to 1986. There were also yield increases at many sites with a low incidence of eyespot. Yield increases were associated with increases in thousand-grain weight at the majority of sites, but in only a few instances were there associated increases in specific weight. Prochloraz application at GS30-31 was cost effective at 71% of sites. At most sites, in regression of yield on eyespot, eyespot accounted for less than 25% of the variance in yield. The mean relationship between severe eyespot lesions and yield loss was such that each 1% increase in the percentage of tillers affected by severe eyespot was associated with a yield loss of 0·21 %. There was a significant positive correlation between eyespot at GS75 and GS30-31, and between yield increase from prochloraz treatment (at GS30-31) and eyespot at GS75, but not between yield increase and eyespot at GS30-31. The ADAS threshold for fungicide application of 20% tillers affected at GS30-31 was a reliable indicator of the cost-effectiveness of treatment at 60% of sites. 相似文献
16.
J. J. LIPA 《EPPO Bulletin》1992,22(3):537-543
With its total area of 312,683 km2 and a population of about 39 million people, the area of agricultural land per person in Poland is about 0.47 ha. The yields of basic crops are rather low and the losses due to pathogens, animal pests and weeds are high. The use of pesticides is about 1.0–1.3 kg a.i. per ha and this gives a good starting point for integrated pest management (IPM) in the production system of various crops. IPM in glasshouse crops reached the level of 500 ha per year. An IPM approach against codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in orchards allowed a reduction by 70% in the number of insecticide treatments. In the case of apple scab (Venturia haequalis), the IPM approach allowed a reduction in the number of fungicide treatments by 30% on an area of 100,000 ha. In respect to small grains, the IPM approach concerns rational use of fungicides and herbicides in winter wheat and barley. In potato protection, the IPM approach mainly concerns Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), which at present is controlled by chemical insecticides on 77% of the potato area. Special research and demonstration IPM programmes sponsored by USDA/AID in Central and Eastern Europe will be operational during 1992/1995 and will concern orchards (apple, pear), small grains (wheat, barley) and potatoes. 相似文献
17.
R.C. PEARSON 《EPPO Bulletin》1982,12(2):101-104
Control of gray mold in New York vineyards is difficult to achieve at the present time. Benomyl-resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea have been isolated from vineyards in all grape-growing regions of New York State. Because of this resistance and lack of governmental registration of new fungicides, growers must choose among only moderately effective fungicides such as captan, folpet, dicloran and copper. Current research indicates that either vinclozolin or iprodione at 850 g/ha to 1100 g/ha applied twice, beginning at about 5 % sugar content and two weeks later, will provide excellent control of gray mold on ripening berries, whereas sprays applied at 5 % or 90 % bloom and at berry touch are not effective. An application of gibberellic acid (GA3) (10 or 25 (µg/ml) on Aurore (S.5279) at 10–15 cm shoot growth reduced the severity of gray mold on clusters of ripe fruit, but not the incidence of it. A single application of triadimefon at 30 mg/1 sprayed on Vignoles (Ravat 51), when fruit clusters averaged 17 % surface area infected with Uncinula necator and 2.6 % sugar content, retarded the development of powdery mildew and subsequent berry splitting, and ultimately reduced the severity of gray mold by 50 % at harvest, 6 weeks later. 相似文献
18.
Metalaxyl and tricyclazole are two fungicides widely used in Spain in vineyard and rice crops respectively. In this study an investigation has been made of the effect of three organic amendments [two commercial amendments, solid fertiormont (SF) and liquid fertiormont (LF), and a residue from the olive oil production industry, alperujo (OW)] on fungicide fate in soils. Changes in soil porosity on amendment were studied by mercury intrusion porosimetry, sorption-desorption studies were performed by the batch equilibration method, dissipation of metalaxyl and tricyclazole in the soil was studied at - 33 kPa moisture content and 20 degrees C and leaching was studied in hand-packed soil columns. Amendments with SF and LF reduced soil porosity, while OW increased porosity through an increase in pore volume in the highest range studied. Tricyclazole sorbed to soils to a much higher extent than metalaxyl. With some exceptions, sorption of both fungicides increased on amendment, especially in the case of SF-amended soils, which rendered the highest K(oc) values. In soils amended with the liquid amendment LF, sorption either remained unaffected or decreased, and this decrease was much higher in the case of metalaxyl and a soil with 70% clay. In this clay soil, amendment with OW, of very high soluble organic matter content, also decreased metalaxyl sorption. Tricyclazole is more persistent in soil than metalaxyl, and both fungicides were found to be more persistent in amended soils than in unamended soils. Leaching of metalaxyl and tricyclazole in soil columns was inversely related to sorption capacity. The low recoveries of tricyclazole in leachates and in soil columns when compared with metalaxyl, a less persistent fungicide, were attributed to diffusion into micropores and to increase in sorption with residence time in the soil, both processes favoured by the low mobility of tricyclazole. 相似文献
19.
利用1965年～2006年河北省16个代表站的气象观测资料,采用EOF以及Mann-Kendall等统计方法,详细分析了浓雾、强浓雾的时空特征、日变化规律及年代际变化。结果发现：浓雾、强浓雾年均日数分别为5d、1d,平原站浓雾、强浓雾日数明显较多,秋、冬季是它们的多发季节,12月是多发月;浓雾、强浓雾发生的峰值时间都在... 相似文献
20.
为掌握我国杧果中甲氧基丙烯酸酯和三唑类杀菌剂残留的风险水平，建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术同时测定吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑等13种杀菌剂的分析方法，并运用点评估法对儿童和成人的长期及短期膳食暴露风险进行评估。结果表明:13种杀菌剂在1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好，决定系数R2≥0.9994，定量限 (LOQ) 为5 μg/kg；在5种不同添加水平下，平均回收率为76%~122%，相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.7%~14%。残留检测结果显示:我国杧果主产区和消费城市1056份全果样品中检出率较高的杀菌剂有吡唑醚菌酯 (22.6%)、嘧菌酯 (18.5%) 和苯醚甲环唑 (15.5%)。运用杀菌剂50th和97.5th百分位点的残留值分别计算对长期摄入风险的贡献率和短期膳食摄入风险。结果表明:杧果中吡唑醚菌酯等13种杀菌剂对成人和儿童的长期摄入风险的贡献率分别为0.01%~0.5%和0.01%~0.3%，9种有急性参考剂量的杀菌剂残留在成人和儿童中短期暴露风险商分别为0.01%~7.2%和0.02%~28.9%，通过杧果摄入13种杀菌剂对人体产生的长期和短期膳食摄入风险较小。根据上述杀菌剂在我国杧果上的登记情况、GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》以及膳食评估结果，建议加强对醚菌酯、丙环唑、腈菌唑、氟硅唑、腈苯唑、氟环唑和三唑醇7种杧果上未登记农药的监管，修订吡唑醚菌酯及制定肟菌酯等杀菌剂在杧果中最大残留限量(MRL)。 相似文献