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1.
沼液连续浇灌对旱作和水田土壤养分及重金属含量的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
为研究沼液长期浇灌对土壤养分和重金属含量的影响,以旱作和水田土壤为研究对象,采用土壤静态培养法,在不同浓度沼液浇灌下,对旱作和水田土壤的pH值、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质以及重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量进行为期2个月的连续检测。结果表明,沼液浇灌后旱作和水田土壤pH值均有所增加,长期浇灌能够有效防治土壤酸化;土壤TN、TP和有机质含量在沼液灌溉后均有一定程度的增加,但随着浇灌时间的增加,土壤TN和有机质含量呈下降趋势,土壤TP缓慢增加,长期浇灌会导致土壤营养不均衡;土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量变化不大,均未超过国家土壤环境二级标准,但土壤中Pb和Cd的含量随沼液浇灌时间的增加呈上升趋势,长期浇灌会导致Pb、Cd的富集。 相似文献
2.
模拟沼液灌溉对紫色土土壤环境的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用土壤培养方法研究沼液灌溉对紫色土土壤环境的影响.结果表明,沼液灌溉后土壤pH值有所增加,但随灌溉时间增加会基本趋于稳定,沼液灌溉能够有效防治土壤酸化;土壤TN、TP含量在沼液灌溉后均有增加,但土壤TP含量随灌溉时间增加缓慢增加,土壤TN含量增加一段时间后达到最大值,随后呈下降趋势;旱作模式下沼液灌溉会使土壤有机质含量稍微增加,但水稻模式下有机质含量有少量下降;沼液灌溉后土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量变化均不大,都未超过国家土壤环境二级标准,沼液灌溉在一定时期内不会引起土壤环境重金属污染. 相似文献
3.
以添加了改良剂的退化黄壤为研究对象,通过种植莴笋―空心菜―莴笋的盆栽试验,对比分析添加生物质灰渣改良剂与其他改良剂对蔬菜产量、土壤养分的影响,并进一步研究了不同改良剂处理下,退化土壤下渗水养分状况,以期为综合评价改良剂的修复效果提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)NPKH(氮磷钾化肥配施灰渣)和NPKW(氮磷钾化肥配施生物质肥)处理的莴笋产量增幅最大;(2)经改良剂处理的退化土壤有机质的含量和p H提高,随种植时间增加,土壤有机质含量均下降,但NPKH处理的下降幅度最小,其次为NPKC(氮磷钾化肥配施草炭)处理;各改良剂处理对碱解氮的影响差异并不明显,NPKH处理较其他处理能显著提高土壤有效磷(P)、速效钾(K)含量,其中有效P较NPK(单施化肥)处理提高了190.0%~242.9%;(3)单施化肥在退化土壤上易造成氮素的流失(总氮(TN)流失浓度22.08~39.06 mg L~(-1)),NPKH、NPKW和NPKC处理的下渗水TN浓度均低于其他处理;NO_3~--N是土壤氮素损失的主要形式,其变化趋势与TN较一致,呈极显著的相关关系(p0.01,r=0.869);在整个盆栽过程中,土壤下渗水总磷(TP)、可溶性磷(DP)浓度呈极显著的相关性(p0.01,r=0.892),DP浓度占TP的60%以上;NPKH处理中的灰渣含有大量的磷元素,除供作物生长外,部分会随水流失,其下渗水中TP和DP分别为0.70~1.35 mg L~(-1)和0.67~1.27 mg L~(-1),明显高于其他处理,易造成水体富营养化。 相似文献
4.
茶多酚浓度对土壤pH、酚酸及铁铝形态转化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取雅安市名山区茶园集中分布区的紫色土、黄壤和水稻土为研究对象,向土壤中加入不同浓度的茶多酚,培养3个月后,测定土壤pH值、总酚、水溶性酚、活性铁、络合铁、活性铝、络合铝的含量,分析其变化情况,探讨茶多酚浓度对土壤pH、酚酸及铁铝形态转化的影响,为茶园土壤管理提供科学依据。结果表明:添加茶多酚后,3种土壤均发生酸化现象,其中的紫色土和水稻土添加低浓度茶多酚便可显著酸化,而黄壤只有在添加高浓度茶多酚的条件下才显著酸化。添加高浓度的茶多酚可显著提高3种土壤总酚和水溶性酚含量;添加低浓度茶多酚时,紫色土总酚含量也显著升高,黄壤总酚含量却显著下降,水稻土总酚含量变化不显著。添加茶多酚对黄壤和水稻土活性铁含量无显著影响,但添加高浓度茶多酚可显著降低紫色土活性铁含量;添加茶多酚可显著提高黄壤络合铁含量,但对紫色土和水稻土络合铁含量无显著影响。添加茶多酚可显著降低水稻土的活性铝含量,但对紫色土和黄壤活性铝含量无显著影响,对3种土壤络合铝均无显著影响。土壤酚酸形态和含量可影响土壤酸化及铁铝形态转化。 相似文献
5.
穗肥期沼液消解对稻田水体氮素的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《水土保持学报》2015,(6)
为研究农田沼液安全消纳及农业面源污染源头减量减排技术,通过设置不同量沼液消解处理,监测了稻田穗肥期水体氮素动态变化情况。结果表明:水稻穗肥期沼液消解明显增加了田面水总氮浓度,且随沼液施灌量的增加而增大。在施灌3d后田面水总氮含量出现明显的下降趋势。与施灌后1d比较,各处理总氮浓度降解率达51.10%~78.36%。300%沼液替代化肥处理在施灌后1~7d对下渗水40cm处和60cm处总氮的影响均超过了常规施肥处理,200%沼液替代化肥处理在施灌后的1~7d对下渗水40cm处总氮的影响超过了常规施肥处理,对60cm处总氮的影响1~5d略高于常规施肥处理,7d后低于常规施肥处理,而100%沼液替代化肥处理对下渗水总氮的影响总体上呈现低于常规施肥处理的趋势。沼液消解对水体氮素的影响以铵态氮为主,对下渗水硝态氮的影响较小。可见,施灌沼液后的前3d是稻田生态系统消解沼液中氮素的关键时期,也是控制稻田径流氮损失的关键时期。从下渗水水质安全考虑,水稻穗肥期沼液一次消解安全量应控制在100%沼液替代化肥处理(折合沼液用量141.18t/hm2)范围内。 相似文献
6.
针对实际生产中中小型养殖场不规范和粗放式厌氧发酵模式以及沼液需要长时间贮存的问题,为实现沼液养分有效利用与管理,根据沼液厌氧发酵实际生产状况,进行模拟发酵实验。设置2、4、6、8、10 d等5个不同的发酵周期处理并分别在该时间点进料出料,研究出料沼液在贮存过程中COD、pH、TN、TP和TK等养分和理化特性变化以及网筛过滤对养分和理化性状的影响。结果表明:随着发酵周期与贮存时间的延长,28 d后5种沼液中TN和TP含量分别减少了40.9%~46.31%、35.62%~53.61%;TK的含量呈现随时间延长有小幅增加的趋势,基本维持稳定。贮存期内铵态氮含量逐渐降低,贮存14 d各降幅接近62%;与之相反,硝态氮的含量则呈现逐渐增高的趋势。所有处理沼液在贮存过程中COD下降了69.97%~85.86%,pH值变化均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,从7.6~7.9变为8.2~8.7。经过不同孔径网筛过滤后,沼液的养分含量、COD和pH值变化不具有显著性差异,因此过滤不会对沼液的养分存储造成影响。 相似文献
7.
有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响 总被引：26，自引：6，他引：26
【目的】氮、磷是农作物生长所必需的营养元素,对提高农作物产量和改善产品品质均有重要作用,但由于肥料不合理施用,农田土壤中养分大量盈余,在降雨或灌溉条件下易随水流失,导致水环境质量下降。因此,研究有机无机肥料配施对土壤氮、磷淋溶风险的影响,可为地下水环境质量保护提供依据。【方法】采用田间渗滤池法,对华北地区玉米季氮磷淋溶状况连续5年进行监测,具体施肥处理如下:对照(不施用氮肥,PK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(与NPK处理等氮量,SW)、有机肥无机肥料配施(用猪粪中氮替代50%NPK处理中氮用量,SNP)。采集120 cm处淋溶水,测定氮、磷含量,研究在总氮投入量相同条件下,有机无机肥料配施对华北地区玉米产量及土壤剖面120 cm处氮磷淋溶的影响。【结果】1)有机无机肥料配施(SNP)处理,可以保证玉米较高产量,5年平均产量较单施化肥处理(NPK)提高10.3%。2)有机无机肥料配施可以显著减少总氮(TN)淋溶量,SNP处理较NPK处理减少71.4%;NPK处理淋溶水中NO-3-N浓度显著高于SNP处理,其平均浓度分别为54.93 mg/L、13.47 mg/L。3)在等氮量投入条件下,有机肥的投入带入了大量磷素,单施有机肥(SW)较NPK处理总磷(TP)淋溶量增加了0.6倍,分别为0.056 kg/hm2、0.035 kg/hm2;淋溶水中TP浓度分别为0.09 mg/L、0.066 mg/L。在氮磷养分淋溶损失中,NO-3-N占淋溶水TN的80%以上,可溶性总磷(TDP)占淋溶水TP的70%左右。4)在监测淋溶水中,NPK处理NO-3-N平均浓度已超过我国地下水Ⅲ类水质量标准(GB/T 14848-9),SW处理TP平均浓度0.09 mg/L,也高于水体富营养化TP浓度(0.02 mg/L)的临界值,可对水体造成污染。【结论】在氮磷养分淋溶损失中,NO-3-N占淋溶水TN的80%以上,TDP占淋溶水TP的70%左右。采用猪粪氮替代50%化肥氮素的有机无机肥料配施处理,5年玉米平均产量显著高于单施化肥处理,证明该施肥方法不仅可以确保产量,还可降低氮素淋溶,基本保证淋溶水中NO-3-N浓度低于地下水Ⅲ类水质量标准(GB/T 14848-9)。 相似文献
8.
为针对性、定量化地利用钝化处理实现不同类型Cd污染土壤的安全利用,以四川盆地6种主要旱作土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养试验和土培试验探讨了6个剂量水平下,钙质钝化材料对土壤pH、CEC、有效Cd含量、Cd形态、小白菜生物量和Cd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)钙质钝化材料可提升6种土壤的pH和CEC,土壤CEC随用量的增加而持续增加,而土壤pH在提升至微碱性水平后,不再随用量的增加而增加;(2)6种土壤有效Cd含量随钝化材料用量的增加先显著降低,后趋于平稳,用量＞2.5%后均无显著变化。该添加量下,有效Cd含量降幅为典型黄壤(63.32%)＞酸性紫色土(46.65%)＞漂洗黄壤(38.51%)＞中性紫色土(34.97%)＞石灰性紫色土(18.03%)＞灰潮土(16.60%);土壤中可交换态Cd主要向碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形态转化;(3)除石灰性紫色土外,钙质钝化材料可显著提升其余5种污染土壤中小白菜的生物量并显著降低其可食部位Cd含量。用量为2.5%时,典型黄壤、漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土中小白菜Cd含量降幅高达84.28%,79.90%,69.87%,显著优于中性紫色土、灰潮土和石灰性紫色土(5%用量时降幅仅为40.27%,31.13%,17.98%)。该研究揭示钙质钝化材料对6种Cd污染旱作土壤的剂量-效应差异,并在典型黄壤、漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土中钝化效率较优,为不同土壤条件下钙质钝化材料的合理使用提供科学依据。 相似文献
9.
三峡库区消落带土壤对磷的吸附和淹水下磷的形态变化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
三峡水库建成后在库区周边形成落差30m的消落带,消落带土壤对磷的吸附固定和磷的去向直接影响到周围的水环境。通过批处理和模拟培养法研究了三峡库区小江流域沿岸消落带的黄壤、紫色土在淹水期间铁的形态变化,磷的吸附及形态转变,结果表明：（1）供试黄壤和紫色土在淹水后,晶形铁氧化物含量明显下降,非晶形铁含量有增加趋势,土壤对磷的吸附量增加;(2)淹水期间土壤Olsen-P含量呈下降趋势,而Fe-P和Al-P含量增加,模拟显示黄壤和紫色土在淹水15d后的磷吸附容量增加70.8%和9.5%;（3）用pH 5和pH 9的0.1mol L-1CaCl2、KCl、NH4Cl溶液培养的黄壤,其Olsen-P、Fe-P、Al-P含量均明显增加,意味着消落带土壤中若施加K、Ca或尿素时,土壤有效磷可能增加,这可导致CaCl2提取磷的增多并影响库区水的含磷量,从而影响库区水质。 相似文献
10.
紫色土磷素流失的环境风险评估-土壤磷的“临界值” 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
采用室内培养的方法,研究了3种类型的紫色土旱地和淹水土壤磷素流失的环境阈值。结果表明:无论是淹水土壤或旱地生境,3种紫色土Olsen-P与CaCl2-P之间都存在一个"临界值",酸性、中性和钙质紫色土磷素淋失临界点的Olsen-P含量分别为67.2、85.8和113.8 mg kg-1。淹水土壤磷素环境敏感值在酸性、中性和钙质紫色土上,Olsen-P含量分别为49.2、77.9和92.1 mg kg-1。3种紫色土在淹水还原条件下土壤磷环境敏感临界值比旱地低,淹水还原条件提高了紫色土磷向水体释放的风险。淹水土壤Olsen-P含量与田表水TP、DP浓度之间存在"临界值",酸性、中性和钙质土临界值处土壤Olsen-P含量分别为(65±1.41)mg kg-1(、96.7±2.7)mg kg-1和(105.5±1.1)mg kg-1。土壤0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2-P与田表水TP、DP之间呈极显著的线性关系。可以利用这些指标对紫色土区域土壤磷环境风险进行评价,并确定区域磷肥的最佳管理策略。 相似文献
11.
Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
12.
The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
13.
Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
14.
15.
土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
16.
17.
Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
18.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
19.
植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
20.
金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献