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1.
水稻植质钵育秧盘蒸汽干燥工艺优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
水稻植质钵育秧盘的湿强度是保证秧盘成型及机械化插秧要求的关键因素。为了确保秧盘的湿强度能够满足秧盘成型及机械化插秧的要求,该文以水稻植质钵育秧盘为研究对象,利用蒸汽干燥技术,以蒸汽干燥后的秧盘湿强度为试验指标,通过单因素试验,分析研究了自然环境预处理时间、干燥时间、干燥温度和后干燥时间对秧盘湿强度的影响,确定了影响秧盘湿强度的主要因素和取值范围。在单因素试验的基础上,利用二次正交旋转组合试验建立了秧盘蒸汽干燥数学模型,并利用双因素分析法分析了各因素与评价指标之间的关系,确定各因素在数学模型中的主次顺序。试验表明：植质钵育秧盘干燥的最佳工艺条件是秧盘预处理时间为10 h,干燥时间为21 h,干燥温度为130℃,在此条件下秧盘湿强度预测值为0.4 MPa,验证试验得到实际湿强度值为0.395 MPa,与理论预测值相比,相对误差为1.25%。该研究结果为水稻植质钵育秧盘工业化生产提供一定的理论指导。 相似文献
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为了实现利用高温高压饱和蒸汽干燥水稻植质钵育秧盘,以保证秧盘的成盘率、秧盘的湿强度和秧盘的储存期,同时增加水稻秸秆的利用率,设计了以水稻秸秆制成的燃料棒为燃料的水稻植质钵育秧盘蒸汽干燥装置。该装置主要由干燥介质供给系统、蒸汽干燥器和控制系统组成。根据蒸汽干燥理论、干燥装置设计的技术要求、每次干燥秧盘的最大数量、秧盘在干燥车上的布置形式和秧盘在干燥器内的布置形式,确定干燥介质供给系统中的蒸汽锅炉额定蒸发量为0.5 t/h,额定工作温度为144℃;干燥器的尺寸为Φ2 400 mm×5 500 mm,壁厚10 mm,保温层的厚度为170 mm,最高承受压力为0.7 MPa。干燥装置性能试验结果表明:干燥器的密封性、保温性良好,秧盘的成盘率达到97%,秧盘干燥均匀,秧盘的含水率、干燥湿强度满足秧盘的储存及生产要求。该研究结果为后续生产应用提供参考。 相似文献
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针对迷宫型灌水器传统注塑模具加工周期长,加工成本高的问题,为适应产品快速开发的需要,该研究开发了一种灌水器模具的快速制造技术和注塑成型工艺。利用数字ABS作为模具材料,采用聚合物喷射技术成型模具确保精度和强度。为确定不同加工参数对成型质量的影响,以翘曲变形量和缩痕估算为分析指标,通过Moldflow软件进行了单因素试验和四因素五水平的正交试验。建立了翘曲变形和缩痕估算与各参数间的回归模型,并通过粒子群算法得到了最优工艺参数。试验结果表明,冷却时间对翘曲变形量和缩痕无影响,熔体温度、保压压力和保压时间对翘曲变形和缩痕产生决定性的影响,最佳工艺参数组合为熔体温度230℃,保压压力3 MPa,保压时间4 s。优化成型工艺参数后,翘曲变形下降8.72%,缩痕估算下降20.68%,熔接痕减少,塑件质量得到提高,达到设计要求。在注塑机中使用快速模具进行了注塑试验验证,证明了结构和工艺的正确性。相较于传统模具加工,快速模具实现了灌水器快速开发,在保证灌水器质量的情况下大幅度缩短了加工时间,降低了加工成本,该研究可为新型灌水器的设计与开发提供一定的理论基础。 相似文献
4.
基于响应面法的玉米秸秆成型工艺优化 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
为了研究玉米秸秆成型过程中各参数之间的交互作用,获得最佳的工艺参数,该文采用5因素的响应面试验设计研究了原料水分(8%~24%)、温度(50~150℃)、压缩速度(10~50 mm/min)、压力(51.0~127.4 MPa)、保压时间(10~50 s)5个成型参数对玉米秸秆成型颗粒的松弛密度、Meyer强度以及压缩比能耗3个成型技术指标的影响,建立了响应面模型,结合成型燃料标准,获得了最佳的工艺参数,并对优化后的试验参数进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:在选取试验参数范围内,温度、原料水分、压力均会对技术指标产生较大影响;而压缩速度和保压时间所产生的影响相对较小。最优化的工艺参数(压力、温度、水分)为:4 k N(51.0 MPa)、110.8℃、17%,在该参数组合下的验证试验结果为:松弛密度为1031 kg/m~3,Meyer强度为27.1 N/m~2,比能耗为10.03 k J/kg。该研究可为秸秆生物质成型燃料制备产业提供参考。 相似文献
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为研究鱼松块压缩成型工艺对鱼松成型块品质的影响,分析了糕粉添加量、成型压力、保压时间和成型速度对鱼松成型块质构和感官评定的影响。选取糕粉添加量、成型压力、保压时间进行正交试验。试验结果表明：鱼松成型块感官评分与硬度和咀嚼性呈极显著正相关,与弹性和黏附性呈极显著的负相关;成型压力对鱼松成型块的感官评定有显著影响;对感官评分的影响顺序为：成型压力>糕粉添加量>保压时间;正交试验的最佳成型工艺为糕粉添加量20%,成型压力3?MPa,保压时间20?s,成型速度为40?mm/min。该工艺将为鱼松块成型设备的研制提供设计依据。 相似文献
8.
水稻秸秆冷压成型试验得到的成型燃料能耗较高且质量不佳,为提高水稻秸秆成型燃料质量,本次试验利用水稻秸秆成型设备,在不同成型压力、原料粒径、温度以及含水率等工艺参数条件下对水稻秸秆进行热压成型试验。通过分析成型燃料的物理性能,确定各工艺参数最佳选取范围为：粒径0~2mm、温度70~100℃、成型压力8.89～40MPa、含水率12%～25%。为进一步提高水稻秸秆原料成型燃料的质量,提出通过添加木质素含量较高的木屑原料即形成混合原料,并通过对比试验进行研究。结果表明,混合原料可以有效提高水稻秸秆成型燃料的综合质量。 相似文献
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为探究玉米秸秆、豆粕和聚丙烯酸钠混合制备农用保水剂的生产工艺,以最大压缩力、混料水分、压缩速度、豆粕质量分数和聚丙烯酸钠质量分数为试验因素,以成型坯块的松弛密度为评价指标进行二次回归旋转组合试验,优化工艺参数组合并试验验证,在松弛密度的最优范围内分析其对坯块保水性能的影响。试验结果表明:坯块的松弛密度为460～540 kg/m3的条件下,得出最大压缩力为16～20.59 kN,混料水分为8.84%～12.96%,压缩速度为95.56～155.51 mm/min,豆粕质量分数为16.08%～24.02%,聚丙烯酸钠质量分数为4.91%～7.15%的最佳成型工艺参数;坯块的保水效果随松弛密度的增大而逐渐增强,有砂土时释水量随时间变化符合对数模型,无砂土时则符合线性模型,拟合方程的回归系数均大于0.9,成型坯块保水性的分析可靠,可为复合型农用保水剂的应用提供参考。 相似文献
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超高压灭活枯草芽孢杆菌(AS 1.140)的参数优化 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
该文采用响应曲面方法中的Box-Behnken模式,对超高压灭活枯草芽孢杆菌进行了试验优化设计,并进行了实验分析验证。试验结果表明：压力、温度、保压时间是超高压灭活枯草芽孢杆菌的显著影响因子,分析表明其显著度顺序为压力＞温度＞保压时间;在本试验条件范围内建立并验证的超高压杀灭枯草芽孢杆菌的回归模型准确有效;优化得出10组杀灭106 cfu/mL枯草芽孢杆菌工艺参数的取值范围为压力343.79～475.75 MPa,温度27.47～57.44℃,保压时间14.14～19.72 min。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献