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Bach A 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(6):1835-1845
For several mammalian species, it has been shown that fetal and early postnatal nutrition has a role in long-term lipid and glucose metabolism of the offspring, and it thus also may have consequences on milk yield in the dairy cow. For instance, high-energy diets during the last weeks of pregnancy may result in increased glycemia, which in turn, may alter fetal adipose tissue development. However, most research efforts on management and nutrition of dry cows have focused on minimizing metabolic disorders of the postpartum cow without devoting much attention to potential consequences for the offspring. Similarly, nutritional needs for proper placental development and early fetal growth have received little attention, despite the fact that alterations in placental and fetal development may alter expression of genes participating in homeorhesis of the offspring. Therefore, nutrition of the pregnant cow, both while lactating and dry, should also consider aspects of placental and fetal development that may affect health and performance of the progeny. Similarly, newborn calves and young heifers are fed to ensure a particular growth target without compromising mammary development, although data linking postnatal growth targets with future milk yield are scarce. However, milk yield not only depends on mammary development, but also on nutrient partitioning, which is regulated by the endocrine milieu. There are some periods of time during development where nutrition may have long-lasting effects on metabolic function and milk production. For instance, the first months of postnatal life seem to be critical because recent data from both retrospective and controlled studies indicate that increased growth rate or plane of nutrition during this phase is positively associated with future milk production. Postnatal growth rate depends on nutrition (a necessary but not sufficient condition) and management (i.e., grouping strategies and housing systems), and thus optimal rearing programs should be designed considering long-term consequences on milk yield. 相似文献
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本文阐述了膳食核苷酸对婴幼儿胃肠道的作用,分析了核苷酸在体内的吸收和代谢过程,并对母乳和牛乳中的核苷酸含量作了比较分析.与母乳相比,牛乳中的核苷酸及其衍生物含量较低,不能满足婴幼儿的需要. 相似文献
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通过对奶牛日粮代谢能、粗蛋白质和粗饲料类型3个营养因素对产奶前期奶牛100d产奶量影响的测定,确定日粮代谢能是起主导作用的因素。本试验ME:11.0MJ/kg,CP:12.0,粗饲料为全株玉米青贮饲料加玉米秸,奶牛100d产奶量可达到2907kg,平均日产奶29.07kg/d,全日粮料奶比为0.69:1,相当于精饲料产奶比0.31:1。根据上述试验结果和吉林西部的气候与饲料资源特点,笔者推荐在奶牛产奶前期生产中使用ME:10.0MJ/kg,CP:10.5的日粮,尽量不使用稻草作为奶牛产奶前期的主要粗饲料。 相似文献
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[目的]西门塔尔杂交改良后代牛具有良好的产奶、产肉和对适应环境性能,试验旨在探讨添加不同比例的精、粗料对西吉高代杂种牛的产奶性能的影响.[方法]选择西吉高代杂种成年母牛15头,随机分成3组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）,每组5头,按照精饲料与粗饲料（干物质）之比为60％∶40％;40％∶60％和30％∶70％处理,进行为期90 d的产奶试验.[结果]表明：产奶量3个组差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但试验Ⅰ组最高,分别比试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组高16.92％和39.67％.3个组鲜乳中的乳脂率、非脂率、乳蛋白含量和乳糖含量等差异均不显著（P＞0.05）,但随着试验组日粮营养水平降低呈现下降趋势.产奶效益以试验工组最高（2 681.8元/头）,其次是试验Ⅱ组（1 823.7元/头）,最差为试验Ⅲ组（1 357.8元/头）.[结论]体重550 kg、日产奶量10 kg左右西吉杂种母牛日粮精粗比（干物质）为45％和55％、日粮蛋白质含量应在13.7％左右、干物质日采食量在13 kg左右或干物质日采食量占体重2.4％左右较为适宜. 相似文献
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目的:研究酶制剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能和疾病的影响.方法:选取28头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,每组14头.2组奶牛在全混合日粮上分别添加0、20 g/(头·d)复合酶制剂FE907,实验期4周.结果:实验组奶牛日均产乳量提高了1.6 kg/d(P＞0.05);实验组乳脂率比对照组提高0.08％,乳脂量提高0.09 kg/d,差异显著(P＜0.05),乳蛋白率提高0.06％,乳蛋白量提高0.07 kg/d,经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利6.28元.结论:奶牛日粮中添加20 g/(头·d)的奶牛复合酶制剂FE907,可以提高产乳量,改善乳成分,提高经济效益,同时,可以在一定程度上降低患乳房炎的风险. 相似文献
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Dry cow nutrition. The key to improving fresh cow performance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R J Van Saun 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1991,7(2):599-620
Evidence supports the concept of the dry period being a critical component to lactation preparation rather than an insignificant rest period between lactations. Required nutrient amounts for the dry cow are the sum of maintenance, pregnancy, and reserve replenishment needs with additional requirements for growth during the first two pregnancies. Maintenance energy requirements can be dramatically increased by level of activity and adverse environmental conditions. A wide variety of feed ingredients can be successfully fed to dry cows as long as rations are appropriately formulated to meet energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin requirements. A early and close-up dry program best matches increasing pregnancy requirements and declining intake capacity with management capabilities. The early dry cow ration is formulated for high fiber/low energy density while the close-up ration contains higher energy density with less fiber. Both rations contain sufficient other nutrients based on determined intake. This two-group system provides maximal flexibility in managing for optimum body condition at calving. Environmental stresses and dramatic dietary changes should be minimized during the transition period from late gestation to lactation. A sound dry cow program results from integration of quality nutrition and cow management practices as described. A dry cow program that enacts these guidelines should result in reduced incidence of clinical mastitis, successfully complete pregnancy with a viable calf, maximize genetic potential for milk production, minimize incidence of health disorders, and allows cows to breed back within an economically optimum time interval. Overall, a sound dry cow program is a critical key to improved fresh cow performance. 相似文献
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Effect of increased feeding of dietary α‐linolenic acid by grazing on formation of the cis9,trans11–18:2 isoform of conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk 
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下载免费PDF全文 Mio Yamaguchi Taki Naito Yoshikazu Nagao Yukihito Kabuyama Kei Hashimoto Norihiro Azuma Isamu Maeda 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(7):1006-1011
Feeding systems such as grazing affect the fatty acid profile of bovine milk fat. In addition, milk fat is formed as the product of fatty acid metabolism in cow bodies before being secreted into milk. However, how grazing influences milk fatty acid profile through the metabolism has not been completely characterized. When fatty acid concentrations in Holstein milk were compared between grazing and non‐grazing periods, α‐linolenic acid was significantly higher in the grazing period than in the non‐grazing period. This could be explained with an increase in α‐linolenic acid feeding with grazing. α‐linolenic acid had a linear positive correlation with conjugated linoleic acid (9c,11t‐18:2) (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA) during the grazing period, whereas CLA had higher correlation with linoleic acid rather than with α‐linolenic acid during the non‐grazing period. These data indicate that the high content of dietary α‐linolenic acid affects CLA and VA formation in milk of grazing periods via α‐linolenic acid metabolism into VA. 相似文献
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dDietary protein and dairy cow fertility. Feeding more dietary protein has been negatively associated with dairy cow fertility in some but not all studies. We used meta-analysis to examine the relationship between dietary crude protein and conception rate. While a higher intake of dietary crude protein significantly lowered conception rate, the potential for feeding less degradable dietary protein to modify this relationship was not demonstrated. dMilk urea concentrations and dairy cow fertility. The use of milk urea as an indicator of dietary energy and protein intake and as an indictor of reproductive performance has been questioned. We found that changes in urea concentration in body fluids explained only 25% (p = 0.08) of the variance in conception rate after conducting a meta-analysis of available studies. dInterpretation of milk urea concentrations. High intakes of dietary protein may induce adaptations in urea metabolism, and the negative relationship identified between high intakes of dietary protein and fertility for Northern Hemisphere dairy herds may not necessarily apply in Australasian dairy herds. Because of the potential for cows to adapt to high protein diets, the use of a single milk urea determination on a herd will have limited value as an indicator of nutritional status and little value as a predictor of fertility. 相似文献
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Jocelyn Dubuc Denis DuTremblay Jean Baril Randy Bagg Marcel Brodeur Todd Duffield Luc DesC?teaux 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2010,51(4):375-379
The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of 16 ppm of dietary monensin on milk production and composition of dairy cows, and to investigate factors having a potential impact on this effect. Data were generated from a total of 3577 Holstein dairy cows (47 herds) in Quebec enrolled in a herd-level, randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of monensin supplementation. Milk production and composition data were collected from monthly dairy herd improvement (DHI) testing. Monensin increased milk production by 0.9 kg/cow/d in cows under 150 days in milk (DIM) (P < 0.05). Monensin decreased milk fat percentage by 0.18 percentage points during the whole lactation (P < 0.05). This decreasing effect was larger for component-fed cows (P < 0.05) and for cows being fed low levels of dietary physically effective particles (P < 0.05) when compared respectively to cows fed total mixed ration and cows fed high levels of dietary physically effective particles. The results of this study suggest that monensin influences milk production and milk composition of dairy cows, and that diet composition and feeding system influence those effects. 相似文献
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奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数接近的荷斯坦奶牛90头,随机分成两组考察奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对乳牛生产性能的影响。在饲喂等量的基础日粮上,对照组额外添加20g/(d·头)精料补充料,试验组添加霉菌毒素吸附剂——普乐菲特20g/(d·头),其他饲养管理方式不变。该试验预饲期7d,试验期77d。结果表明,霉菌毒素吸附剂的添加不影响乳脂、乳蛋白,但对提高产奶量以及降低原料奶中体细胞数(P0.05)有明显的效果。本研究表明,日粮添加霉菌毒素吸附剂可有效提高原料奶质量,提高牧场整体经济效益。 相似文献
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奶牛的换料应激对奶牛产业带来经济损失，通过从营养、育种改良、饲养管理以及饲料等方面去缓解应激，其中营养调控是减少换料应激的有效途径之一。在奶牛更换饲料出现应激情况下，通过营养调控，可以有效降低换料应激对奶牛产奶量的影响，保证牧场奶牛养殖的经济效益。 相似文献
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奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重威胁着奶牛健康,影响奶牛生产性能的发挥.选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数接近的荷斯坦奶牛90头,随机分成两组,考察奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对乳牛生产性能的影响.在饲喂等量的基础日粮上,对照组额外添加20 g/d·头精料补充料,试验组添加霉菌毒素吸附剂--普乐菲特20g/d头·其他饲养管理方式不变.该试验预饲期7 d,试验期77 d.结果表明,霉菌毒素吸附剂的添加不影响乳脂、乳蛋白,但对提高产奶量及降低原料奶中体细胞数(P<0.05)有明显效果.研究表明,日粮添加霉菌毒素吸附剂可有效提高原料奶质量,提高牧场整体经济效益. 相似文献
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Hernandez J Risco C Donovan A 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2001,219(5):632-635
OBJECTIVE: To determine association between exposure to Neospora caninum and milk production in dairy cows. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. Animals: 565 Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: Cows were classified as seropositive or seronegative to N. caninum within 7 days after calving by use of a kinetic ELISA. Milk production was compared between seropositive and seronegative cows. RESULTS: On the basis of 305-day mature equivalent milk production data, seropositive cows produced less milk (2.8 lb/cow per day) than did seronegative cows. In addition, analysis of results throughout the first 300 days of lactation revealed that after adjusting for effects of lactation number, calving season, clinical mastitis, and lameness, milk weight of seropositive cows was 2.5 lb/cow per day less than that of seronegative cows. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Exposure to N. caninum was associated with a 3 to 4% decrease in milk production. A decrease in milk production of 800 lb/cow for a typical 305-day lactation represents a loss of $128/cow. 相似文献
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复合草颗粒生产及饲喂奶牛试验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过刈割-干燥-粉碎-配制-制粒程序将紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)鲜草加工成理想的高附加值商品--复合草颗粒,同时采用随机编号、分组试验法,替代2.5、2.0 kg精饲料饲喂奶牛,测定替代量与产奶量、草料消耗成本之间的关系.结果表明,复合草颗粒是一种体积小,便于运输、贮藏,使用方便,适口性好,营养价值高的... 相似文献
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H Houe S ?stergaard T Thilsing-Hansen R J J?rgensen T Larsen J T S?rensen J F Agger J Y Blom 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2001,42(1):1-29
The present review analyses the documentation on incidence, diagnosis, risk factors and effects of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcaemia. It is hereby evaluated whether the existing documentation seems sufficient for further modelling in a decision support system for selection of a control strategy. Several studies have been carried out revealing an incidence of milk fever most often in the level of 5-10%. Few studies indicate that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia is several times higher than milk fever. The diagnosis based on clinical or laboratory methods or based on presence of risk factors is outlined. The clinical symptoms of milk fever are highly specific and the disease level may thus be determined from recording of treatments. Diagnosis of subclinical hypocalcaemia needs to include laboratory examinations or it may be determined by multiplying the incidence of milk fever by a certain factor. From the documentation on risk factors, it is very complex to predict the incidence from the exposure level of the risk factors. Due to uncertainty, sensitivity analyses over a wide range of values for each parameter are needed. The documentation of cow characteristics, nutrition, environment and management as risk factors are described. Among cow characteristics, parity or age, body condition and production level were found to be important. Risk factors associated with nutrition included most importantly dietary cation-anion difference and calcium level whereas the importance of general feeding related factors like type of feed stuff and feeding level were less clear. Environment and management included season, climate, housing, pasturing, exercise, length of dry period and prepartum milking. Several of the parameters on environment and management were confounded among each other and therefore firm conclusions on the importance were difficult. The documentation of the effect of milk fever includes the downer cows, reproductive disorders, occurrence of other diseases and the effect on milk production, body weight and culling. The reproductive disorders included most importantly dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, metritis and repeat breeding, and occurrence of other diseases included ketosis, displaced abomasum and mastitis. The documentation was substantial and often quantifiable within certain limits. Overall it is concluded that the present documentation on milk fever concerning incidence, diagnosis, risk factors and effects seems sufficient for a systematic inclusion in a decision support system. A model on milk fever should take into consideration the variation in biological data and individual herd characteristics. The inclusion of subclinical hypocalcaemia would be more uncertain and probably should await further documentation on possibilities of determining the herd level incidence and also the effect of this condition on production. 相似文献
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Antoine Leduc Sylvain Souchet Marine Gel Fabienne Le Provost Marion Boutinaud 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(7)
In the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk production is thus essential. Feed restriction (FR) experiments attempting to reproduce negative energy balance by reducing the quantity or quality of the diet were conducted in order to better describe the animal physiology changes. The study of FR is also of interest since with climate change issues, cows may be increasingly faced with periods of drought leading to a shortage of forages. The aim of this article is to review the effects of FR during lactation in dairy cows to obtain a better understanding of metabolism changes and how it affects mammary gland activity and milk production and composition. A total of 41 papers studying FR in lactating cows were used to investigate physiological changes induced by these protocols. FR protocols affect the entire animal metabolism as indicated by changes in blood metabolites such as a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; hormonal regulations such as a decrease in insulin and insulin-like growth factor I or an increase in growth hormone concentrations. These variations indicated a mobilization of body reserve in most studies. FR also affects mammary gland activity through changes in gene expression and could affect mammary cell turnover through cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and exfoliation of mammary epithelial cells into milk. Because of modifications of the mammary gland and general metabolism, FR decreases milk production and can affect milk composition with decreased lactose and protein concentrations and increased fat concentration. These effects, however, can vary widely depending on the type of restriction, its duration and intensity, or the stage of lactation in which it takes place. Finally, to avoid yield loss and metabolic disorders, it is important to identify reliable biomarkers to monitor energy balance. 相似文献
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奶牛热应激综合征是指奶牛受到超过本身体温调节能力的高温刺激而产生的非特异性防御反应。奶牛发生热应激后会激活体内的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴,改变机体的神经内分泌调节网络,引起奶牛体内皮质醇激素和多种激素水平变化,协同作用于机体以抵抗热应激对自身的影响;此外,热应激奶牛采食量和消化率普遍降低,营养物质摄入不足,机体处于能量负平衡状态。在这种状态下,奶牛会通过增加体内糖、脂肪和蛋白质的代谢来为机体提供能量从而缓解热应激。然而,严重热应激会导致奶牛代谢功能紊乱及免疫系统损伤,最终导致奶牛消化率、产奶量、繁殖率下降,而疾病易感风险性增加,从而影响奶牛生产的经济效益,给畜牧业带来巨大的经济损失。目前,关于奶牛热应激的研究较多,且多集中于产奶性能和繁殖性能等方面,而有关生理和免疫机能的研究报道较少。作者阐述了奶牛发生热应激时皮质醇激素的变化和调节、三大代谢过程的改变及免疫细胞和相关细胞因子的表达分泌等过程,旨在更加深入地了解热应激对奶牛生理状态及免疫功能的影响,从而为奶牛热应激综合征的防控、诊断和治疗提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Interrelationships among milk production, dam-calf feed efficiency to weaning, and other biological traits were evaluated on 411 first-calf heifers and their calves. Individual feed intakes were measured in a drylot environment for a 1-yr period until weaning of the first calf. Heifer breed types included crossbred Angus-Hereford, Simmental-Hereford, and Tarentaise-Hereford produced in two-breed rotational crossbreeding systems, F1 Salers-Hereford and straightbred Hereford. Production efficiency was defined as cumulative feed ME consumed by the dam-calf pair during the year divided by calf weaning weight. Milk production potential seemed to be unrelated to cow size, adjusted for breed-group effects. Lactational feed energy was increased for dams of increased milk production potential but not enough to offset the increased production of calf weaning weight in terms of production efficiency. Results indicated that increased levels of milk production of heifers were associated with improved production efficiency to weaning. However, the incremental improvement in efficiency per unit of increased milk was less for each additional unit of milk, within the range evaluated. These results are applicable to first-calf heifers that have not yet reached peak age for maximum milk production. 相似文献