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1.
Using a leaf disc method, 19 isolates of the poplar rust, Melampsora larici-populina , and one isolate of M.populnea from England were inoculated on to 25 poplar clones belonging to Populus nigra and P.trichocarpa, and hybrids between P. deltoides and P. nigra, P. deltoidesand P. trichocarpa, P.tacamahaca and P.trichocarpa, and P. alba and P. tremula. Disease was scored based on the pustule area and inoculum density. In terms of whether sporulating uredinia formed, the 19 isolates showed seven different patterns to the tested poplar clones. The majority of the rust isolates infected P. nigra P3090 and Vereecken, P.nigra×P. deltoides Casale and Tasman, P. tacamahaca×trichocarpa 36 and Balsam Spire, and P.trichocarpa Blom. Populus trichocarpa×P. deltoides 69039/4 was infected by only three isolates collected from southern England. No visible symptoms appeared on P. alba ×P. tremulaTower and P.trichcarpa×P. deltoides×P. deltoides76028/5 in inoculations with M. larici-populina isolates. Populus alba×P.tremula Tower was infected only by M. populnea. When M. larici-populina isolates were tested using AFLP, no differences were found either between isolates from different geographical regions or between those having narrow spectrum of virulence and those showing wide spectrum of virulence on the tested clones. The results suggest that the UK rust populations possess virulences which were found in races E1, E2, E3 and E4 in continental Europe and that rust having virulence patterns similar to race E4 has occurred in UK poplar plantations since 1996.  相似文献   

2.
Foliar sprays and soil drenches with DL--amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) reduced the number of Heterodera avenae and H. latipons cysts on wheat and barley. Foliar sprays of wheat with 8000mgl–1 BABA reduced the number of H. avenae cysts by 90%, whereas 2000mgl–1 BABA was enough to reduce the number of H. latipons cysts by 79%. Multiple spray treatments with 2000mgl–1 BABA at 10-day intervals reduced the number of H. avenae cysts on wheat and barley. A soil drench of wheat with 125mgl–1 BABA reduced the number of H. latipons cysts by 93% and H. avenae cysts by 43%. Second-stage juveniles of these nematodes penetrated and formed syncytia in wheat roots soil-drenched with BABA. More adult males of H. avenae were produced in BABA (<250mg1–1)-treated wheat roots (~76%) than in untreated roots (27%). Soil drenches with higher concentrations of BABA inhibited development of adult males and females. Several chemical elicitors of induced resistance were tested for their ability to reduce the number of H. avenae cysts on wheat. Only BABA was found to be an effective resistance inducer. The number of egg masses of an unidentified Meloidogyne sp. root-knot nematode, which infects only monocots, was also reduced by 95% by a soil drench of wheat with 500mgl–1 BABA. Development of this nematode inside the BABA-treated roots was also inhibited.  相似文献   

3.
Canningia tomici sp. n. (Microsporidia, Unikaryonidae) infects the midgut epithelium, the gut muscules, Malpighian tubules, connective tissues, adipose tissues and the gonads of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). The infection is present in populations of Tomicus piniperda in Europe and in the United States. Uninucleate oval single spores occur in two sizes: 2.8±0.4× 1.4±0.4m and 3.8±0.3×2.0±0.2m. The polar filament of this microsporidium is fixed subapically in a flat anchoring disc. The thick posterior lamellae of the binary polaroplast are asymmetric due to the lateral fixation of the polar filament.  相似文献   

4.
The present paper deals with laboratory studies on side-effects of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and its predators, e.g. Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae), Erigonidium graminicola (Sundvall) (Araneae, Linyphiidae), Orius similis Zheng (Het., Anthocoridae) and Coccinella septempunctata L.(Col., Coccinellidae), in comparison to the commercial insecticides, e.g. Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap and Lambda-cyhalothrin.The results showed that GCSC-BtA was highly toxic to the 3rd instar of P. xylostella with 91.18% mortality, followed by Cartap with 84.38%, Abamectin with 78.00%, Tebufenozide with 75.57%, Lambda-cyhalothrin with 63.75% and Dichlorvos with 50.86% mortality. On the other hand, GCSC-BtA was found to be comparatively less toxic to the predators, causing 31.11%, 13.33%, 11.54% and 6.00% mortalities in A. longispinosus, E. graminicola, O. similis and C. septempunctata, respectively. For comparison, the mortalities recorded for Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap, Lambda-cyhalothrin were 72.94%, 55.55%, 70.00%, 53.26% and 98.85% in A. longispinosus, 46.51%, 55.10%, 60.00%, 46.00% and 73.68% in E. graminicola, 22.00%, 16.00%, 35.71%, 26.78% and 81.03% in O. similis, 15.55%, 19.64%, 28.00%, 16.66% and 41.79% in C. septempunctata, respectively.Cluster analysis was introduced to group the mortalities caused by the treatments into three toxicity groups with the distance of D=4.1. The 1st group consisted of GCSC-BtA characterized with low toxicity to all the predators tested with 15.49% mortality on average (highest 31.11% and lowest 6.00%). The 2nd group consisted of Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos and Cartap with moderate toxicity to the predators with 39.96% mortality on average. The 3rd group included Lambda-cyhalothrin with high toxicity to the predators with 73.83% mortality on average (highest 98.85% and lowest 41.70%). The susceptibility of the pest and its predators to GCSC-BtA and the insecticides is discussed. GCSC-BtA as a biological control agent is recommended for use in the integrated pests control programs in the vegetable fields.  相似文献   

5.
Conjugation of -endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis with abamectin, a toxin of Streptomyces avermitilis, was carried out to form a new type of biocide, GCSC-BtA based on Germany-China Scientific Cooperation research, for the control of agricultural insect pests. The strategy for biochemical linkage was designed by conjugating an amino group in B.t. protoxin with a carboxyl group in carboxylated abamectin under the treatment of conjugator EDC [1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Hydrochloride)]. The formation of B.t. protoxin was processed by solubilizing B.t. crystal in 25mM dithiothreitol (DTT) at 37°C for 2h. The carboxylated abamectin was formed by carboxylating the NaH-activated abamectin with 10mg/ml butyric anhydride at 111°C in a water-circumfluent condensation device for 2h. The conjugating reaction, consisting of 5mg/ml B.t. protoxin, 10mg/ml carboxylated abamectin and 19.17mg/ml EDC, was successfully conducted at room temperature for 24h. Significant differences were found between pure abamectin, carboxylated abamectin and the conjugated BtA by means of UV-photo absorptions recorded at wavelengths 354, 438, 518, 600nm (P<0.01). LT50 of the conjugated GCSC-BtA to the 3rd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) was 35.27 g a.i./ml, about 62% and 76% of that caused by the B.t. protoxin and the caxboxylated abamectin, respectively. The conjugated GCSC-BtA caused 87.14% mortalities in larvae of P. xylostella, 93.75% in adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hom., Aphididae) and 89.33% in adult Phyllotreta vittata Fabricius (Col., Chrysomelidae) as compared to 48.33% by the B.t. crystal only in P. xylostella. The symptoms caused by conjugated GCSC-BtA in the 3rd instar of P. xylostella were black color in the head part and white-yellow in the abdomen of dead larvae, which differed from the black color or the white-yellow all along the body caused by either the B.t. crystal or the abamectin, respectively. It was concluded that the conjugated GCSC-BtA biocide had a broader host spectrum and a faster killing speed than either the B.t. crystal or abamectin alone for the control of agricultural pests.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, the susceptibility of larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to gamma radiation was investigated in the laboratory in Turkey. Gamma radiation was applied at 6 dose levels between 20 and 200Gy to 13–15day-old adults and at 5 dose levels between 20 and 180Gy to 18–20day-old larvae of T. castaneum. All experiments were performed in growth chambers maintained at 27±1°C and 70±5% r.h. The larvae proved to be the more susceptible stage, survival to the adult stage being prevented by exposure of the eggs to 100Gy; the adult stage was less susceptible. LD50 and LD99 values were determined as 19,75 and 42,97Gy for larvae and 33,21 and 64,50Gy for adult stage, respectively. It was concluded that 100Gy is the effective dose for both larval and adult stages.  相似文献   

7.
The predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) has been reported as an important predator of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari, Tetranychidae) in apple culture and vineyards at below 25°C. However, sufficient biological data was lacking on its efficiency at temperatures above 25°C. Therefore, the purpose of the present laboratory work was to obtain experimental data on prey consumption during development as well as longevity and reproduction of T. pyri on apple leaf discs and in Plexiglas cells at constant temperatures of 25±2°C and 30±2°C with P. ulmi as prey.The results showed that mean daily and total prey consumption by both the nymphs and adults of T. pyri decreased significantly on both the arenas as the temperature was increased from 25°C to 30°C, whereby adult prey consumption, both mean daily and total, was higher than that of nymphs. Prey consumption by both the nymphs and adults was significantly higher in the Plexiglas cells than on the leaf discs at both temperatures. Mean total prey consumption during nymphal development was 16.1 () and 12.8 () at 25°C compared to 7.0 () and 5.8 () preys at 30°C on the apple leaf discs and 46.0 () and 38.5 () at 25°C compared to 25.2 () and 20.3 () preys at 30°C in the Plexiglas cells. Mean duration of nymphal development was similar for the two sexes at the same temperature, but it was longer at 25°C than at 30°C. It was 6.0 and 4.0days on the apple leaf discs while 7.0 and 6.0days in the Plexiglas cells at 25°C and 30°C, respectively. Mean daily and total prey consumption by both male and female adults also decreased with the increasing temperature, whereby the females consumed more than double the mean total number of prey than the males on both the arenas of observation and at both temperatures: 355.4 versus 149.7 preys at 25°C and 192.2 versus 85.6preys at 30°C on the leaf discs and 826.8 versus 374.5 preys at 25°C and 488.9 versus 187.9 preys at 30°C in the Plexiglas cells. Longevity of the females was longer than males on both arenas and at both temperatures and it was longer at 25°C than at 30°C. Mean total longevity on the apple leaf discs was 68.3 () and 50.8 () days at 25°C compared to 52.5 () and 36.8 () days at 30°C, while in the Plexiglas cells it was 91.0 () and 65.8 () days at 25°C compared to 75.3 () and 48.5 () days at 30°C. Reproduction in females also decreased significantly with increasing temperature. It decreased from 62.0 to 39.0 eggs/female on the leaf discs and 75.0 to 47.1 eggs/female in the Plexiglas cells. The females laid significantly higher numbers of eggs at both temperatures in the Plexiglas cells than on the leaf discs. Oviposition period in females was 30days at 25°C on both the arenas, while at 30°C it was 26days on the apple leaf discs and 27days in the Plexiglas cells.  相似文献   

8.
In 1998–99 and 1999–2000 six trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of fungicides on Fusarium head blight in the field, on infected kernels and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in grain. A single application of prochloraz, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole or bromuconazole, applied to durum wheat varieties at the manufacturer's recommended dose at the beginning of anthesis stage, provided good control of the disease when infective pressure in the field was low to medium, and when the main pathogens were F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Kresoxim-methyl showed a low efficacy at controlling the disease. Tebuconazole, prochloraz and bromuconazole were effective at controlling F. graminearum and F. culmorum, while kresoxim-methyl was not effective in reducing Fusarium infected kernels. DON concentration in grain of cultivars inoculated with F. graminearum and F. culmorum was high, averaging 4.2mgkg–1 (untreated control). Tebuconazole, prochloraz and bromuconazole reduced DON concentration by 43%, while epoxiconazole was ineffective. DON concentration in kernels of naturally infected cultivars was 1.95mgkg–1, a concentration which exceeds the 1mgkg–1 maximum level of contamination allowed in the United States. Furthermore prochloraz, bromuconazole and tebuconazole applications, in the naturally inoculated trials, reduced DON concentration from 73% to 96%, while epoxiconazole showed the lowest effectiveness. Moreover, a positive linear correlation between Fusarium infected grains and the DON concentration was observed.  相似文献   

9.
The development time, survival and fecundity of the generalist predatory mite, Neoseiulus umbraticusChant, were determined at 20, 25, and 30°C and 65±10% RH. N. umbraticus females completed development in 9.7, 8.0 and 5.9 days, respectively, using a diet of all life stages of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Total developmental times of males were relatively shorter at 25 and 30°C than at 20°C. In general, preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition periods of N. umbraticus shortened as temperature increased. The longest survival rate of N. umbraticus of 80.5 days occurred at 20°C, followed by 67.0 and 57.6 days at 25 and 30°C, respectively. Mated females laid an average 0.9, 1.3 and 1.4 eggs per female per day and 33.1, 44.0 and 43.6 eggs over their entire lives at 20, 25 and 30°C, respectively. The sex ratios of this species were 0.57, 0.57 and 0.54 female (female+male) at 20, 25 and 30°C, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) became greater with rising temperatures from 0.123 at 20°C to 0.180 at 30°C. The net reproduction rate (Ro) was highest at 25°C (25.0 females/female) and lowest at 20°C (18.8 females/female), while To decreased with increasing temperatures, from 23.8 days at 20°C to 17.5 days at 30°C.  相似文献   

10.
Rice leaves were inoculated with spores of Magnaporthe grisea, and the number of fluorescence-labeled spores that attached to the leaf surface were counted before and after leaves were dipped and then stirred in water. Just 5% of the spores were retained on the leaf surface 1h after inoculation; the percentage retained then increased rapidly between 1.25 and 1.50h, and most had attached by 2h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that most conidia were lying on a few wart-like protuberances 2–4µm high. Spores became attached when the germ tubes were long enough to reach the leaf surface, at least 3µm, by mucilaginous substances at the tip. Retained spores swayed when water was added under the cover glass from one side, indicating that the attachment was confined to the tips of germ tubes. Spores are attached to the rough leaf surface by mucilaginous substances – not at the tip of spore as reported on smooth artificial substrates but at the tip of the germ tubes.  相似文献   

11.
The potential of AmpliDet RNA for specific detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in potato tuber samples and surface water was demonstrated. AmpliDet RNA is a procedure based on nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) of RNA sequences and homogeneous real time detection of NASBA amplicons with a molecular beacon. The procedure is carried out in sealed tubes, thus reducing the risks for carry-over contamination. AmpliDet RNA enabled reliable detection of specific 16S rRNA sequences of R. solanacearum in total RNA extracts from potato tuber samples in 90min at a level of 10 cells per reaction, equivalent to ca. 104cellsml–1 of sample. In surface water, AmpliDet RNA allowed detection of R. solanacearum at a level of 10cfuml–1, after concentrating bacteria from 200ml of surface water into 1ml of surface water by centrifugation.All strains of R. solanacearum and a strain of R. syzygii were positive in AmpliDet RNA, but not other (related) bacterial species. Ralstonia solanacearum (race 3, biovar 2) could be detected reliably in 18 naturally infected potato tuber samples containing varying concentrations of cells. Ninety-one negative tuber samples, from which no R. solanacearum was isolated, were tested in AmpliDet RNA, including 23 samples containing bacteria (cross-) reacting with antibodies against R. solanacearum in immunofluorescence (IF) cell-staining. Only one negative sample, containing high numbers of IF-positive cells, was positive in AmpliDet RNA.  相似文献   

12.
Two primer sets were designed based on the sequence of polymorphic bands that were derived from repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) fingerprinting and specifically detected in Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 strains (ginger, mioga, and curcuma isolates). One primer set (AKIF-AKIR) amplified a single band (165bp) from genomic DNA obtained from all mioga and curcuma and some ginger isolates; another set (21F-21R) amplified one band (125bp) from the other ginger isolates. These primer sets did not amplify the bands from genomic DNA of other R. solanacearum strains or of other related bacteria. PCR detection limit for the pathogen was 2 × 102cfu.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB118756 and AB118757  相似文献   

13.
Diatomaceous earth has been demonstrated in Australia, Germany, and the USA to protect stored products from infestation by insect pests. However, application of diatomaceous earth has rarely been used in Asian countries for the protection of stored grain from insect damage. These facts and the paucity of existing data from the tropics prompted the present study of storage with diatomaceous earth. We exposed rice treated with the diatomaceous earth product Fossil Shield® to infestation by Tribolium castaneum Herbst. During the dry season, when tests were conducted, the mean temperature was 29±2°C and relative humidity was 80±3%. The population of T. castaneum in rice was significantly reduced after treatment with Fossil Shield®. Diatomaceous earth at 1g and 2g per kilogram rice reduced population growth of T. castaneum to a coefficient of 0.27, and 0.02 respectively after 42 days. Fossil Shield® at 0.5g per kilogram rice increased the mortality of T. castaneum, but did not stop population growth.  相似文献   

14.
Moth species Ephestia kuehniella and Sitotroga cerealella are serious pests in cereal-based food processing facilities and stores in Turkey. Control of these pests is undertaken by regular space treatment of infested areas with pesticides. An alternative control method could be the release of parasitic wasps of the genus Trichogramma. In laboratory tests, we use T. evanescens as a parasitic wasp reared on the eggs of Ephestia kuehniella. Adult wasps emerging from the host were maintained in glass tubes at 27±1° C, 60–70±5% r.h and L14:D10 and fed on honey solution. Adults of T. evanescens in vials without food enclosed from host eggs and all died within 1.8days; in comparison, in vials with honey, live adults were evident for 15.2days. Fresh (6–48h) and old (72–96h) host eggs were offered to T. evanescens and fresh eggs were more accepted than old. Host acceptance of females with males in vials was better than without males. The number of females in the vials also influenced the parasitization rate and single female parasitized more eggs. Adults living in light regime (L14:D10 and L6:D18) parasitized more eggs than in total darkness. Results are discussed with relation to enhancing parasitoid effectiveness in biological control in processing facilities and mills.  相似文献   

15.
Onion bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas sp., is a potentially severe disease in several tropical and subtropical areas. Although little research has been undertaken on this pathosystem, seed transmission of the pathogen has been hypothesized. Because of an important bacterial microflora naturally associated with onion seeds, detection of the pathogen is difficult using non-selective agar media. A new semi-selective medium, whose selectivity was obtained by a combination of four antibiotics, was developed. The new NCTM1 medium contained (per liter) yeast extract 7g, peptone 7g, glucose 7g, agar 15g, neomycin 10mg, cephalexin 30mg, trimethoprime 3mg, pivmecillinam 100mg and propiconazole 20mg. Plating efficiencies, using 16 pure cultures of the pathogen, ranged from 79% to 142%, with an average of 110% compared to the basal medium. All onion Xanthomonas sp. strains from several countries grew on NCTM1 medium. The pathogen was repeatedly isolated using this medium from seed samples containing approximately 106 saprophytic bacteria per gram, as well as from symptomless plant material. Xanthomonas sp. was detected only in seeds originating from one infected seed production site. This is the first report of selective isolation of Xanthomonas sp. from onion seeds. NCTM1 medium should be a valuable tool to study the ecology and epidemiology of Xanthomonas sp. causing onion bacterial blight.  相似文献   

16.
Complete nucleotide sequences of eight Japanese isolates of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) were determined and compared with four TYLCV isolates already reported. These isolates separated into three groups – Shizuoka (Sz), Aichi (Ai), Nagasaki (Ng) – and had 99% identities within the groups. Full-length molecules of DNA-A of group Sz consist of 2791nt and those of group Ai contain 2787nt. Both were closely related to TYLCV-Is.M, although those of group Ng had 2793nt and were more closely related to TYLCV-Is. Comparison of common sequences of isolates belonging to groups Sz and Ai had substitutions of 4nt in the intergenic region and nonsynonymous substitutions at open reading frames between the groups. None of the isolates tested had DNA molecules. Agroinfection of four plant species with a DNA-A dimeric infectious clone of TYLCV-SzY, a member of group Sz, resulted in systemic infection. Tomato plants then developed typical yellow leaf curl symptoms.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB116629, AB116630, AB116631, AB116632, AB116633, AB116634, AB116635, and AB116636  相似文献   

17.
This paper deals with the influence of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on the pupal and adult stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurd. (Hym., Braconidae) and its host, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae). The results show that mortalities of the pupae of P. xylostella in the direct-dip bioassay were 84.67%, that of the adults in the residue bioassay at 1.2500mg/ml concentration of GCSC-BtA were 78.00% which were significantly higher than the mortality values for the pupae with 54.62% and adults with 48.13% of A. plutellae. In contrast, cypermethrin showed extremely high toxicity to the pupae with 94.58% and adults with 86.00% mortality values of A. plutellae as compared to the low mortality values of 42.14% for the pupae and 32.11% for the adults of P. xylostella, with the same concentrations and bioassay methods. The LC50 values of GCSC-BtA were 0.3402, 0.5516 and 1.2405, 1.9480mg/ml for the pupae and adults of P. xylostella and A. plutellae, respectively, while the LC50 values for cypermethrin were 1.5652, 2.3471 and 0.1096, 0.1152mg/ml, respectively. GCSC-BtA was found more toxic to the pupae and adults of P. xylostella and safer to the pupae and adults of A. plutellae than cypermethrin. The possibilty of using GCSC-BtA against P. xylostella under partial control by A. plutellae in vegetable fields is discussed.  相似文献   

18.
The analysis of the effect of soil water matric potential and temperature regimes on the inactivation of chlamydospores of Phytophthora nicotianae in cabbage amended soils was evaluated using three matric potentials (0, -10, and -30kPa), temperature regimes of 1.5h at 44°C, 5h at 41°C and 8h at 35°C, or 3h at 47°C, 5h at 44°C and 8h at 35°C, with a baseline temperature of 25°C during the rest of the day. The results indicated that survival of P. nicotianae was lowest in saturated soil; and as temperature increased, survival of the pathogen decreased at all soil water matric potentials evaluated. Cabbage amendments can enhance the effect of the heat treatment, further decreasing the pathogen population. The soil water matric potentials evaluated represent optimum levels for the study of thermal inactivation. However, under field conditions lower potentials may be found. Extending the range of soil water matric potentials and the treatment time would allow better comparisons with the field data. There is a clear indication that one irrigation period prior to solarization would provide enough moisture to inactivate the primary inoculum of P. nicotianae in the top soil under field conditions; however, other factors may affect the effectiveness of solarization, reducing or enhancing its potential.  相似文献   

19.
The relationship between Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Photorhabdus luminescens, the bacterial symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, against the diamondback moth, P. xylostella (L.), pupae showed the pathogenic capability of P. luminescens to be over that of X. nematophilus. They gave 60 and 40% mortality with LC50 values of 5×104 and 5.5×105 cells/ml, respectively.The number of bacterial cells influences the rate of killing the pupae of P. xylostella and a direct correlation between mortality of the pupae, percentage of deformed adults and the spraying dose with significant differences were observed. An inverse correlation found between the no. of eggs laid/female, percentage of hatching, adult survival and the spraying dose. These bacterial effects have been attributed to different toxic bacterial enzymes which damage the haemocytes and inhibit activation of the humoral immune system of the insect.  相似文献   

20.
Virus interactions between Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Potato virus X (PVX) containing the nucleocapsid protein (N) gene sequences were examined to evaluate the capacity of the N gene sequences from TSWV to promote RNA-mediated cross-protection. Plants simultaneously inoculated with TSWV and PVX containing the 3 96bp of the N gene were highly resistant to TSWV infection, whereas no such resistance was observed in plants inoculated with TSWV and PVX containing the 5 96bp. These results suggest that the 3 portion of the N gene has a higher capacity for promoting RNA-mediated cross-protection of TSWV.  相似文献   

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