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本文对草甘膦喷施土壤后对作物的安全性进行了初步研究。采用室内盆栽的方法,测定了不同剂量的35%草甘膦水剂在壤土和砂土条件下对小麦Triticum aestivum L.、玉米Zea mays L.、大豆Glycine max(L.) Merr.、甘蓝Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.、小白菜Brassica pekinensis L.、番茄Lycopersicon esculentum L.和茄子Solanum melongena L.等7种作物的叶色、叶长、叶宽、植株鲜重和光合作用等生长、生理指标的影响。研究结果表明：在标签剂量(1 575 g/hm~2)下施用于壤土时,草甘膦对茄子的叶长和叶宽影响显著,对其他6种作物的各测定指标未产生显著影响;在砂土条件使用时,除对小麦和茄子的叶色、番茄的叶宽、小白菜和番茄的鲜重方面有显著影响外,对玉米、大豆和甘蓝都安全。在2倍标签剂量(3 150 g/hm~2)下,在壤土和砂土条件下使用时,除对茄子在叶色、叶长、叶宽和鲜重4个指标都有显著影响外,对番茄的光合效率也有显著影响,同时对其他作物的其他指标也有不同的影响,... 相似文献
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TOSHISADA SUZUKI IZUMI USUI KAORI TOMITA-YOKOTANI SHINYA KONO HIROKAZU TSUBURA YOICHI MIKI KOJI HASEGAWA 《Weed Biology and Management》2001,1(4):226-230
The effects of acid extracts of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot ( Daucus carota L.) juice wastes from the food industry on the growth of five species of crops and four weeds were examined. The acid extract of the tomato juice waste promoted the shoot and root growth of tomato, Chinese cabbage, corn, and radish, but not the growth of oat seedlings. The extract did not promote the shoot growth of weeds tested, and it inhibited the root growth of the weeds that included barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa oryzicola Ohwi), southern crabgrass ( Digitaria ciliaris Koel.) and Japanese barnyard millet ( Echinochloa utilis Ohwi). The carrot juice waste was also examined as another waste from the food industry. The effect of the acid extract of carrot juice waste showed significant promoting effects on the root growth of Chinese cabbage; however, the effects on other plants were lower than that of tomato juice waste. It also did not inhibit the growth of weeds. These results suggested that the acid extract from tomato juice waste is useful as plant-growth substances because they have a promoting effect on the shoot and root growth of crops, and an inhibitory effect on the root growth of some weeds. 相似文献
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Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of dwarf lily turf ( Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler) on lettuce, alfalfa, timothy and mustard plant growth. Dry leaf debris, aqueous extract of fresh leaves and O. japonicus grown soil were investigated. Emergence, dry weight, and root and shoot length of all bioassay species were inhibited when grown in soil incorporated with oven-dried leaves of O. japonicus. The inhibitory effects were often dependent on the concentration. However, the degree of inhibition varied among the test plant species. The aqueous leaf extract was highly phytotoxic and it significantly reduced germination, seedling growth, and the fresh weight of all the test species at all rates. The emergence and growth of all four tested plants were severely inhibited when planted in O. japonicus contaminated soil. These results indicate that O. japonicus incorporated leaf debris, leaf aqueous extract and its rhizosphere soil suppress seed germination, radicle growth, seedling emergence and seeding growth of certain weeds and suggest that these responses were attributed to an allelopathic effect. 相似文献
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取食不同寄主的小菜蛾对呋喃威和巴丹敏感性变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾３龄幼虫对呋喃威和巴丹的敏感性发生了变化。其中取食萝卜的小菜蛾最为敏感，其次为甘蓝、菜心、白菜和西洋菜，取食花椰菜的最不敏感。但用不同寄主植物饲养小菜蛾１个世代后，统一用菜心饲养至３龄，再分别用上述药剂测定，其结果敏感性差异不明显。 相似文献
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长豇豆疫病的初步研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
广州地区长豇豆普遍出现的"死藤"除了镰刀菌枯萎病外,疫病也是重要的病原。疫病病原菌经鉴定为Phytophthora vignae Purss。这一发现,对长豇豆抗枯萎病的育种工作具有重要的意义。Phytophthora vignae人工接种只危害豇豆属各个品种,但刺伤接种能侵染菜豆荚、茄子果实、马铃薯块茎;不能侵染大豆、绿豆、赤豆、豌豆、蚕豆、黄瓜、辣椒。在高菌量接种条件下,所参试的8个品种均不抗病,以"抗病二号"较好。盆栽药效试验以90%乙磷铝300倍液效果较好。喷药后即接种防效达90.81%。喷药3天后还有一定的效果,但接种24小时后再喷药,药效便可降低为51.33%。 相似文献
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采用室内土培法分别测定了不同浓度己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯（简称DA-6）和不同浓度氯磺隆对玉米生长的影响,不同浓度氯磺隆处理土壤DA-6浸种对玉米根生长的影响。结果表明DA-6浓度在0.5～20mg/L范围内,玉米根长、根鲜重和株高、株鲜重高于对照,其中以5mg/L最好;氯磺隆处理浓度自0.25μg/kg起,明显抑制玉米幼苗的生长,且对主根长和根鲜重的抑制作用较株高和株鲜重更为严重;当用5 mg/L的DA-6浸种可不同程度地缓解0.25～8μg/kg的氯磺隆对玉米的伤害。 相似文献
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Trap cropping is an environmentally friendly “alternative” pest management strategy. To maximize the efficiency of corn, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), as a trap crop for Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), we (i) tested the trap crop potential of corn varieties that are not a source of infestation, and (ii) determined the best corn planting time so as to concentrate H. zea in this trap crop and divert the pest from tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). When corn silk emergence was synchronized with tomato flowering and fresh corn silk was present during the tomato flowering stage, H. zea infestation was lower in the tomato field with a corn border than in those without a corn border. Sugar Jean and Java corn varieties were good trap crops because few larvae persisted on the silks and their growth was low. These two varieties could reduce the risk of H. zea development and dispersion from corn borders. 相似文献
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为了明确解淀粉芽胞杆菌B9601-Y2(Y2)对大白菜软腐病的防治效果,本研究通过平板对峙和离体生防试验评估了B9601-Y2对软腐病的生防潜力,同时采用绿色荧光蛋白标记菌株Y2-gfp,测定其在大白菜植株内的定殖能力,在温室内研究了B9601-Y2对大白菜软腐病的防治和增产效果。结果表明,B9601-Y2在LB平板和离体植物组织上均能有效地抑制软腐病原菌的生长;淋灌Y2-gfp发酵液后,标记菌在大白菜根际、根、茎、叶等组织内的种群数量呈现出"先上升后下降最后趋于平稳"的趋势,最终稳定在约10~3cfu/g组织;温室防效试验结果表明,移栽生防苗后淋灌Y2菌悬液防治效果最佳,为62.23%,仅移栽生防苗与移栽普通苗后淋灌Y2菌悬液防效分别为28.87%与49.48%,大白菜产量分别增加了146.58%、47.52%及109.37%。研究结果表明解淀粉芽胞杆菌B9601-Y2能够有效防控大白菜软腐病。 相似文献
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Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of black mustard on germination and growth of alfalfa 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The present study investigated the allelopathic effects of various black mustard ( Brassica nigra L.) plant parts on alfalfa germination and seedling growth. Aqueous extracts of black mustard ( Brassica nigra L.) leaf, stem, flower and root plant parts were made to determine their effects on germination and dry weights of hypocotyl, and radicle length of 5-day-old alfalfa seedlings over a range of extract concentrations. All aqueous extracts significantly inhibited alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth when compared with the distilled water control. Increasing the aqueous extract concentrations of separated Brassica nigra plant parts significantly inhibited alfalfa germination, seedling length and weight. Based on significant radicle length reactions to aqueous extracts, the toxicity may be classified in the following order of decreasing inhibition: flower, leaf, mixture of all plant parts, root, and stem. Increasing the concentration of aqueous flower extracts significantly inhibited the water uptake by germinated alfalfa seeds. The greatest inhibition in water uptake occurred at a 12 g kg−1 extract concentration for seeds soaked for 8 h. 相似文献
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Velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) is a summer annual that has been used as a cover crop to reduce erosion, fix nitrogen and suppress weeds and plant-parasitic nematodes. Crude aqueous extracts (1:15 dry weight plant/volume water) were made from velvetbean plant parts, and various concentrations of the extracts were evaluated in vitro for toxicities to different stages of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and for suppression of hypocotyl and root growth and inhibition of germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Germination was only affected by the full-strength extract from leaf blades. Lettuce root growth was the most sensitive indicator of allelopathic activity of the plant part extracts. Lettuce and tomato root growth was more sensitive to the extract from main roots than to extracts of other plant parts, with lethal concentration (LC50) values of 1.2 and 1.1% respectively. Meloidogyne incognita egg hatch was less sensitive to extracts from velvetbean than the juvenile (J2) stage. There was no difference among LC50 values of the extracts from different plant parts against the egg stage. Based on LC50 values, the extract from fine roots was the least toxic to J2 (LC50 39.9%), and the extract from vines the most toxic (LC50 7.8%). The effects of the extracts were nematicidal because LC50 values did not change when the extracts were removed and replaced with water. 相似文献
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通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊花水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。定性测定结果表明,在50 g/L浓度处理下,水浸提液完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、89.1%、84.3%和91.7%、55.8%、39.1%;正丁醇相抑制苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗种子萌发和幼苗生长最强。定量测定结果表明,在1 g/L浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,苘麻和稗种子萌发率分别为13.3%和33.3%,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重的抑制率分别为63.1%、80.0%、58.3%和51.3%、26.7%、23.3%。 相似文献
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Uptake of 3H-triforine by tomato and barley seedlings from soil with a high organic matter content was much less efficient than from aqueous suspensions, even though the period of exposure was much longer—at least 1 week (“long-term treatment”) vs 1 day (“short-term treatment”). After transplanting to fresh soil, part of the label in the roots was lost probably by desorption. Distribution of label in tomato shoots was as irregular as after short-term treatment; label was virtually confined to the leaves which expanded before about 14 days after cessation of the treatment. In shoots of barley seedlings which were pretreated in an aqueous suspension of 3H-triforine for 1 day before being subjected to a long-term soil treatment, almost all radioactivity present could be ascribed to uptake during the pretreatment phase. The distribution pattern strongly resembled that obtained after short-term treatment, hardly any label being found in leaves which unfolded after the pretreatment phase. Rates of conversion of 3H-triforine in barley shoots depended to some extent on whether or not seedlings were transplanted to fresh soil after 1 week. 相似文献
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为明确7种种衣剂对菜薹的安全性及对黄曲条跳甲的防控作用,为黄曲条跳甲的有效防控提供技术支持,采用田间试验研究了乙基多杀菌素、Bt、啶虫脒、唑虫酰胺、虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯+虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯+啶虫脒等7种药剂对菜薹出苗、株高、鲜重的影响及对黄曲条跳甲的防控作用。结果表明,7种种衣剂对菜薹安全。除高效氯氟氰菊酯+虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯+啶虫脒外,其他5种药剂对黄曲条跳甲均具有一定的防控效果,以唑虫酰胺防治效果最好,平均防效高于82%,植株受害率较低,小于5%。 相似文献
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运用培养皿滤纸法和盆栽法,分别研究温度、光照和水分条件对热带常见杂草丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:丰花草种子萌发温度范围广泛(5~40℃),随温度升高,丰花草幼苗的鲜质量和生长长度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;恒温下30℃为其种子萌发的最适温度,其发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均相对较高,而平均发芽时间最短;25℃时生长的幼苗最健壮,其芽长、根长和芽鲜质量、根鲜质量均显著高于其他温度时的对应值。而变温条件更有利于丰花草种子萌发,12 h D/12 h L、5℃/15℃时发芽率达55.63%,15℃/25℃时发芽率90%,25℃/35℃时的种子萌发率、幼苗长度、幼苗鲜质量均最大。光照不是影响丰花草种子萌发的关键因子,但光照可能有利于促进丰花草幼苗生物量向根部分配,光暗交替(12 h D/12 h L)条件下丰花草幼苗生长情况相对最好(长度根冠比为1.05∶1;鲜质量根冠比为0.51∶1)。水分是决定丰花草种子能否萌发的关键因素,25℃、12 h D/12 h L条件下,在土壤最大持水量60%时丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长状况均最佳。 相似文献
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36%噻虫啉水分散粒剂对番茄幼苗根系活力及生理生化指标的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为明确土壤中施用噻虫啉对番茄植株生长的影响,分别用36%噻虫啉水分散粒剂有效成分1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0和5.0 mg/株处理盆栽番茄植株,测定处理后30 d番茄幼苗的生长量、叶片保护酶活性及根系活力。结果表明:1.0~2.5 mg/株噻虫啉处理均可提高番茄幼苗展开叶片数、株高、主根长和鲜重等生理指标,3.0 mg/株处理与对照相比无显著差异,而5.0 mg/株处理则对番茄幼苗生长有显著的抑制作用。不同剂量的噻虫啉处理均可提高番茄幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性及根系活力。PPO和SOD活性在2.0 mg/株噻虫啉处理时达到最大值,分别为47.9和14.2 U/(min·g FW),比对照高29.6%和49.5%;POD、CAT和PAL活性在2.5 mg/株剂量时达到最大值,分别为46.0、62.4和26.0 U/(min·g FW),比对照高47.0%、36.7%和35.3%。1.0~5.0 mg/株噻虫啉处理后番茄幼苗根系活力比对照提高2.7%~33.1%。研究表明,土壤施用适量的噻虫啉可显著促进番茄幼苗植株的生长。 相似文献
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巨大芽胞杆菌CJLC2菌株对盐胁迫下番茄生长及耐盐生理生化指标的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为增强番茄耐盐能力,采用菌液浸种、灌根以及蒽酮比色和钼锑抗显色等方法,研究巨大芽胞杆菌Bacillus megaterium CJLC2菌株增强番茄耐盐能力的效果及其作用机制。在非NaCl胁迫条件下,CJLC2菌株显著促进番茄的生长,对根长、株高和鲜重的促生率分别为14.33%、9.20%和17.75%。在NaCl胁迫条件下,随NaCl浓度增加对番茄的生长抑制作用增大,而CJLC2菌株在一定程度上提高了番茄对NaCl耐受能力。其中,番茄对100 mmol/L NaCl的耐受能力显著提高,加菌处理对根长、株高和鲜重的促生率分别为17.05%、18.04%和15.81%。CJLC2菌株可提高番茄叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,在200 mmol/L NaCl处理时效果显著,分别提高了40%和41%。CJLC2菌株还影响番茄矿物质元素的含量,其中在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,加菌处理番茄根系磷、钾、铁、铜和锌的含量以及K+/Na+比值分别提高190%、12.88%、6.80%、34.78%、10.17%和50.72%,而根系钠的含量降低25.11%。此外,CJLC2菌株可降低受害番茄乙烯的含量。研究表明,巨大芽胞杆菌CJLC2菌株通过提高番茄耐盐相关生理生化指标,增强番茄的耐盐能力并促进其生长。 相似文献