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1.
OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence of Borzoi chorioretinopathy in western Canada, characterize lesions with fluorescein angiography, determine if lesions were progressive, clarify the association of progressive retinal atrophy and investigate the etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, electroretinography, and fluorescein angiography were used to evaluate Borzoi dogs with lesions of Borzoi chorioretinopathy. Pedigree analysis and test breeding of two affected dogs were completed to determine the heritability of Borzoi chorioretinopathy. RESULTS: One hundred three Borzoi dogs were examined between 1998 and 2003. Focal, peripheral, tapetal, hyper-reflective and pigmented areas consistent with focal retinal degeneration and RPE pigmentation were identified in 12 dogs between 7 months and 7 years of age. Seven males and five female dogs were affected. Ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography over 5 years revealed individual lesions that did not progress or coalesce in 12 affected dogs. Electroretinography of affected and normal Borzoi dogs confirmed that retinal function was similar in normal and affected dogs up to 7 years of age. Fluorescein angiography was performed in three affected dogs and confirmed intact blood-ocular barriers, focal retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy, and focal absence of choroiocapillaris corresponding to chronic, focal lesions. Pedigree analysis precluded simple dominant, X-linked dominant, or X-linked recessive inheritance. One male dog from the test-bred litter developed bilateral lesions at 14 months of age. Simple recessive, polygenetic, and acquired etiologies of these lesions cannot be ruled out at this time. CONCLUSIONS: Borzoi chorioretinopathy is an acquired condition that initially manifests as focal retinal edema and loss of choriocapillaris and tapetum. With time the retina degenerates becoming hyper-reflective and with RPE hyper-pigmentation and clumping within the borders of the tapetal lesions. Choriocapillaris remains hypofluorescent on fluorescein angiography. Progressive retinal atrophy was excluded as an etiology of multifocal chorioretinopathy in Borzois dogs. This condition is not inherited by simple autosomal dominant or sex-linked modes of inheritance.  相似文献   

2.
Multifocal retinal dysplasia was detected in 96 American Cocker Spaniels. Affected dogs were part of approximately 500 American Cocker Spaniels examined from 1972 to 1976 in statewide survey clinics for inherited cataracts and progressive retinal atrophy. The dysplastic retina was observable ophthalmoscopically in dogs as young as 3 to 4 weeks and as old as 7 years. Ophthalmoscopic features varied, depending on whether the dysplastic foci were in the tapetal or non-tapetal portion of the fundus. Over the tapetum, dysplastic foci appeared as multiple small irregularities of diminished and altered tapetal reflectivity. In the non-tapetal fundus, dysplasia appeared as areas of decreased pigmentation. Blindness or other apparent visual deficits were not observed in affected dogs. Histologic examination of affected eyes revealed focal dysplasia limited to the retina and optic nerve. Abnormalities included localized areas of retinal folding, rosettes, and retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Pedigree analysis demonstrated that 71 of the 96 affected dogs were related and could be identified in an extended pedigree. A recessive mode of inheritance was suggested, because in 5 litters (born to 10 affected parents), all 23 progeny that lived were affected. A dominant or polygenic mode of inheritance could not be ruled out.  相似文献   

3.
Objectives  To document the clinical manifestations, development, progression, and mode of inheritance of the retinopathy of Coton de Tulear dogs.
Materials and methods  Multiple Coton de Tulear dogs were examined with biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, photopic and scotopic electroretinography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography, ultrasonography, and fundic photography for 3 years.
Results  The retinopathy of Coton de Tulear dogs is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition and manifests as multifocal serous retinal detachments in homozygous puppies, between 3 and 4 months of age. Optic coherence tomography and ultrasonography confirm multiple focal serous retinal detachments. Serial fundic photographs confirmed minimal progression of lesions beyond 1 year of age. Electroretinography identified diminished scotopic and photopic amplitudes; however, the only significant differences between affected and age-matched control Coton de Tulear dogs were noted during photopic flicker electroretinograms. Leakage of fluorescein or indocyanine green through the blood ocular barriers was not detected during repeated angiograms prior to, during, and after development of the retinopathy. There was no focal pooling of fluorescein in any of the dogs examined. Focal retinal thinning was detected with optical coherence tomography over each detachment and the serous content of some of the bullae diminish after several years leaving focal areas of hyper-reflectivity.
Conclusions  Multifocal retinopathy of Coton de Tulear dogs is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition. The retinopathy manifests early in life as nonprogressive multifocal bullous retinal detachments. The blood ocular barrier remains intact. Photopic and scotopic electroretinography are minimally diminished compared to age-matched dogs.  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: Idiopathic childhood epilepsies with benign outcomes are well recognized in human medicine, but are not reported in veterinary literature. We recognized such a neurologic syndrome in Lagotto Romagnolo dogs. ANIMALS: Twenty-five Lagotto Romagnolo puppies from 9 different litters examined because of simple or complex focal seizures and 3 adult Lagotto Romagnolo dogs exhibiting similar clinical signs were used. METHODS: Clinical and diagnostic evaluations of affected dogs were conducted, including electromyography, electroencephalography, and other testing. RESULTS: Seizures in puppies began at 5 to 9 weeks of age and usually resolved spontaneously by 8 to 13 weeks. Those with the most severe seizures also had signs of neurologic disease between these seizures, including generalized ataxia and hypermetria. There were no abnormalities in routine laboratory screenings of blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Electromyography, brainstem auditory-evoked potentials, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed no specific and consistent abnormalities. Fourteen of 16 (87.5%) affected puppies and 2 of 3 (67%) adult dogs revealed epileptiform activity in the electroencephalogram. Histopathologic examination in 1 puppy and 1 adult dog revealed lesions of Purkinje cell inclusions and vacuolation of their axons restricted to the cerebellum. Pedigree analysis suggests an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This disorder, with simple or complex focal seizures and cerebellar lesions, represents a newly recognized epileptic syndrome in dogs.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical findings and the age of onset of cone-rod dystrophy (crd) in the Standard Wire-haired Dachshund (SWHD) and to evaluate which clinical tests could be used to obtain a reliable diagnosis. ANIMALS: Sixty-eight SWHD and SWHD-derived dogs were used, including 23 affected with crd and 45 controls, respectively. PROCEDURES: The dogs were subjected to behavioral testing, examination of pupillary light reflexes (PLRs), indirect ophthalmoscopy and bilateral full field electroretinography (ERG). RESULTS: The majority of affected puppies (5-10 weeks) displayed pin-point sized pupils upon examination with focal light. All dogs in the control group, except one, displayed normal PLRs upon examination. In all crd-affected dogs there was a great variation both in age of onset and in clinical appearance of retinal changes upon fundoscopy. Two siblings displayed panretinal degeneration at the age of 10 months while other affected dogs showed early changes at the age of 3 years. Generalized bilateral retinal atrophy was the end stage of the disease. The maze test revealed no obvious differences among affected and unaffected groups. ERG recordings showed only slightly reduced rod, and mixed rod-cone responses, but severely reduced cone single flash a- and b-wave amplitudes, and cone flicker amplitudes were observed in all affected dogs. CONCLUSION: Presence of pin-point sized pupils in young SWHDs was found to be an important indicator of early onset crd. Fundoscopic changes and progression of disease at later stages resembled those previously described in the majority of progressive retinal atrophies in dog. ERG was found to be the most reliable diagnostic procedure to clinically diagnose crd in the SWHD.  相似文献   

6.
An autosomal recessive retinal disease with a late onset in Swedish Papillon dogs has recently been described. A 7-year-old Papillon dog showed no obvious signs of visual impairment and only minor ophthalmoscopic changes. Cone ERG b-wave amplitudes were within normal limits, while rod responses were nonrecordable or severely abnormal. Ultrastructural examination showed a generalized retinal degenerative disease, most prominent in the peripheral areas. The inferior retina was more severely affected than the superior areas. Both rods and cones showed morphological changes. The Papillon dog is another dog breed affected by progressive rod-cone degeneration, with similarities to the canine retinal disease given the gene symbol prcd .  相似文献   

7.
The objective of the study was to describe a form of early retinopathy in the Bernese Mountain Dog in France. Sixty-two Bernese Mountain Dogs (38 males and 24 females), whose ages ranged from 2 months to 9 years, were examined over a period of 3 years. Visual behavior, pupillary light reflexes, menace responses and ocular fundi were evaluated in all animals. Electroretinography (ERG) was performed on six of the affected dogs after dark adaptation. Fluorescein angiography (FA) was performed on one affected dog. Whenever possible, the pedigrees of the affected dogs were evaluated. A histological examination of the retina was performed on one of the affected dogs. Eight dogs (seven males and one female) were diagnosed with retinopathy with an early onset of clinical signs. (Four dogs were aged between 3 months and 1 year, two dogs were aged 2 and 3.5 years, and one dog was 7 years old.) Night vision was impaired in most of the dogs. Retinopathy was characterized ophthalmoscopically by a bilateral, symmetrical horizontal zone of tapetal hyper-reflectivity adjacent to and above the optic disc, and sometimes by peri-papillary hyper-reflectivity. ERG changes included a reduction in b-wave amplitude varying from one case to another. Fluoroscein angiography demonstrated an ischemic-type alteration with epitheliopathy opposite the hyper-reflective zone. Pedigree examinations suggested a familial predisposition. The histological examination indicated photoreceptor degeneration that was more pronounced in the central tapetal zone. In France, retinopathy in the Bernese Mountain Dog involves an early retinal degeneration that produces specific manifestations of the ocular fundus, night visual impairment or blindness, and has familial transmission.  相似文献   

8.
The Jämthund is the fourth most common breed in Sweden with approximately 1600 pups registered each year. Although it has been known that some adult dogs go blind, so they cannot hunt, the Jämthund dog has historically not been screened for hereditary eye diseases. This report describes nine Swedish Jämthund dogs with retinal degeneration. These dogs represent all Jämthund dogs diagnosed with progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) by the Swedish Eye Panel and registered with the Swedish Kennel Club from January 1998 to September 2008. The dogs were examined with indirect opthalmoscopy and slitlamp biomicroscopy. Additionally, electroretinograms (ERGs) following ECVO guidelines were performed in two dogs (one affected and one normal) and the eyes from three affected dogs were examined by light‐microscopy postmortem. Typical findings were bilateral symmetric generalized retinal degeneration with tapetal hyper‐reflectivity, attenuation of blood vessels and pigment clumping in the nontapetal fundus. These retinal findings progressed with time in two dogs after re‐examination. Visual impairment, especially under dim light conditions, was observed in the affected dogs. ERG from one affected dog showed profoundly reduced rod responses, whereas cone responses were better preserved. Microscopic changes in the eyes from three dogs were characterized by a severe diffuse predominantly outer retinal degeneration and atrophy. Re‐sequencing of the prcd‐gene for eight of the nine investigated dogs revealed that none of the individuals carried disease allele that has been associated with prcd‐PRA in other breeds. In conclusion, ophthalmoscopic, electroretinographic, and light‐microscopic alterations observed in nine Jämthund dogs were compatible with PRA. The prcd mutation was excluded as a cause of this retinopathy.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Extract

Madam:– In 1984 Bedford(l Bedford, P.G.C. 1984. Retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (CPRA): study of the disease in the Briard. J. Small Anim. Pract., 25: 129–129.  [Google Scholar]) described a retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (RPED) in the Briard breed in Great Britain. In a five year survey involving approximately 70% of the Briard popula'tion in Great Britain, 31 % of dogs 18 months of age or older were affected with a primary retinal pigment dystrophy which causes secondary neuroretinal degeneration and in some dogs subsequent blindness. The age of onset of the condition in the British dogs was extremely variable. The majority developed the disease during the two to six year period of their lives but dogs as young as 17 months and as old as nine years were found to be affected for the first time.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of serum antiretinal antibodies in sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) affected dogs and the size of the antigen to which these antibodies bind via the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot immunoassays. ANIMALS STUDIED: Serum was collected from 13 dogs affected by SARDS and five dogs with normal ocular examinations. PROCEDURES: All serum samples were subjected to ELISA with saline-soluble canine retinal tissue and Western blot analyses with SDS solubilized normal canine retinal tissue as the antigen. Antirecoverin (23 kDa) and antiheat shock cognate (65 kDa) antibodies were used as positive controls for both procedures. Affinity-purified goat antidog IgG and IgM labeled with horseradish peroxidase were used for all clinical samples and goat antirabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody for the positive controls. RESULTS: ELISA demonstrated antibody reaction with all samples. Western blot immunoassays identified multiple bands in all canine serum samples, as well as in negative controls. Approximate sizes of the bands were 25 and 50 kDa, corresponding to IgG light and heavy chains, respectively. CONCLUSION: No antiretinal autoantibodies were identified in the serum of dogs affected by SARDS as compared to normal canine patients.  相似文献   

11.
Five cases of dermatomyositis in four Shetland sheepdog puppies and one adult bitch are described. The dogs all had well-defined patches of scaling, crusting and alopecia over the muzzle, periorbital skin and distal limbs, and the tail, perineum and pinnae were affected in some of them. The affected puppies were all sired by the same stud dog. The affected adult bitch was unrelated to the puppies. Three of the four dogs tested had high serum creatine kinase concentrations and electromyographic abnormalities were detected in three of the four dogs tested. The histological changes observed in the skin of four of the dogs strongly supported the diagnosis of dermatomyositis, and in the fifth dog they were compatible with this diagnosis. Two of the puppies were euthanised shortly after being diagnosed. In the other two puppies and the adult the disease remains stable and non-progressive 15 to 18 months after diagnosis. The sire of the four affected puppies has been used extensively because it was considered to be genetically clear of collie eye anomaly.  相似文献   

12.
A five year survey involving an estimated 70 per cent of the Briard population in the United Kingdom has shown that approximately 31 per cent of dogs currently 18 months or older are affected with a primary retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy which causes secondary neuroretinal degeneration and blindness. The survey has defined the clinical nature of the disease in this particular breed, but has shown that it is inherited recessively and indicated that other factors may influence the age of onset, the course of progression and the severity of involvement.  相似文献   

13.
To screen for congenital deafness, brainstem auditory-evoked potential (BAEP) testing was performed on 1031 Dalmatians from three geographically separated areas. Phenotypic marker assessment was done to determine markers possibly associated with deafness. Markers included sex, hair coat color, pigmentation of different areas of skin (eye rims, nose, and ears), presence of a patch, spot size and marking (density of spotting), sire and dam BAEP status, and presence of iris and retinal tapetal pigmentation. Combined data from all test sites showed 8.1% bilateral deafness (N = 83 dogs) and 21.6% unilateral deafness (N = 223), or an overall 29.7% incidence of hearing disorders. Significant (P less than 0.05) associations with deafness for the data from all test sites combined were seen for patch, sire and dam BAEP, iris pigment, and retinal pigment. However, results differed for several of the significant phenotypic markers when analyses were done on the data from the individual test sites; changes from significant to not significant were found. This suggested the existence of multiple populations of deafness patterns, and reinforced the precautionary conclusion that associations of phenotypic markers with deafness are not necessarily functionally significant.  相似文献   

14.
Objective To describe a slowly progressive retinopathy (SPR) in Shetland Sheepdogs. Animals Forty adult Shetlands Sheepdogs with ophthalmoscopic signs of SPR and six normal Shetland Sheepdogs were included in the study. Procedure Ophthalmic examination including slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy was performed in all dogs. Electroretinograms and obstacle course‐test were performed in 13 affected and 6 normal dogs. The SPR dogs were subdivided into two groups according to their dark‐adapted b‐wave amplitudes. SPR1‐dogs had ophthalmoscopic signs of SPR, but normal dark‐adapted b‐wave amplitudes. Dogs with both ophthalmoscopic signs and subnormal, dark‐adapted b‐wave amplitudes were assigned to group SPR2. Eyes from two SPR2 dogs were obtained for microscopic examination. Results The ophthalmoscopic changes included bilateral, symmetrical, greyish discoloration in the peripheral tapetal fundus with normal or marginally attenuated vessels. Repeated examination showed that the ophthalmoscopic changes slowly spread across the central parts of the tapetal fundus, but did not progress to obvious neuroretinal thinning presenting as tapetal hyper‐reflectivity. The dogs did not appear seriously visually impaired. SPR2 showed significantly reduced b‐wave amplitudes throughout dark‐adaptation. Microscopy showed thinning of the outer nuclear layer and abnormal appearance of rod and cone outer segments. Testing for the progressive rod–cone degeneration ( prcd )‐mutation in three dogs with SPR was negative. Conclusion Slowly progressive retinopathy is a generalized rod–cone degeneration that on ophthalmoscopy looks similar to early stages of progressive retinal atrophy. The ophthalmoscopic findings are slowly progressive without tapetal hyper‐reflectivity. Visual impairment is not obvious and the electroretinogram is more subtly altered than in progressive retinal atrophy. The etiology remains unclear. SPR is not caused by the prcd‐mutation.  相似文献   

15.
AZD3783, a cationic amphiphilic drug and a potent inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1B) receptor, was explored as a potential treatment for depression. To support clinical trials, repeat dose toxicity studies in rats and dogs were conducted. Here we report toxicity findings in dogs after dosing from 1 to 3 months. In the 1-month study, there were minimal neuronal vacuolation in the brain, a marked increase in liver enzymes accompanied by hepatocellular degeneration/necrosis and phospholipidosis (PLD), and PLD/cholecystitis in the gallbladder of animals dosed at 47 mg/kg/day. In the 3-month study, neurotoxicity resulted in euthanasia of one animal dosed at 30 mg/kg/day after 86 days. Extensive pathologic changes were seen in all animals in retina epithelium (inclusion bodies), brain (neuronal vacuolation, degeneration, or necrosis and nerve fiber degeneration), spinal ganglia (vacuolation, degeneration, or necrosis), as well as sciatic and optic nerves (degeneration). Pigment-laden macrophages were observed in the lung, kidney, liver, gallbladder, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, and lymphoid tissues. Also seen were vitrel and retinal hemorrhage in the eyes. A brain concentration and pathology study showed that the concentration of AZD3783 in the brain was approximately 4 times higher than in the plasma after 4 weeks of dosing, however, they were similar in all regions examined, and did not correlate with areas with pathologic findings. Our findings with AZD3783 in dogs have not been reported previously with other CNS compounds that effect through serotonergic pharmacology.  相似文献   

16.
Serial plasma lactate concentrations in 68 puppies aged 4 to 80 days   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Objective: To determine a reference range for venous blood lactate concentrations in healthy neonatal dogs. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: All work was conducted at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University. Animals: Clinically healthy dogs: 68 puppies and 30 adults. Measurements and main results: A blood sample was collected from each puppy into lithium heparin via jugular venipuncture at 4, 10, 16, 28, 70, and 80 days of age. A single venous sample was collected from each adult dog. Lactate concentration in each sample was measured immediately using an automated analyzer. Two hundred seventy‐seven blood samples were analyzed. Blood lactate concentrations of adult dogs were 1.80±0.84 mmol/L (mean±SD). Mean blood lactate concentrations of puppies were significantly higher at 4, 10, 16, and 28 days of age compared with those of adult dogs. The reference range for lactate concentration for puppies at 4 days of age was 1.07–6.59, and for the puppies from 10 to 28 days of age was 0.80–4.60. Conclusions: Assessment of perfusion can be challenging in neonates due to normal physiologic variation and small size. Measurement of lactate is rapid, minimally invasive, and has potential to be a useful marker of perfusion in neonatal dogs. However, lactate concentrations of neonatal dogs in this study were significantly higher than those of adult dogs. Reference ranges for venous lactate concentrations in adult dogs should not be used for puppies younger than 70 days of age.  相似文献   

17.
Dilated cardiomyopathy recently has been recognized in juvenile Portuguese Water Dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate unaffected and affected puppies by physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, specific biochemical assays, and ultrastructure to document disease progression and to develop a method of early detection. Results of segregation analysis were consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. Of 124 puppies evaluated clinically and echocardiographically, 10 were affected. No significant differences were found between unaffected and affected puppies for blood and myocardial carnitine or taurine concentrations, serum chemical variables, results of ophthalmological examinations, ECGs, or measurement of urine metabolites. Ultrastructural examination of myocardium from affected dogs revealed myofibrillar atrophy and small regions of myofibrillar degeneration, most prominently at the region of the intercalated discs. Only echocardiography allowed detection of affected puppies before clinical signs became evident. Echocardiography revealed a significant difference in the shortening fraction, E point to septal separation, and the end systolic and diastolic left ventricular internal diameters. Affected puppies were detected 1-4 weeks before the development of acute congestive heart failure.  相似文献   

18.
The factor VIII activity of 38 German shepherd puppies, 6-12 weeks old, submitted for diagnosis of haemophilia A was measured. Eight of these puppies had values higher than would be expected for haemophiliacs, but less than the reference range for adult dogs. A further sequential study of 21 puppies (6-26 weeks of age) indicated that the factor VIII activity of puppies is generally less than that of adult dogs until about 14 weeks of age. Changes in the concentration of von Willebrand factor antigen in the puppies were irregular. These variations are probably not sufficient to interfere with accurate diagnosis of haemophilia A in most affected young dogs, but may interfere with the detection of heterozygotes in young bitches.  相似文献   

19.
6-Aminonicotinamide, given by intraperitoneal injection to male and female Dutch belted rabbits, produced swelling and vacuolation of ciliary and iridal epithelium plus vacuolation of the retinal pigment epithelial and outer plexiform layers of the retina. By transmission electron microscopy, inner and outer ciliary epithelial cells and inner iridal epithelial cells contained numerous coalescing, membrane-bound vacuoles of the cytocavitary network. These vacuoles were viewed as numerous interconnecting, intracytoplasmic cavities in scanning electron micrographs. Swelling of vacuolated epithelial cells and the presence of fibrin and proteinaceous fluid in the ciliary stroma resulted in thickening of the anterior ciliary processes with the formation of surface alterations detectable by scanning electron microscopy. In transmission electron micrographs the vacuoles in the retinal pigment epithelium were large, electron-lucent spaces and the vacuoles in the outer plexiform layer of the retina appeared to be intracytoplasmic spaces in axons of photoreceptor cells. Distention of cytocavitary structures has been reported in glial cells of animals given 6-aminonicotinamide and this change was apparently due to alterations in ion and water movement across cellular membranes that resulted in intracellular edema.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To determine insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations in canine mammary secretions and serum during lactation and to compare them between small and giant breeds of dogs. ANIMALS: 7 gestating Beagles and 4 gestating Great Danes. PROCEDURE: Dogs were fed a common nutritionally complete and adequate gestation and lactation diet. Milk samples were collected at postpartum hour 12 and postpartum days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after IV oxytocin administration. Two puppies/litter were identified at whelping for collection of blood samples corresponding to the days of milk sample collection plus days 35 and 42. Maternal blood samples were obtained on days 1, 7, and 42 from Beagles and days 1, 7, and 28 from Great Danes and were acid/ethanol extracted and analyzed by use of a radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Maternal serum IGF-I concentration was greater in Great Danes at all sample collection times. Similarly, colostrum from Great Danes contained more IGF-I, compared with that of Beagles (70 ng/ml vs 40 ng/ml, respectively). These values decreased to approximately 10 ng/ml by day 3 in both breeds and remained between 10 and 20 ng/ml for the duration of lactation. Growth rate and serum IGF-I concentration were greater in Great Dane puppies at birth to day 42. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: High IGF-I concentration in colostrum may be biologically important for newborn puppies. Body mass and serum IGF-I concentration are directly correlated in growing Beagle and Great Dane puppies. Serum IGF-I concentration may be an indicator of growth potential in dogs.  相似文献   

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