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1.
长期施肥对华北平原土壤生产力的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Soil productivity is the ability of a soil, in its normal environment, to support plant growth and can be evaluated with respect to crop production in unfertilized soil within the agricultural ecosystem. Both soil productivity and fertilizer applications affect crop yields. A long-term experiment with a winter wheat-summer maize rotation was established in 1989 in a field of the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, a region typical of the North China Plain, including seven treatments: 1) a balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers(NPK); 2) application of organic fertilizer(OM); 3) application of 50% organic fertilizer and50% NPK chemical fertilizers(1/2OMN); 4) application of NP chemical fertilizers(NP); 5) application of PK chemical fertilizer(PK);6) application of NK chemical fertilizers(NK); and 7) unfertilized control(CK). To investigate the effects of fertilization practices on soil productivity, further pot tests were conducted in 2007–2008 using soil samples from the different fertilization treatments of the long-term field experiment. The soil sample of each treatment of the long-term experiment was divided into three pots to grow wheat: with no fertilization(Potunf), with balanced NPK fertilization(PotNPK), and with the same fertilizer(s) of the long-term field experiment(Potori). The fertilized soils of the field experiment used in all the pot tests showed a higher wheat grain yield and higher nutrient uptake levels than the unfertilized soil. Soil productivity of the treatments of the field experiment after 18 years of continuous fertilizer applications were ranked in the order of OM 1/2OMN NPK NP PK NK CK. The contribution of soil productivity of the different treatments of the field experiment to the wheat grain yield of Potoriwas 36.0%–76.7%, with the PK and NK treatments being higher than the OM, 1/2OMN, NPK, and NP treatments since the soil in this area was deficient in N and P and rich in K. Wheat grain yields of PotNPKwere higher than those of Potoriand Potunf. The N, P, and K use efficiencies were higher in PotNPKthan Potoriand significantly positively correlated with wheat grain yield. Soil organic matter could be a better predictor of soil productivity because it correlated more strongly than other nutrients with the wheat grain yield of Potunf. Wheat yields of PotNPKshowed a similar trend to those of Potunf, indicating that soil productivity improvement was essential for a further increase in crop yield. The long-term applications of both organic and chemical fertilizers were capable of increasing soil productivity on the North China Plain, but the former was more effective than the latter. The balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers not only increased soil productivity, but also largely increased crop yields, especially in soils with lower productivity. Thus, such an approach should be a feasible practice for the sustainable use of agricultural soils on the North China Plain, particularly when taking into account crop yields, labor costs, and the limited availability of organic fertilizers.  相似文献   

2.
不同施肥管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳、氮形态的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.  相似文献   

3.
The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.  相似文献   

4.
The quantification of phosphorus(P) in bulk soil and P distribution in different size fractions of water-stable aggregates(WSAs)are important for assessing potential P loss through runoff. We evaluated available and total P distribution within WSAs of a sitty clay to clay soil in a long-term fertility experiment of a rice-wheat cropping system in India. Surface soil samples were collected from seven plots amended with NPK fertilizers in combination with or without organic amendments, farmyard manure(FYM), green manure(GM), and paddy straw(PS). The plot with no NPK fertilizers or organic amendments was set as a control. The soil samples were separated by wet sieving into four soil aggregate size fractions: large macroaggregates( 2.0 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2.0 mm), fine microaggregates(0.05–0.25 mm), and a silt + clay-sized fraction( 0.05 mm). Structural indices were higher in the soil receiving organic amendments than in the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone. Organically amended soil had a higher proportion of stable macroaggregates than the control and the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone, which were rich in microaggregates. Total and available P contents within WSAs were inversely related to the aggregate size, irrespective of treatment. The distribution of available and total P in the soil aggregate size fraction was as follows: silt + clay-size fraction small macroaggregates fine microaggregates large macroaggregates. Within a size class, aggregate-associated available and total P contents in the organically amended soil were in the following order: FYM PS ≥ GM. The available P content of the microaggregates( 0.25 mm) was 8-to 10-times higher than that of the macroaggregates( 0.25 mm), and the total P content of the microaggregates was 4-to 5-times higher than that of the macroaggregates. Cultivation without organic amendments resulted in more microaggregates that could be checked by the application of organic amendments such as FYM and GM, which increased the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates by consolidating microaggregates into macroaggregates.  相似文献   

5.
A long-term experiment set up in 1980 compared the effects of applying manures and chemical fertilizers on a paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region,China.Of the fourteen randomly distributed treatments consisting of different combinations of organic manure,inorganic nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P),and potassium (K),and rice straw,eight were selected for the present study in 2007.Application of organic manure plus straw significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content of the topsoil (0-10 cm) compared to that of chemical fertilizers alone.The content of SOC was relatively stable in the 10-30 cm layer in the chemical fertilizer treatments and in the 20-40 cm layer in the manure treatments.The stable carbon isotope ratio (δ 13 C) ranged from 24‰ to 28‰ and increased gradually with depth.The content of SOC was significantly (P < 0.05) negatively correlated with δ 13 C.In the 0-20 cm layer,the δ 13 C value significantly decreased in the treatments of manure alone (M),manure and chemical N and P fertilizers (MNP),manure and chemical N,P,and K fertilizers (MNPK),manure,rice straw,and chemical N fertilizer (MRN),and chemical N fertilizer and rice straw (CNR),as compared with the no-fertilizer control.In the 30-50 cm layer,however,the ratio significantly increased in all the treatments except Treatment CNR.Mineralization of organic C peaked in the first 2-4 d of incubation and gradually leveled off thereafter over the first 3 weeks,being faster in the manure treatments than the chemical fertilizer treatments.The average rate of mineralization varied from 55.36 to 75.46 mL CO 2 kg-1 d-1 and that of stable mineralization from 10 to 20 mL CO 2 kg-1 d-1.In eight weeks of incubation,cumulative mineralization was always higher in the manure treatments than the chemical fertilizer treatments,being the highest in Treatment MRN.Combined humus in the soil was mainly (over 50%) composed of tightly combined fraction.The loosely combined humus and its ratio of humic acid (HA) to fulvic acid (FA) significantly increased with long-term application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers.It could be concluded that the cycle of organic C in the paddy soil ecosystem studied was stable over the long-term application of fertilizers and continued cultivation.  相似文献   

6.
利用方式和土壤肥力对土壤团聚体和养分的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
The size distribution of water-stable aggregates and the variability of organic C, N and P contents over aggregate size fractions were studied for orchard, upland, paddy, and grassland soils with high, medium, and low fertility levels. The results showed that > 5 mm aggregates in the cultivated upland and paddy soils were 44.0% and 32.0%, respectively, less than those in the un-tilled orchard soil. Organic C and soil N in different size aggregate fractions in orchard soil with high fertility were significantly higher than those of other land uses. However, the contents of soil P in different size aggregates were significantly greater in the paddy soil as compared to the other land uses. Soil organic C, N and P contents were higher in larger aggregates than those in smaller ones. The amount of water-stable aggregates was positively correlated to their contribution to soil organic C, N and P. For orchard and grassland soils, the > 5 mm aggregates made the greatest contribution to soil nutrients, while for upland soil, the 0.25-0.053 mm aggregates contributed the most to soil nutrients. Therefore, the land use with minimum disturbance was beneficial for the formation of a better soil structure. The dominant soil aggregates in different land use types determined the distribution of soil nutrients. Utilization efficiency of soil P could be improved by converting other land uses to the paddy soil.  相似文献   

7.
A 12-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods and fertil-ization systems on microbial biomass C,N and P of a gray fluvo-aguic soil in rice-based cropping system .Five fertilization treatments were designed under conventional tillae(CT) or on tillage(NT) system:no fertilizer(CK) ; chemical fertilizer only(CF) ; combining chemical fertilizer with pig manure(PM); combining chemical fertilizer with crop straw (CS) and fallow (F). The results showed that biomass C,N and P were enriched in the surface layer of no-tilled soil,whereas they distributed relatively evenly in the tilled soil,which might result from enrichment of crop resdue,organic manure and mineral fertilzer,and surficial developent of root systems under NT.Under the cultivation system NT had slightly greater biomass C,N and P at 0-5 cm depth ,significantly less biomass C,N and P at 5-15 cm depth ,less microbial biomass C,N and equivalent biomass P at 15-30 cm depth as compared to CT,indicating hat tillage was beneficial for the multiplication of organims in the plowed layer of soil.Under the fallow system,biomass C,N and P in the surface layer were significantly greater for NT than CT while their differences between the two tillage methods were neligible in the deeper layers.In the surface layer,biomass C,N and P in the soils amended with oranic manure combined with mineral fertilizers were significantly greater than those of the treatments only with mineral fertilizers and the control.Soils without fertilzer had the least biomass nutrient contents among the five fertilization treatments.Obviously,the long-term application of organic manure could maintain the higher activity of microorganisms in soils.The amounts of biomass C,N and P in the fallowed soils varied with the tillage methods;they were much greater under NT than under CT,especially in the surface layer,suggesting that the frequent plowing could decrease the content of organic matter in the surface layer of the fallowed soil.  相似文献   

8.
中国南方红壤上作物产量和土壤性质对长期施肥的响应   总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23  
A 15-year fertilization experiment with different applications of inorganic N, P and K fertilizers and farmyard manure (M)was conducted to study the yield and soil responses to long-term fertilization at Qiyang, Hunan Province, China. Average grain yields of wheat and corn (1 672 and 5 111 kg ha-1, respectively)for the treatment NPKM were significantly higher than those (405 and 310 kg ha-1)of the unfertilized control and single inorganic fertilizer treatments. Compared with the corresponding initial values of the experiment, all treatments showed a yield decline of 9 to 111 kg ha-1 year-1 in wheat and 35 to 260 kg ha-1 year-1 in corn, respectively, and a significant pH decline of 0.07 to 0.12 pH year-1, except for the treatments PK and NPKM. After long-term fertilization, the soil organic C, soil available P, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ and available Cu2+ and Zn2+ contents were higher in the treatment NPKM than in the treatments applied with inorganic fertilizer only. Compared to the treatment NPK, the treatment NPKM, where manure partially replaced inorganic N, had a positive impact on arresting the decline of soil pH. This improved grain yields of wheat and corn, suggesting that application of NPK fertilizer in combination with farmyard manure is important to maintain soil fertility and buffering capacity in red soil.  相似文献   

9.
A field experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2002 to compare and evaluate the effects of nutrient and water regimes on paddy soil quality by investigating soil chemical and microbiological parameters. Four nutrient regimes, a control, chemical fertilizers only (CF), chemical fertilizers with swine manure (SM), and chemical fertilizers with wheat straw (WS), and two soil moisture regimes, continuous waterlogging (CWL) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD), were investigated. With SM and WS total organic carbon and total nitrogen in the paddy soil were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those with CF. A similar effect for organic amendments was observed in the soil light fraction organic C (LFOC), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and water-soluble organic C (WSOC). CWL, in particular when swine manure was incorporated into the paddy soil, markedly decreased soil redox potential (Eh) and increased total active reducing substances (ARS). Meanwhile, as compared to CF, SM and WS significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and mineralizable carbon, with differences in AWD being higher than CWL. In addition, SM and WS treatments significantly (P < 0.05) improved rice above-ground biomass and grain yield, with AWD being greater than CWL. Thus, for ecologically sustainable agricultural management of paddy soils, long-term waterlogging should be avoided when organic manure was incorporated into paddy soil.  相似文献   

10.
Agronomic practices affect soil phosphorus(P) availability, P uptake by plants, and subsequently the efficiency of P use. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various agronomic practices(straw incorporation, paddy water management, nitrogen(N) fertilizer dose, manure application,and biochar addition) on soil P availability(e.g., soil total P(STP), soil available P(SAP), soil microbial biomass P(SMBP), and rice P uptake as well as P use efficiency(PUE)) over four cropping seasons in a rice-rice cropping system, in subtropical central China. Compared to the non-straw treatment(control,using full dose of chemical N fertilizer), straw incorporation increased SAP and SMBP by 9.3%–18.5% and 15.5%–35.4%, respectively;substituting half the chemical N fertilizer dose with pig manure and the biochar application increased STP, SAP, and SMBP by 10.5%–48.3%, 30.2%–236.0%, and 19.8%–72.4%,respectively, mainly owing to increased soil P and organic carbon inputs;adding a half dose of N and no N input(reduced N treatments) increased STP and SAP by 2.6%–7.5% and 19.8%–33.7%, respectively, due to decreased soil P outputs. Thus, soil P availability was greatly affected by soil P input and use. The continuous flooding water regime without straw addition significantly decreased SMBP by 11.4% compared to corresponding treatments under a mid-season drainage water regime. Total P uptake by rice grains and straws at the harvest stage increased under straw incorporation and under pig manure application, but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under biochar application at a rate of 48 t ha-1, compared to the control. Rice P uptake was significantly positively correlated with rice biomass, and both were positively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, SAP, SMBP, and STP. Phosphorus use efficiency generally increased under straw incorporation but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under the manure application(with excessive P input), compared to the control. These results showed that straw incorporation can be used to increase soil P availability and PUE while decreasing the use of chemical P fertilizers. When substituting chemical fertilizers with pig manure, excess P inputs should be avoided in order to reduce P accumulation in the soil as well as the environmental risks from non-point source pollution.  相似文献   

11.
长期施氮肥对黄棕壤微生物生物性状的影响及其调控因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
基于黄棕壤小麦-甘薯轮作的长期定位试验,探究不同施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量和酶活性的变化及其潜在调控因子,为科学施氮提高土壤质量和改善土壤生态功能提供依据。试验选取始于2011年4个施氮处理:不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥(PK)、施化学氮肥(NPK)和化学氮肥配施有机肥(NPKM),调查两季作物收获后土壤MBC和MBN含量、酶活性及微生物碳氮利用效率的变化,并通过冗余分析(RDA)和结构方程模型(SEM)明确调控弱酸性黄棕壤中MBC和MBN变化的潜在因素。小麦和甘薯两季的结果表明:施氮肥降低了土壤MBC、MBN含量和蔗糖酶(SSC)、脲酶(SUE)活性,与NPK处理相比, NPKM处理增加了MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性。长期施用氮肥提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤养分[全氮(TN)和矿质态氮(MN)]含量,但施氮肥显著降低土壤p H以及微生物的碳氮利用效率。与小麦季相比,甘薯季土壤SOC和MN含量有所下降,而MBN含量和SSC活性有所升高。RDA和SEM结果表明,氮肥的施用强化了MBC与MBN、SSC与MBC以及SUE与MBC之间的关联性;不同施氮处理下土壤p H、有机碳、氮含量以及微生物的碳氮利用效率的变化直接或间接地影响土壤MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性,其中p H是调控土壤MBC变化的直接因素,而土壤SSC和SUE活性与MBC、MBN含量相互影响。长期施用氮肥降低了黄棕壤MBC、MBN含量和酶活性,化学氮肥配施有机肥有利于缓解生物性状的下降,土壤p H是影响MBC变化的主要因素,小麦-甘薯轮作中土壤微生物强烈的碳代谢过程利于增加MBN。  相似文献   

12.
  【目的】  探究生物炭配施化肥对不同粒级团聚体中微生物量碳、氮 (MBC、MBN) 含量和胞外酶活性的影响,分析影响团聚体胞外酶活性变化的主控因素,为提升土壤质量提供科学依据。  【方法】  田间微区试验在河南现代农业研究基地进行,供试土壤为石灰性潮土。设置4个处理:不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、单施生物炭 (BC) 和生物炭配施化肥 (BC+NPK),生物炭是以花生壳为原料高温裂解制备而成,仅在试验开始前施用一次,化肥每季均施用。试验开始于2017年小麦季,于2019年9月玉米收获后采集耕层土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,分析各粒径团聚体MBC、MBN含量和酶活性。  【结果】  与CK相比,NPK处理可显著提高耕层土壤有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量,BC处理可显著提高有机碳和全氮含量,BC+NPK处理则显著提高了以上各指标含量。与CK相比,BC处理显著降低了粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体MBN含量,并明显增加了该粒径的MBC/MBN值;BC+NPK处理显著增加了粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中MBC含量 (增幅分别为59.57%和34.68%),也增加了耕层土壤、粒径 > 2 mm和2～0.25 mm团聚体中MBN含量 (增幅分别为17.33%、42.24%和19.28%)。与CK相比,NPK、BC和BC+NPK处理均显著增加粒径 > 2 mm团聚体微生物熵,而BC和BC+NPK处理则显著降低了耕层土壤、粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体微生物熵。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均显著提高了粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中β-葡糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、α-葡糖苷酶和β-木糖苷酶活性;在粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中,仅BC+NPK处理明显提高了该四种酶的活性。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均明显提高了粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中脲酶活性及粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶活性,仅BC+NPK处理可显著提高粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。团聚体酶活性变化与MBC、MBN含量以及MBC/MBN值显著相关。粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与微生物熵、全氮和MBC含量均显著相关,粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC/MBN值显著相关,而粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC含量显著相关。  【结论】  生物炭与化肥配施有利于土壤碳的固存,改善土壤微环境,提升土壤质量,且生物炭添加到土壤中有较长的后效。  相似文献   

13.
有机物料输入稻田提高土壤微生物碳氮及可溶性有机碳氮   总被引：27，自引：6，他引：27  
土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮是土壤碳、氮库中最活跃的组分,是反应土壤被干扰程度的重要灵敏性指标,通过设置相同有机碳施用量下不同有机物料处理的田间试验,研究了有机物料添加下土壤微生物量碳（soil microbial biomass carbon,MBC）、氮（soil microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）和可溶性有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）、氮（dissolved organic nitrogen,DON）的变化特征及相互关系。结果表明化肥和生物碳、玉米秸秆、鲜牛粪或松针配施下土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮显著大于不施肥处理（no fertilization,CK）和单施化肥处理,分别比不施肥处理和单施化肥平均高23.52%和12.66%（MBC）、42.68%和24.02%（MBN）、14.70%和9.99%（DOC）、22.32%和21.79%（DON）。化肥和有机物料配施处理中,化肥+鲜牛粪处理的微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮最高,比CK高26.20%（MBC）、49.54%（MBN）、19.29%（DOC）和32.81%（DON）,其次是化肥+生物碳或化肥+玉米秸秆处理,而化肥+松针处理最低。土壤可溶性有机碳质量分数（308.87 mg/kg）小于微生物量碳（474.71 mg/kg）,而可溶性有机氮质量分数（53.07 mg/kg）要大于微生物量氮（34.79 mg/kg）。与不施肥处理相比,化肥和有机物料配施显著降低MBC/MBN和DOC/DON,降低率分别为24.57%和7.71%。MBC和DOC、MBN和DON随着土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）、全氮（total nitrogen,TN）的增加呈显著线性增加。MBC、MBN、DOC、DON、DOC+MBC和DON+MBN之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。从相关程度看,DOC+MBC和DON+MBN较MBC、DOC、MBN、DON更能反映土壤中活性有机碳和氮库的变化,成为评价土壤肥力及质量的更有效指标。结果可为提高洱海流域农田土壤肥力,增强土壤固氮效果,减少土壤中氮素流失,保护洱海水质安全提供科学依据。  相似文献   

14.
红壤双季稻田土壤活性碳、氮周年变化及影响因素   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
【目的】 研究红壤稻田土壤活性碳、氮含量及其周年变化和影响因素,为弄清红壤双季稻田土壤活性碳、氮季节变化规律,提高土壤养分利用效率提供理论依据。 【方法】 以红壤稻田长期定位试验 (1990年开始) 为对象,选择不施肥 (CK)、单施NPK化肥 (NPK) 和有机物 (紫云英、稻草) + NPK化肥 (NPKM) 三个施肥处理,在早稻、晚稻、休闲期取0—20 cm 土样,动态监测稻田土壤几种重要活性碳、氮成分,包括无机态氮 (NH4+-N、NO3–-N),可溶性有机碳、氮 (DOC、DON) 和微生物生物量碳、氮 (MBC、MBN) 的周年动态变化。 【结果】 稻田土壤NH4+-N含量在早稻期间呈下降状态,晚稻期间变化较平缓,休闲期呈先上升后下降的趋势。土壤无机氮主要以NH4+-N形式存在,其含量范围为14.9～31.6 mg/kg,其休闲期含量略低于生育期 (P > 0.05);周年土壤NO 3–-N含量 (< 3 mg/kg) 远小于NH4+-N含量,与NH4+-N含量呈现此消彼长的趋势 (P < 0.01)。稻田土壤DOC、DON周年变化趋势相似 ( P < 0.01),在生育期呈下降状态,休闲期呈先上升后下降趋势,休闲期土壤DOC、DON含量略低于生育期 ( P > 0.05)。休闲期土壤MBC、MBN含量分别为463～701 mg/kg、31.1～52.4 mg/kg,比生育期分别提高25.4%～36.9%和62.8%～125.9%。总体来看,稻田休闲期土壤活性碳 (DOC+MBC)、氮 (NH 4+-N+NO3–-N+DON+MBN) 含量高于生育期含量,较生育期增幅分别为10.8%～19.6%、10.3%～34.8%。不同施肥处理结果表明,仅施用化肥 (NPK处理) 对活性碳、氮影响较小 (P > 0.05),有机物还田能显著提高水稻生育期和休闲期的土壤活性碳、氮含量 ( P < 0.05),NPKM与CK相比活性碳、氮在水稻生育期分别提高53.8%和81.2%,而在休闲期分别提高了43.5%和63.2%。相关性分析结果表明,稻田休闲期土壤NH 4+-N、DOC、DON含量不仅与土壤SOC、TN含量密切相关 (P < 0.05 或 P < 0.01),还受温度、水分含量等环境因子影响,如休闲期土壤NH 4+-N含量与5 cm处土壤温度呈极显著负相关关系 (P < 0.01),而土壤NO 3–-N含量与该土层温度呈显著正相关关系 (P < 0.05),土壤DOC和DON与土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系 ( P < 0.05)。 【结论】 长期化肥配施紫云英及秸秆还田能显著提高稻田土壤周年活性碳、氮含量,其活性含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈显著正相关关系;休闲期稻田能维持较高的活性碳、氮含量,且比水稻生育期有一定程度增加。休闲期土壤无机氮含量变化主要受土壤温度影响,土壤可溶性碳、氮含量变化主要受土壤含水量的影响。   相似文献   

15.
【目的】研究小麦/玉米轮作体系不同施肥方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)在(?)土不同水稳性团聚体中的分布特征,以期深入理解不同施肥方式对土壤碳、氮固持的机制。【方法】采集(?)土21年长期肥料定位试验不同施肥处理0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土样,分析其水稳性团聚体(2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm以及0.25 mm)有机碳和全氮的分布特征。试验设不施肥(CK),化肥氮磷钾配施(N、NP、NK、PK、NPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾(SNPK)以及两个水平有机肥与氮磷钾配施(M1NPK、M2NPK)9个处理。【结果】长期施肥0-10 cm土层土壤团聚体SOC和TN含量明显高于10-20 cm,平均增幅20%以上。2~1 mm或1~0.5mm团聚体中SOC和TN的含量最高,0.25 mm团聚体最低。长期不施磷肥处理的土壤团聚体SOC和TN含量均与CK相似。NP、NPK以及SNPK处理,0-10 cm土层SOC较CK分别增加16%~43%、9%~40%和22%~47%;TN增幅分别为28%~48%、39%~61%和39%~91%。10 20 cm土层,NP、NPK以及SNPK处理2mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm土壤团聚体SOC较CK增幅分别为35%~49%、17%~40%和45%~46%,TN增幅分别为44%~47%、39%~54%和54%~64%。长期有机肥与氮磷钾配施处理(M1NPK、M2NPK),0-10 cm土层的团聚体SOC平均较CK分别增加68%~122%和61%~163%,TN平均分别增加84%~133%和97%~175%;10-20 cm土层,SOC较CK平均增幅分别为20%~61%和39%~118%,TN增幅平均分别为43%~86%和107%~136%。SOC和TN主要储存于0.25 mm团聚体中(40%)2~1 mm团聚体储存最少(10%)。长期不施氮或不施磷对SOC和TN在团聚体中的储存比例基本没有影响。长期NP、NPK以及M1NPK、M2NPK均降低了各土层SOC和TN在2 mm或2~1 mm的储存比例增加了在1~0.25 mm团聚体储存比例。2 mm或2~1 mm团聚体的C/N比值高于微团聚体(0.25 mm),而与CK相比,长期施肥降低了土壤团聚体的C/N比值。【结论】关中地区(?)土长期偏施化肥对有机碳和全氮在团聚体的含量及分布没有显著影响而长期氮磷或氮磷钾化肥配合、氮磷钾与有机物配合均明显增加土壤团聚体的有机碳及全氮含量,特别是长期氮磷钾配合有机肥能显著增加土壤1~0.25 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳和全氮的固存比例,提高土壤有机碳和全氮储量减少温室气体的排放。  相似文献   

16.
【目的】探讨南方丘陵黄泥田不同施肥对耕层土壤有机碳固存及生产力的影响,促进区域农田固碳减排和作物高产。【方法】基于32年的长期定位试验,研究不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+全部稻草还田(NPKS)处理下,历年水稻产量、代表性年份耕层土壤有机碳含量及固碳速率的变化。【结果】NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理下水稻历年平均产量分别较CK高67.1%、88.1%和84.2%,差异显著,且NPKM、NPKS处理与NPK处理间亦具有显著差异。NPK、NPKM与NPKS处理耕层土壤有机碳历年平均含量比CK高8.9%~36.8%其中NPKM最高且亦显著高于NPKS与NPK处理。与初始土壤相比各处理有机碳含量增加1.84~5.26g/kg。以每10年为评价周期,NPKM、NPKS处理的固碳速率与CK及NPK差异均显著,其中双季稻年份NPKM与NPKS处理固碳速率分别是CK的2.38倍和1.98倍,是NPK处理的1.59倍与1.32倍但NPK处理与CK间差异不显著。稻田系统年均有机碳输入与有机碳固存间存在极显著幂函数关系,施肥土壤有机碳含量变化与籽粒产量变化间亦呈极显著正相关。【结论】南方黄泥田化肥配施有机肥或配合秸秆还田较单施化肥稳步提升水稻产量。长期不施肥土壤有机碳仍可维持低幅度增长,随着土壤有机碳含量升高,固碳效率逐步降低。化肥配施有机肥或配合秸秆还田较单施化肥明显提高了土壤的固碳速率二者均是提高黄泥田生产力与固碳能力的双赢措施。  相似文献   

17.
长期不同施肥下南方黄泥田有效磷对磷盈亏的响应特征   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  
【目的】黄泥田为南方主要中低产田类型之一。通过研究长期施肥条件下南方黄泥田土壤磷素累积盈亏与有效磷的关系,为黄泥田科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】基于连续33年水稻长期定位试验,研究了不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、化肥配施牛粪 (NPKM)、化肥配施秸秆 (NPKS) 四个处理土壤有效磷的变化规律及土壤磷累积盈亏状况,计算有效磷–磷盈亏响应系数。【结果】各施肥处理双季稻年份 (1983～2004年) 土壤有效磷与全磷含量呈年际上升趋势,以NPKM增幅最为明显,改为单季稻后 (2005～2015年) 则呈下降趋势,也以NPKM降幅最为明显。试验至2015年,NPK、NPKS处理有效磷含量分别为9.7 mg/kg、8.7 mg/kg,较试验初期分别下降8.3 mg/kg、9.3 mg/kg,NPKM处理与试验初期持平。CK、NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理的磷素活化系数 (PAC) 总体呈年际下降趋势,其多年平均磷素活化系数值 (PAC) 分别为2.9%、3.5%、4.7%、4.1%,其中NPKM与NPKS处理显著高于NPK与CK处理。除双季稻NPKS处理外,不同施肥模式下双季稻与单季稻年份的土壤有效磷增减与土壤累积磷盈亏均呈显著正相关,其中双季稻年份土壤磷素 (P) 每盈余100 kg/hm2,NPK、NPKM处理有效磷分别增加4.5 mg/kg与11.2 mg/kg,而单季稻年份土壤磷素每亏缺100 kg/hm2,NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理有效磷分别减少14.6 mg/kg、23.9 mg/kg、25.9 mg/kg。双季稻磷肥年施用量 (P) 为26.2 kg/hm2时,土壤磷素呈盈亏持平状态。【结论】有机无机肥配施比单施化肥能够显著提高黄泥田土壤有效磷、全磷含量和磷素活化系数,有效磷含量与磷素累积盈亏密切相关,等磷素盈亏量下,有机无机肥配施的有效磷响应系数要高于单施化肥,而磷累积亏缺下,有效磷降幅响应比磷累积盈余下有效磷增幅响应大。  相似文献   

18.
基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。  相似文献   

19.
不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5  
【目的】 本文利用天津日光温室蔬菜不同施肥模式定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响,为设施蔬菜高效施肥和菜田土壤可持续利用提供依据。 【方法】 调查在第 9 茬蔬菜 (秋冬茬芹菜) 和第 10 茬蔬菜 (春茬番茄) 进行。定位试验设 8 个处理,分别为:1) 不施氮;2) 全部施用化肥氮 (4/4CN);3) 3/4 化肥氮 + 1/4 猪粪氮 (3/4CN + 1/4PN);4) 2/4 化肥氮 + 2/4 猪粪氮 (2/4CN + 2/4PN);5) 1/4 化肥氮 + 3/4 猪粪氮( 1/4CN + 3/4PN);6) 2/4 化肥氮 + 1/4 猪粪氮 + 1/4 秸秆氮 (2/4CN + 1/4PN + 1/4SN);7) 2/4 化肥氮 + 2/4 秸秆氮 (2/4CN + 2/4SN);8) 农民习惯施肥 (CF),除不施氮肥和农民习惯施肥外,其余处理为等氮磷钾处理。在不同生育时期,采 0—20 cm 土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,并分析其与蔬菜产量之间的关系。 【结果】 两茬蔬菜不同施肥模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量总体上均随生育期的推进呈先增后降的趋势。芹菜季较高土壤微生物量碳含量出现在定植后 90 d,土壤微生物量氮较高含量出现在定植后 60 d;番茄季分别出现在定植后 20～80 d 和 60 d。芹菜季 5 个有机无机肥料配施模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量分别在 185.0～514.6 和 34.3～79.1 mg/kg 之间,较化肥(4/4CN)模式平均分别增加 15.1%～81.7% 和 24.5%～100.0%,其中以配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量相对较高,平均分别增加 62.0%～81.7% 和 81.1%～100.0%;番茄季 5 个有机无机肥料配施模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量分别在 120.7～338.0 和 25.5～68.8 mg/kg 之间,较 4/4CN 模式平均分别增加 16.9%～86.9% 和 12.2%～109.3%,又以配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量最高,平均分别增加 61.4%～86.9% 和 78.2%～109.3%。两季蔬菜不同生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与当季蔬菜产量和定位试验开始以来蔬菜总产量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。 【结论】 同等养分投入量下,有机无机肥料配合施用提高土壤微生物量碳、氮的效果显著好于单施化肥,又以化肥配施秸秆效果更佳;土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与设施蔬菜产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。证明有机无机肥配施,特别是配施一定量的秸秆可有效提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,维持较高的菜田土壤肥力,有利于设施蔬菜的可持续和高效生产。   相似文献   

20.
长期施肥稻田土壤基础地力和养分利用效率变化特征   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  
【目的】 研究长期不同施肥措施对土壤基础地力和氮磷钾养分吸收利用效率的影响,探明土壤基础地力和氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用效率的相互关系。 【方法】 采集双季水稻种植制度下 33 年长期定位施肥试验的不施肥 (CK)、施氮磷钾肥 (NPK) 和氮磷钾肥配施稻草 (NPKS) 3 个处理的土壤,设置施肥与不施肥盆栽试验,监测水稻产量、土壤基础地力产量和基础地力贡献率、水稻氮磷钾养分吸收量、氮磷钾养分利用效率,分析氮、磷、钾利用效率对土壤基础地力贡献率的响应。 【结果】 早晚稻土壤基础地力产量和基础地力贡献率三个处理土壤大小顺序均为 NPKS > NPK > CK,NPKS 处理土壤早晚稻两季平均基础地力产量和基础地力贡献率较 CK 处理土壤分别增加 113.8% 和 93.7%,NPK 处理分别增加 100.7% 和 81.9%。在同一施肥水平条件下,早、晚稻均以土壤基础地力较高的 NPKS 处理氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力,土壤养分依存率,氮、磷、钾素收获指数较高,氮、磷、钾肥回收利用率,肥料农学效率,肥料对产量的贡献率则较低。回归分析表明,氮、磷肥回收利用率,氮、磷、钾肥农学效率,氮、钾素生理利用率均随土壤基础地力贡献率的提高呈显著或极显著降低;氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力,氮、磷、钾素土壤依存率随土壤基础地力贡献率的提高呈显著或极显著提高。 【结论】 长期施氮磷钾肥或长期氮磷钾肥配施稻草均能提高土壤基础地力,以长期氮磷钾肥配施稻草的效果更显著。在较高基础地力土壤上生产,可以在保证作物高产稳产的情况下实现减量化施肥,实现农业生产的可持续性。   相似文献   

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