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1.
Cattle slurry (84% moisture, pH 7.8) was added to a sandy soil (pH 6.2) in the presence or absence of earthworms. The addition of slurry resulted in an immediate increase in pH, inorganic nitrogen and bacterial numbers in the upper 7.5 cm of the soil. The activity of the earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny) mixed the slurry with the soil to a depth of 17.5cm, as indicated by the movement of coliform bacteria through the soil. In the absence of earthworms, the effects of slurry were restricted to the zone of slurry introduction. Earthworm activity also resulted in a net mineralization of nitrogen, whereas a net loss of mineral nitrogen was observed when earthworms were excluded.  相似文献   

2.
Earthworm burrows contribute to soil macroporosity and support diverse microbial communities. It is not well known how fluctuations in soil temperature and moisture affect the burrowing activities of earthworms. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the maximum depth and length of burrows created by the endogeic earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) and the anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. for a range of temperatures (5–20 °C) and soil water potentials (−5 and −11 kPa). The laboratory microcosm was a plexiglass chamber (45 cm high, 45 cm wide) containing 0.14 m2 of pre-moistened soil and litter, designed to house a single earthworm for 7 days. Earthworm mass, surface casting and burrowing activities were affected significantly by soil temperature, moisture and the temperature×moisture interaction. Burrow length and maximum burrow depth increased with increasing temperature, but there was less burrowing in wetter soil (−5 kPa) than drier soil (−11 kPa). Weight gain and surface casting, however, were greater in soil at −5 kPa than −11 kPa. Our results suggest more intensive feeding and limited burrowing in wetter soil than drier soil. Earthworms inhabiting the non-compacted, drier soil may have pushed aside particles without ingesting them to create burrows. The result was that earthworms explored a larger volume of soil, deeper in the chamber, when the soil was drier. How these burrowing activities may affect the community structure and activity of soil microorganisms and microfauna in the drilosphere remains to be determined.  相似文献   

3.
Earthworm growth is affected by fluctuations in soil temperature and moisture and hence, may be used as an indicator of earthworm activity under field conditions. There is no standard methodology for measuring earthworm growth and results obtained in the laboratory with a variety of food sources, soil quantities and container shapes cannot easily be compared or used to estimate earthworm growth in the field. The objective of this experiment was to determine growth rates of the endogeic earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) over a range of temperatures (5–20 °C) and soil water potentials (−5 to−54 kPa) in disturbed and undisturbed soil columns in the laboratory. We used PVC cores (6 cm diameter, 15 cm height) containing undisturbed and disturbed soil, and 1 l cylindrical pots (11 cm diameter, 14 cm height) with disturbed soil. All containers contained about 500 g of moist soil. The growth rates of juvenile A. caliginosa were determined after 14–28 days. The instantaneous growth rate (IGR) was affected significantly by soil moisture, temperature, and the temperature×moisture interaction, ranging from −0.092 to 0.037 d−1. Optimum growth conditions for A. caliginosa were at 20 °C and −5 kPa water potential, and they lost weight when the soil water potential was −54 kPa for all temperatures and also when the temperature was 5 °C for all water potentials. Growth rates were significantly greater in pots than in cores, but the growth rates of earthworms in cores with undisturbed or disturbed soil did not differ significantly. The feeding and burrowing habits of earthworms should be considered when choosing the container for growth experiments in order to improve our ability to extrapolate earthworm growth rates from the laboratory to the field.  相似文献   

4.
Many soil properties influence earthworm populations and activity. To determine which properties are of significance, a broad collection of soils was investigated. Samples from these different soils were kept bare at one site in large plots (3 Mg soil per plot) to liminate crop and weather interference and to isolate the dominating mechanisms of earthworm effects. Earthworm density, biomass, and tunnelling activity were assessed after 5 years of bare fallow. All earthworm parameters varied strongly. Earthworms increased soil respiration by their tunnelling activity, and in turn increased microbial activity and propagated the loss of organic C. Earthworm abundance ranged from 12 to 274 m-2 and was about 10 times greater than on cropped soils. The range in abundance was mainly caused by variations in the numbers of juveniles. The average soil moisture content was the only soil property among the many properties investigated that was consistently correlated with earthworm abundance and biomass. Even after 5 years of bare fallow with almost no addition of fresh plant biomass and with little water loss by plant transpiration, the earthworm population was controlled by water stress and not by food stress. We therefore conclude that high water consumption by productive crops may degrade the habitat for geophagous earthworms.  相似文献   

5.
油松枯落物的水土保持作用研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
油松枯落物的截留量与其自身的干燥程度有关,同时受降水历时、降水量和天气情况的影响。在不同的月份,其截留量不同,年截留率为9.27％。油松枯落物阻延径流流出的时间与其厚度呈正相关,与地面坡度、径流深度呈负相关;油松枯落物还能有效地抑制土壤水分蒸发、显著提高土壤的抗蚀性,2cm厚枯落物的油松林地即可免遭土壤冲刷。  相似文献   

6.
Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.  相似文献   

7.
Endogeic and juvenile anecic earthworm abundance was measured in soil samples and anecic populations were studied by counting midden numbers at the sites of two long-term cropping systems trials in South-central Wisconsin. The three grain and three forage systems at each site were designed to reflect a range of Midwestern USA production strategies. The primary objectives of this work were to determine if the abundance of endogeic or anecic earthworms varied among cropping systems or crop phases within a cropping system and were there specific management practices that impacted endogeic or anecic earthworm numbers. The earthworms present in the surface soil were: Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen), A. caliginosa (Savigny), A. trapezoides (Dugés); and juvenile Lumbricus terrestris (L.). True endogeic abundance was greatest in rotationally grazed pasture [188 m?2 at Arlington (ARL) and 299 m?2 at Elkhorn (ELK)], and smallest in conventional continuous corn (27 m?2 at ARL and 32 m?2 at ELK). The only type of anecic earthworm found was L. terrestris L. There was an average of 1.2 middens per adult anecic earthworm and the population of anecics was greatest in the no-till cash grain system (28 middens m?2 at ARL, 18 m?2 at ELK) and smallest in the conventional continuous corn system (3 middens m?2 at ARL, 1 m?2 at ELK). Earthworm numbers in individual crop phases within a cropping system were too variable from year-to-year to recommend using a single phase to characterize a whole cropping system. Indices for five management factors (tillage, manure inputs, solid stand, pesticide use, and crop diversity) were examined, and manure use and tillage were the most important impacting earthworm numbers across the range of cropping systems. Manure use was the most important management factor affecting endogeic earthworm numbers; but no-tillage was the most important for the juvenile and adult anecic groups and had a significantly positive influence on endogeic earthworm counts as well. The pesticides used, which were among the most commonly applied pesticides in the Midwestern USA, and increasing crop diversity did not have a significant effect on either the endogeic or anecic earthworm groups in this study. Consequently, designing cropping systems that reduce tillage and include manure with less regard to omitting pesticides or increasing crop diversity should enhance earthworm populations and probably improve sustainability.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

We compared earthworm density, depth distribution and species composition in three soil cultivation experiments including the treatments ploughless tillage and mouldboard ploughing. Sampling was done in September 2005 and for one experiment also in 1994. By yearly sampling 1995–2005, earthworms in an energy forest of Salix viminalis were compared with those in an adjacent arable field. Sampling method was digging of soil blocks and hand sorting and formalin sampling in one cultivation experiment. Both methods were used in the energy forest and arable land comparison.

In two soil cultivation experiments, highest abundances or biomass were found in ploughless tillage. Earthworm density was higher in the upper 10 cm, especially in the ploughless tillage. Earthworm density was significantly higher in the energy forest than in the arable field. Formalin sampling revealed c. 36% of the earthworm numbers found by digging in the energy forest and gave almost no earthworms in the arable field. In all treatments with soil cultivation, species living and feeding in the rhizosphere and soil dominated. One such species, Allolobophora chlorotica, was more abundant under mouldboard ploughing than ploughless tillage. Lumbricus terrestris, browsing on the surface and producing deep vertical burrows, was more common in the ploughless tillage. Species living and feeding close to the soil surface were almost only found in the energy forest, which had not been soil cultivated since 1984.

The findings support earlier studies pointing out possibilities to encourage earthworms by reduced soil cultivation. This is one of the first published studies that followed earthworm populations in an energy forest plantation during several years. Explanation of earthworm reactions to management and environmental impacts should be done with consideration of the ecology of species or species groups. Earthworm sampling by formalin must always be interpreted with caution and calibrated by digging and hand-sorting sampling.  相似文献   

9.
Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.  相似文献   

10.
 The dynamics of earthworm populations were investigated in continuously-cropped, conventional disk-tilled corn agroecosystems which had received annual long-term (6 years) amendments of either manure or inorganic fertilizer. Earthworm populations were sampled at approximately monthly intervals during the autumn of 1994 and spring and autumn of 1995 and 1996. The dominant earthworm species were Lumbricus terrestris L. and Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen), which comprised 50–60% and 8–13%, respectively, of the total annual earthworm biomass. Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) and Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugés) were much less abundant and contributed a small fraction of total earthworm biomass. Earthworm numbers and biomass were significantly greater in manure-amended plots compared to inorganic fertilizer-treated plots during the majority of the study period. Seasonal fluctuations in earthworm numbers and biomass were attributed to changes in soil temperature and moisture, and cultivation. Unfavorable climatic conditions in the summer and autumn of 1995 caused earthworm abundance and biomass to decline significantly. Mature L. terrestris, L. rubellus and A. tuberculata were most abundant in May and June of 1995 and 1996, and cocoon production was greatest in June and July 1995 and June 1996. Recruitment of juveniles of Lumbricus spp. and Aporrectodea spp. into earthworm communities occurred primarily in the autumn. Long-term amendments of manure or inorganic fertilizer did not change the species composition of earthworm communities in these agroecosystems. The earthworm populations in both manure and inorganic fertilizer plots have declined significantly after 5 years of continuously-cropped corn. Received: 24 August 1997  相似文献   

11.
Experimental plots set up by G. W. Dimbleby to test the effect of birch on the soil of a podzolized heather moor were sampled for earthworms after 8, 10 and 27 yr. Of 213 worms collected, one was Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny, 1826) and the remainder were Bimastos eiseni (Levinsen, 1884). No worms were found on the heather control plots and a single specimen only was taken on plots screefed and sown with Molinia. The population density on plots treated with birch litter, taking 1 yr with another, averaged approximately 1.7 worms m?2 with a biomass < 1 g m?2.On the Callunetum surrounding the experimental plots worms were sampled by a trapping method. Only B. eiseni was found. On the Callunetum and on the experimental plots worm numbers were correlated with the calcium content of the 0–3 cm soil horizon. Parts of the experimental site and surrounding Callunetum are subject to intermittent waterlogging. The development of the earthworm population in these areas appears to be restricted by occasional reducing conditions in the upper organic horizon.  相似文献   

12.
Earthworms modify the soil environment through their feeding, casting, and burrowing activities, which may lead to more decomposition and respiration in aerobic microsites and more denitrification in anaerobic microsites. The objective of this study was to determine whether earthworms increase CO2 and N2O fluxes from an unfertilized corn agroecosystem. Earthworm populations within field enclosures (2.9 m2) were reduced by repeatedly applying carbaryl insecticide, then single and mixed populations of Lumbricus terrestris L. and Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) were added. Gas samples were collected once a week for 14 weeks, from June to September 2005. Carbaryl applications reduced, but did not eliminate earthworms from enclosures. The CO2 and N2O fluxes were affected by the sampling date, with peak gas fluxes after rainfall events. Mean CO2 and N2O fluxes during the study period tended to be greater from enclosures with added earthworms than the control (no earthworms added), but were not significantly affected by earthworm treatments due to the low survival rate of introduced earthworms. Better control of earthworm populations in the field is required to fully assess the impact of earthworms on CO2 and N2O fluxes from temperate agroecosystems.  相似文献   

13.
The use of resource patches by earthworms   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
A field experiment was established to assess the effects of additional organic matter on earthworm populations. Bags of soil (15 cm deep) were placed in a pasture at Balhannah, South Australia, at the beginning of autumn 1991. The bags were initially seeded with five individuals ofAporrectodea trapezoides, and 250 g dried sheep manure was added to most bags. Manure was added either in pellet or milled form, and applied either on the surface, in the 5–10 cm layer, or evenly dispersed over 15 cm. In harvests during weeks 7,9, and 11 after the start of the experiment,A. trapezoides and three other species,A. caliginosa, A. rosea, andMicroscolex dubius, were recovered from the bags. Bags with added manure had significantly higher numbers of each species than bags with no manure. During the 4-week sampling period (weeks 7–11) the numbers ofM. dubius recovered per bag decreased, whileA. rosea increased. Total earthworm numbers were not influenced by either the form or the location of application of the manure. Earthworms were sampled from three depths, 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm. Both numbers and biomass of earthworms were positively correlated with the location of the manure. Cocoons ofAporrectodea spp. were more abundant when the manure was milled and evenly dispersed, and were consistently located in the lower soil layers, regardless of the form or location of manure.  相似文献   

14.
To minimize application of nematicides in banana fields, crop systems have been developed in the French West Indies that combine fallow or rotation crops and nematode-free in vitro plants. After two to four years, populations of the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis have developed enough to cause economic losses, leading banana growers to use nematicides. To understand how banana fields are recontaminated, we studied the dissemination of R. similis by water flow. At a 1-m scale, we analyzed the dispersion of R. similis under a rainfall simulator: we isolated a 1-m2 study plot, placed a R. similis suspension on the upstream soil surface, and simulated a 60 mm/h rainfall for 72 min. We collected soil samples every 10 cm downstream after 12 min of rainfall, and subsequently at 20-min intervals, and extracted the nematodes using a Seinhorst elutriator and then a Baermann funnel. Our results showed that the nematode dissemination follows an inverse exponential law, and depends more on soil moisture at the beginning of rainfall than on the length of rainfall: in fresh soil, 69–80% of the R. similis recovered were found less than 10 cm downstream from the nematode inoculation line, whereas in wetted soil, 76–85% of the recovered individuals were collected in the outlet tub located downstream from the apparatus. This passive dissemination model partially explains the distance covered by individual nematodes but not the low percentage of motile nematodes recovered in the outlet tub (10% and 36% in fresh and wet soils) compared to the percentage of motile nematodes found in the soil (80% and 84% in fresh and wet soils). Indeed, water runoff is likely to disseminate R. similis over long distances only when soil moisture is close to field capacity.  相似文献   

15.
The effect of heavy metal pollution on Oligochaeta (Enchytraeidae and Lumbricidae) populations was studied along a pollution gradient in vicinity of Olkusz (southern Poland). The study sites, which differed in metal concentrations in the humus layer, were established in mixed-pine forests 3.5 km, 2.5 km, 3.9 km, 7.9 km and 31.9 km (reference site) from the source of pollution (zinc smelter). Enchytraeid and earthworm population density and species composition were determined from soil sampled four times from the study sites. Enchytraeidae populations consisted of nine genera and 18 species. The dominating enchytraeid species in all study sites was Cognettia sphagnetorum (approx. 90%), except for the most polluted site, where Enchytraeus, Fridericia and Henlea were the most common species diversity and heterogeneity were the highest in the most polluted site. The highest mean densities were found in the reference site (16,333 individuals m?2) and lowest in the most polluted site (3932 individuals m?2). Earthworm populations consisted of three epigeic species, and the most abundant one was Dendrobaena octaedra. Earthworms densities in all sites sampled were low. The concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd in: humus layer, and in enchytraeids and earthworms, were the highest for the most polluted site and decreased with distance from pollution source. Density of Enchytraeidae and body loads of metals in Enchytraeidae and Lumbricidae can be employed for biomonitoring.  相似文献   

16.
Earthworms play an important role in many soil functions and are affected by soil tillage in agricultural soils. However, effects of tillage on earthworms are often studied without considering species and their interactions with soil properties. Furthermore, many field studies are based on one-time samplings that do not allow for characterisation of temporal variation. The current study monitored the short (up to 53 days) and medium term (up to 4 years) effects of soil tillage on earthworms in conventional and organic farming. Earthworm abundances decreased one and three weeks after mouldboard ploughing in both conventional and organic farming, suggesting direct and indirect mechanisms. However, the medium-term study revealed that earthworm populations in mouldboard ploughing systems recovered by spring. The endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa strongly dominated the earthworm community (76%), whereas anecic species remained <1% of all earthworms in all tillage and farming systems over the entire study. In conventional farming, mean total earthworm abundance was not significantly different in reduced tillage (153 m−2) than mouldboard ploughing (MP; 130 m−2). However, reduced tillage in conventional farming significantly increased the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus from 0.1 m−2 in mouldboard ploughing to 9 m−2 averaged over 4 years. Contrastingly, in organic farming mean total earthworm abundance was 45% lower in reduced tillage (297 m−2) than MP (430 m−2), across all sampling dates over the medium-term study (significant at 3 of 6 sampling dates). Reduced tillage in organic farming decreased A. caliginosa from 304 m−2 in mouldboard ploughing to 169 m−2 averaged over 4 years (significant at all sampling dates). Multivariate analysis revealed clear separation between farming and tillage systems. Earthworm species abundances, soil moisture, and soil organic matter were positively correlated, whereas earthworm abundances and penetration resistance where negatively correlated. Variability demonstrated between sampling dates highlights the importance of multiple samplings in time to ascertain management effects on earthworms. Findings indicate that a reduction in tillage intensity in conventional farming affects earthworms differently than in organic farming. Differing earthworm species or ecological group response to interactions between soil tillage, crop, and organic matter management in conventional and organic farming has implications for management to maximise soil ecosystem functions.  相似文献   

17.
Ecosystems of northern North America existed without earthworm fauna until European settlers arrived and introduced European species. The current extent of invasion by some of these species, Lumbricus terrestris L., Octolasion tyrtaeum Savigny and Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny, into an aspen forest in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and the effects of the invasion on soil chemistry, microflora, soil microarthropods and vegetation were investigated. Densities of earthworm species, soil structure, plant coverage and abundance were determined along three transects starting at the edge of the forest. At locations with L. terrestris, litter was incorporated into the soil, and where O. tyrtaeum was present, organic layers were mixed with mineral soil layers. Organic layers disappeared almost entirely when both species occurred together. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations were reduced in organic layers in the presence of L. terrestris and O. tyrtaeum. Microbial biomass and basal respiration were reduced when L. terrestris and O. tyrtaeum were present, presumably due to resource competition and habitat destruction. Microarthropod densities and the number of microarthropod species were strongly reduced in the presence of O. tyrtaeum (−75% and −22%, respectively), probably through mechanical disturbances, increasing compactness of the soil and resource competition. The coverage of some plant species was correlated with earthworm abundance, but the coverage of others was not. Despite harsh climatic conditions, the invasion of boreal forest ecosystems by mineral soil dwelling earthworm species is proceeding and strongly impacts soil structure, soil chemistry, microorganisms, soil microarthropods and vegetation.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of fertilization with N, P, K, and organic manure (alone or in combination) on earthworm populations, biomass, and casting activity were measured in a cultivated soil (organic C 1.5%, annual rainfall 2000–2300 mm). These applications of fertilizer caused significant increases in earthworm numbers, biomass, and casts. N alone or in combination with P and K also influenced these earthworm parameters significantly. The inorganic NPK fertilizer in combination with organic manure had a significantly greater effect on earthworm activities than NPK fertilizer alone, and therefore the addition of organic matter appears advisable in order to obtain maximum benefits from NPK fertilizer in this soil.  相似文献   

19.
毛娜    刘通  江恒  李祥东    程炯  魏孝荣  邵明安 《水土保持研究》2023,30(1):70-76,82
生态修复是南方红壤丘陵区土地退化治理的有效手段之一,但现有研究较少关注土壤动物在生态修复过程中的作用。以退化的赤红壤为研究对象,基于盆栽试验,采用全因子设计方法模拟多种生态系统(裸土vs.黑麦草)×蚯蚓(不接种vs.接种蚯蚓)×水分(湿润vs.干旱),以揭示蚯蚓对干旱条件下退化土壤植被修复前后土壤理化性质和植被生产力的调控作用。结果表明：蚯蚓显著提高了湿润和干旱条件下黑麦草生物量。蚯蚓对土壤有机碳影响不显著,蚯蚓活动提高了裸土生态系统土壤总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量,以及黑麦草生态系统土壤速效磷含量。干旱胁迫降低黑麦草生物量,对土壤有机碳影响不显著,但显著改善蚯蚓存在土壤的pH值。黑麦草生物量与土壤总磷、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷显著正相关。偏最小二乘路径分析表明蚯蚓活动显著提高土壤全量和速效养分含量,湿润条件下速效养分对植被生物量具有显著正效应,干旱条件下其作用不显著。综上,蚯蚓活动改善土壤肥力状况,促进植被生长,蚯蚓活动可缓解干旱对植被生长的不利影响。研究结果对深入认识蚯蚓对生态系统作用具有重要意义,为退化土地生态修复管理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

20.
The objectives of our study were to quantify the impact of endogeic earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) on iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) mobility and availability in soil. Dried rye straw (Cecale cereale L.), clover aboveground parts (Trifolium pratense L.) or calcium carbonate were added to determine the effects on soil micronutrient mobility. To test the importance of soil–water saturation mediated by earthworms, soil samples were modified to 60% (control) and 100% (as in casts) water holding capacity (WHC). To assess availability of micronutrients, a cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus L.) bioassay were used. Earthworm casts had generally higher amounts of water-soluble micronutrients compared with bulk soils regardless of their moisture contents. The increased micronutrient mobility was more pronounced in casts from soil samples amended with plant residues (especially with straw) and was significantly higher than mobility in control soil for at least 1 week after the casts were deposited. Pre-incubation of soils amended with clover or straw with living earthworms for 4 weeks produced an increase in both shoot biomass and translocation rate of micronutrients (Mn, Zn) into xylem sap of cucumber compared to soils not worked by earthworms. The earthworm-mediated plant performances were determined 4 weeks after the earthworms were removed. The results demonstrated that earthworms can significantly impact the formation of mobile and available micronutrients in a soil. The relationship between micronutrient availability to cucumber plants and earthworm contribution to nitrogen (N) mineralization and micronutrient mobility are discussed.  相似文献   

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