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1.
Information on temporal and spatial variation in weed seedling populations within agricultural fields is very important for weed population assessment and management. Primarily, spatial information allows a potential reduction in herbicide use, when post‐emergent herbicides are only applied to field sections with high weed infestation levels. This paper presents a system for site‐specific weed control in sugar beet, maize, winter wheat, winter barley, winter rape and spring barley. The system includes on‐line weed detection using digital image analysis, computer‐based decision making and Global Positioning System‐controlled patch spraying. In a 2‐year study, herbicide use with this map‐based approach was reduced in winter cereals by 6–81% for herbicides against broad leaved weeds and 20–79% for grass weed herbicides. Highest savings were achieved in cereals followed by sugar beet, maize and winter rape. The efficacy of weed control varied from 85% to 98%, indicating that site‐specific weed management will not result in higher infestation levels in the following crops. 相似文献
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Selectivity of foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone‐methyl and classic herbicides in sensitive and non‐sensitive sugar beet genotypes 
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下载免费PDF全文 A new herbicide for sugar beet cultivation using the ALS‐inhibiting active ingredients foramsulfuron and thiencarbazone‐methyl is under approval in the EU member states. Sugar beet genotypes that are non‐sensitive to this herbicide are currently under development. Selectivity of the ALS‐inhibiting herbicide and yield response of the non‐sensitive genotypes might be relevant to meet the requirements for variety registration. To evaluate these issues, six field trials were conducted in Germany in 2013 and 2014. Classic herbicides and the ALS‐inhibitor herbicide were applied in dosages of up to fourfold the authorised (or applied for) application rates. The ALS‐inhibitor herbicide did not cause any significant phytotoxicity and had no effect on leaf area index at a single, double or fourfold dosage. By contrast, classic herbicides had significant negative effects at the single dosage. At fourfold dosage, they caused 41% phytotoxicity and reduced leaf area index by 35%. The relative yield difference between ALS‐inhibitor and classic herbicide treatments was 8.6% and 17.4% of white sugar yield at double and fourfold dosage respectively. The ALS‐inhibitor herbicide thus showed higher selectivity than the classic herbicides. In the registration process, the resulting yield advantage could balance a possible yield penalty of non‐sensitive genotypes. The introduction of a new system for weed control could improve application flexibility and control of troublesome weeds in sugar beet. 相似文献
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《Weed Research》1962,2(3):153-164
Summary. Information on the use of herbicides in the 1959-60 crop year was collected from a stratified random sample of farms in each of four arable farming districts in Eastern England.
In each of the surveyed districts about 80% or more of the area under cereals, 10-20% of other tillage crops and about 10% of the grassland was treated with herbicides. In the three diatricts where peas were widely grown most of this crop was also treated. Contract services were used most on the smaller farms.
MCPA was the most widely used herbicide on cereals, but in two of the four districts mecoprop was also often used. Manufacturer's reeommendations for rates of application were followed fairly closely for MCPA on cereal crops which were not undersown but MCPA was also used on much of the undersown cereals in spite of the risk of damage to the legumes. MCPB and mecoprop were often applied to cereals at rather lower rates than those generally recommended, Little detailed information was obtained about when herbicides were applied but clearly most farmers were influenced more by general crop appearance (and possibly date) than by the stage of growth of crop or weeds.
The weeds most often mentioned by farmers as occurring on areas treated with herbicide were Cirsium spp., Sinapis arvensis. Galium aparine, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album and Rumex spp. The weeds which were most frequently difficult to control were Avena spp. Polygonum persicaria, Tussilago farfara, Stellaria media and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora. The herbicides used were usually appropriate for the weeds which they were intended to control and nine out of every ten farmers asked were satistified with the results of treatment; it was very rare for any detrimental effect on crops to have been noted.
L'emploi d'herbicides dans quatre régions agricoles de l'est de l'Angleterre 1959-60 相似文献
In each of the surveyed districts about 80% or more of the area under cereals, 10-20% of other tillage crops and about 10% of the grassland was treated with herbicides. In the three diatricts where peas were widely grown most of this crop was also treated. Contract services were used most on the smaller farms.
MCPA was the most widely used herbicide on cereals, but in two of the four districts mecoprop was also often used. Manufacturer's reeommendations for rates of application were followed fairly closely for MCPA on cereal crops which were not undersown but MCPA was also used on much of the undersown cereals in spite of the risk of damage to the legumes. MCPB and mecoprop were often applied to cereals at rather lower rates than those generally recommended, Little detailed information was obtained about when herbicides were applied but clearly most farmers were influenced more by general crop appearance (and possibly date) than by the stage of growth of crop or weeds.
The weeds most often mentioned by farmers as occurring on areas treated with herbicide were Cirsium spp., Sinapis arvensis. Galium aparine, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album and Rumex spp. The weeds which were most frequently difficult to control were Avena spp. Polygonum persicaria, Tussilago farfara, Stellaria media and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora. The herbicides used were usually appropriate for the weeds which they were intended to control and nine out of every ten farmers asked were satistified with the results of treatment; it was very rare for any detrimental effect on crops to have been noted.
L'emploi d'herbicides dans quatre régions agricoles de l'est de l'Angleterre 1959-60 相似文献
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Recommended field application rates of herbicides have to give effective weed control in every situation and are, thus, often higher than that required for specific fields. An understanding of the interaction between crop:weed competition and herbicide dose may, in many cases, allow herbicide application rates to be reduced, important both environmentally and economically. We have developed a model of the interaction between crop:weed competition and herbicide dose, using an empirical model of the relationship between crop yield and weed biomass (related to weed density), and an empirical model of the relationship between weed biomass and herbicide dose. The combined model predicts crop yield, given herbicide dose and weed biomass at an interim assessment date. These crop yield loss predictions may be used to quantify the herbicide dose required to restrict yield loss to a given percentage. Parameters of the model were estimated and the model tested, using results from experiments, which used cultivated oats ( Avena sativa ) or oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) as model weeds in a crop of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ).For the crop:weed:herbicide combinations investigated there was little increase in crop yield for herbicide dose rates above 20% of recommended field rates, in broad agreement with the model predictions. There may still be potential for further reduction below this level on economic grounds; the model could be used to estimate the `break-even' herbicide dose. 相似文献
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Real-time weed detection, decision making and patch spraying in maize, sugarbeet, winter wheat and winter barley 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Information on temporal and spatial variation in weed seedling populations within agricultural fields is very important for weed population assessment and management. Most of all, it allows a potential reduction in herbicide use, when post‐emergence herbicides are only applied to field sections with weed infestation levels higher than the economic weed threshold; a review of such work is provided. This paper presents a system for site‐specific weed control in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), maize (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), including online weed detection using digital image analysis, computer‐based decision making and global positioning systems (GPS)‐controlled patch spraying. In a 4‐year study, herbicide use with this map‐based approach was reduced in winter cereals by 60% for herbicides against broad‐leaved weeds and 90% for grass weed herbicides. In sugarbeet and maize, average savings for grass weed herbicides were 78% in maize and 36% in sugarbeet. For herbicides against broad‐leaved weeds, 11% were saved in maize and 41% in sugarbeet. 相似文献
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Martin Weis Christoph Gutjahr Victor Rueda Ayala Roland Gerhards Carina Ritter Florian Schölderle 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2008,60(4):171-181
Site-specific weed control techniques have gained interest in the precision farming community over the last years. Managing weeds on a subfield level requires measuring the varying density of weeds within a field. Decision models aid in the selection and adjustment of the treatments, depending on the weed infestation. The weed control can be done either with herbicides or mechanically. A site-specific herbicide application technology can save large amounts of herbicides. Mechanical weed control techniques adapting to the weed situation in the field are applicable to a wide spectrum of crops. Site-specific techniques for the detection and management of weeds are presented. A system for the discrimination of different weed species and crops from images is described, which generates weed maps automatically. Models for the yield effect of weeds are developed and applied in on-farm-research experimental setups. Economic weed thresholds are derived and used for a herbicide application with a patch sprayer. 相似文献
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Herbicide hormesis is commonly observed at subtoxic doses of herbicides and other phytotoxins. The occurrence and magnitude of this phenomenon are influenced by plant growth stage and physiological status, environmental factors, the endpoint measured and the timing between treatment and endpoint measurement. The mechanism in some cases of herbicide hormesis appears to be related to the target site of the herbicide, whereas in other examples hormesis may be by overcompensation to moderate stress induced by the herbicides or a response to disturbed homeostasis. Theoretically, herbicide hormesis could be used in crop production, but this has been practical only in the case of the use of herbicides as sugar cane ‘ripeners’ to enhance sucrose accumulation. The many factors that can influence the occurrence, the magnitude and the dose range of hormetic increases in yield for most crops make it too unpredictable and risky as a production practice with the currently available knowledge. Herbicide hormesis can cause undesired effects in situations in which weeds are unintentionally exposed to hormetic doses (e.g. in adjacent fields, when shielded by crop vegetation). Some weeds that have evolved herbicide resistance may have hormetic responses to recommended herbicide application rates. Little is known about such effects under field conditions. A more complete understanding of herbicide hormesis is needed to exploit its potential benefits and to minimize its potential harmful effects in crop production. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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The development of acetolactate synthase (ALS) tolerant sugar beet provides new opportunities for weed control in sugar beet cultivation. The system consists of an ALS?inhibiting herbicide (foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone‐methyl) and a herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet variety. Previously, the use of ALS‐inhibitors in sugar beet was limited due to the susceptibility of the crop to active ingredients from this mode of action. The postulated benefits of cultivation of the ALS‐tolerant sugar beet are associated with potential risks. Up to now, with no relevant proportion of herbicide‐tolerant crops in Germany, ALS‐inhibitors are used in many different crops. An additional use in sugar beet cultivation could increase the selection pressure for ALS‐resistant weeds. To evaluate the impact of varying intensity of ALS‐inhibitor use on two weed species (Alopecurus myosuroides and Tripleurospermum perforatum) in a crop rotation, field trials were conducted in Germany in two locations from 2014 to 2017. Weed densities, genetic resistance background and crop yields were annually assessed. The results indicate that it is possible to control ALS‐resistant weeds with an adapted herbicide strategy in a crop rotation including herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet. According to the weed density and species, the herbicide strategy must be extended to graminicide treatment in sugar beet, and a residual herbicide must be used in winter wheat. The spread of resistant biotypes in our experiments could not be attributed to the integration of herbicide‐tolerant cultivars, although the application of ALS‐inhibitors promoted the development of resistant weed populations. Annual use of ALS‐inhibitors resulted in significant high weed densities and caused seriously yield losses. Genetic analysis of surviving weed plants confirmed the selection of ALS‐resistant biotypes. 相似文献
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Rabiatuladawiyah Ruzmi Muhammad S. Ahmad‐Hamdani Baki B. Bakar 《Weed Biology and Management》2017,17(1):3-16
The management of weeds in Malaysian rice fields is very much herbicide‐based. The heavy reliance on herbicide for weed control by many rice‐growers arguably eventually has led to the development and evolution of herbicide‐resistant biotypes in Malaysian rice fields over the years. The continuous use of synthetic auxin (phenoxy group) herbicides and acetohydroxyacid synthase‐inhibiting herbicides to control rice weeds was consequential in leading to the emergence and prevalence of resistant weed biotypes. This review discusses the history and confirmed cases and incidence of herbicide‐resistant weeds in Malaysian rice fields. It also reviews the Clearfield Production System and its impact on the evolution of herbicide resistance among rice weed species and biotypes. This review also emphasizes the strategies and management options for herbicide‐resistant rice field weeds within the framework of herbicide‐based integrated weed management. These include the use of optimum tillage practices, certified clean seeds, increased crop competition through high seeding rates, crop rotation, the application of multiple modes of action of herbicides in annual rotations, tank mixtures and sequential applications to enable a broad spectrum of weed control, increase the selective control of noxious weed species in a field and help to delay the resistance evolution by reducing the selection pressure that is forced on those weed populations by a specific herbicidal mode of action. 相似文献
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Allelopathy is a naturally occurring ecological phenomenon of interference among organisms that may be employed for managing weeds, insect pests and diseases in field crops. In field crops, allelopathy can be used following rotation, using cover crops, mulching and plant extracts for natural pest management. Application of allelopathic plant extracts can effectively control weeds and insect pests. However, mixtures of allelopathic water extracts are more effective than the application of single-plant extract in this regard. Combined application of allelopathic extract and reduced herbicide dose (up to half the standard dose) give as much weed control as the standard herbicide dose in several field crops. Lower doses of herbicides may help to reduce the development of herbicide resistance in weed ecotypes. Allelopathy thus offers an attractive environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides in agricultural pest management. In this review, application of allelopathy for natural pest management, particularly in small-farm intensive agricultural systems, is discussed. 相似文献
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M. Horowitz 《Weed Research》1966,6(1):1-21
Summary. A series of experiments was carried out in glasshouses and in fields to study the - behaviour of PEBC and its possible use for weed control in different beet crops as compared with other herbicides. The loss by volatilization of PEBC does not seem to constitute an important factor of dissipation, when the herbicide is applied on dry soil without incorporation; the herbicidal activity was even increased after an exposure of several days on the dry soil surface. The clay and organic matter content of the soil affected the activity of PEBC. In the field trials on sugar beet, fodder beet and red beet, PEBC was sprayed on dry soil before or after planting and activated by sprinkler irrigation or rainfall after 12 or 48 hr. In the pre-planting experiment, deep incorporation by disk-harrow and shallow incorporation by roller were compared with a non-incorporated treatment; the herbicidal activity of PEBG was significantly lower with deep incorporation. In two pre-emergence experiments, incorporation by rolling was compared with non-incorporation; the control of weeds susceptible to PEBC was somewhat better when the application was followed by rolling. PEBC was active against annual grasses and fairly active against Amaranthus spp. and Portulaca oleracea, which constitute the majority of the weeds infesting beet fields in Israel. Cruciferae were quite tolerant and perennial weeds were resistant to PEBC. Sugar beet, fodder beet and red beet tolerated doses of PEBC capable of satisfactory weed control. The activity of PEBC treatment lasted for 1 or 2 months. Under the specific conditions of beet cultivation in Israel, the application of PEBC before emergence, possibly followed by rolling, appears to be a promising herbicidal treatment. Untersuchungen über die Eigenschaften von PEBC (S-propyl N-Aubuty N-äthylthiolcarbamat) und dessen Eignung zur Unkrautbekämpfung in Rüben. 相似文献
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The implications of spatially variable pre‐emergence herbicide efficacy for weed management 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Helen Metcalfe Alice E Milne Richard Hull Alistair J Murdoch Jonathan Storkey 《Pest management science》2018,74(3):755-765
BACKGROUND
The efficacy of pre‐emergence herbicides within fields is spatially variable as a consequence of soil heterogeneity. We quantified the effect of soil organic matter on the efficacy of two pre‐emergence herbicides, flufenacet and pendimethalin, against Alopecurus myosuroides and investigated the implications of variation in organic matter for weed management using a crop–weed competition model.RESULTS
Soil organic matter played a critical role in determining the level of control achieved. The high organic matter soil had more surviving weeds with higher biomass than the low organic matter soil. In the absence of competition, surviving plants recovered to produce the same amount of seed as if no herbicide had been applied. The competition model predicted that weeds surviving pre‐emergence herbicides could compensate for sublethal effects even when competing with the crop. The ED50 (median effective dose) was higher for weed seed production than seedling mortality or biomass. This difference was greatest on high organic matter soil.CONCLUSION
These results show that the application rate of herbicides should be adjusted to account for within‐field variation in soil organic matter. The results from the modelling emphasised the importance of crop competition in limiting the capacity of weeds surviving pre‐emergence herbicides to compensate and replenish the seedbank. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献16.
A number of herbicides and herbicide mixtures which are being used for the post-emergence control of weeds in maize on the Transvaal Highveld, have been tested for their efficiency in the control of problem weeds. The evaluation was done under standardized conditions. The influence of the herbicides on the plants was evaluated by using the following bioassay methods: percentage mortality and the percentage dry mass difference between the test plants and the control 10 days after treatment. Recommendations are made as to which herbicides could be used most effectively on problem weeds post-emergence in maize fields. The developmental stage (age) at which each herbicide is most effective, has been determined. 相似文献
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杂草对AHAS抑制剂的抗药性分子机理研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
除草剂在田间的重复及不合理使用,导致了杂草抗药性的发生和发展。其中AHAS抑制剂由于靶标单一,抗性发展十分迅速。截至2009年,已有103种杂草对AHAS抑制剂产生了抗药性,占19类化学除草剂总抗药性杂草生物型的近1/3。从AHAS基因突变位点及种类与杂草抗药性水平的关系、AHAS基因突变与AHAS酶活性的关系、AHAS基因拷贝数与杂草抗药性的关系以及AHAS酶与除草剂结合前后的三维结构等方面,综述了杂草对AHAS抑制剂产生抗药性的机理,旨在为AHAS抑制剂抗性研究提供参考。并对自然种群目标基因的等位基因检测技术(ECOTILLING)和衍生型酶切扩增多态性序列(dCAPS)两种通过检测等位基因多态性的手段快速诊断抗药性杂草的新技术进行了介绍,讨论了延缓杂草抗药性发生和发展的策略。 相似文献
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除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利, 但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加, 抗性形成机制复杂, 导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种, 一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性, 另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展, 以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。 相似文献
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Ian M. Heap 《Pest management science》1997,51(3):235-243
The 1995/6 International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds recorded 183 herbicide-resistant weed biotypes (124 different species) in 42 countries. The increase in the number of new herbicide-resistant weeds has remained relatively constant since 1978, at an average of nine new cases per year worldwide. Whilst 61 weed species have evolved resistance to triazine herbicides, this figure now only accounts for one-third of all documented herbicide-resistant biotypes. Triazine-resistant weeds have been controlled successfully in many countries by the use of alternative herbicides. Due to the economic importance of ALS and ACCase inhibitor herbicides worldwide, and the ease with which weeds have evolved resistance to them, it is likely that ALS and ACCase inhibitor-resistant weeds will present farmers with greater problems in the next five years than triazine-resistant weeds have caused in the past 25 years. Thirty-three weed species have evolved resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides in 11 countries. ALS-inhibitor-resistant weeds are most problematic in cereal, corn/soybean and rice production. Thirteen weed species have evolved resistance to ACCase inhibitors, also in 11 countries. ACCase inhibitor resistance in Lolium and Avena spp. threatens cereal production in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and the USA. Fourteen weed species have evolved resistance to urea herbicides. Isoproturon-resistant Phalaris minor infesting wheat fields in North West India and chlorotoluron-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides in Europe are of significant economic importance. Although 27 weed species have evolved resistance to bipyridilium herbicides, and 14 weed species have evolved resistance to synthetic auxins, the area infested and the availability of alternative herbicides have kept their impact minimal. The lack of alternative herbicides to control weeds with multiple herbicide resistance, such as Lolium rigidum and Alopecurus myosuroides, makes these the most challenging resistance problems. The recent discovery of glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum in Australia is a timely reminder that sound herbicide-resistant management strategies will remain important after the widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops. ©1997 SCI 相似文献