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1.
Sheep from the areas of Fondouk-Jeddid, Bir Mchergua and El Fahs, located in the Northeast of Tunisia, were examined by ultrasonography between 2001 and 2004 in order to assess their infection with Echinococcus granulosus, the agent of hydatid disease, and to evaluate this method as an efficient aire for hydatid cysts. A total of 1039 sheep, aged between 1 and 14 years was examined. The highest prevalence was found in sheep aged more than 8 years. The least infected animals were aged between 1 and 2 years. All hydatid cysts detected by ultrasound were located in the liver. In all age-groups, the dead cysts were more numerous than viable cysts. Eighteen positive sheep were autopsied and a comparison between ultrasound and autopsy results was performed. The results showed a prevalence of about 40% for the three areas. Ultrasonography allowed the cysts, deep or superficial to localize in the central or left part in relation to the caudal vena cava of the animals. Consequently, all the cysts were not detected with this technique. This work shows that ultrasonography confirms the importance of ovine hydatid cyst in Tunisia and that its use as a mass screening approach for cystic echinococcosis in sheep could be helpful for the monitoring of this disease in a hydatid control program without great stress for the animals.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to determine the fertility and viability of hydatid cysts in slaughtered sheep and cattle. Cysts were collected from the liver and lungs of 169 sheep and 171 cattle infected with Echinococcus granulosus when slaughtered in industrial abattoir in Sari, Iran, 2007–2008. Fertility was determined by the examination of cyst fluid for the presence of protoscoleces. The viability of the protoscoleces was assessed by staining with 0.1% aqueous eosin solution. The fertility rates of hepatic cyst of sheep and cattle were 47.1% and 1.4%, respectively and the fertility rates of pulmonary cyst of sheep and cattle were 39.4% and 8.1%. In the sheep, the fertility of cysts in the liver was higher than that in lungs, but in the cattle the fertility of cysts in lungs was higher than liver. The viability of protoscoleces of fertile cysts for sheep and cattle were about 76.9% and 82.5%, respectively. Based on the finding in the present study, effort should be made to control transmission of cystic echinococcosis by safe disposal of Echinococcus cysts such that dogs cannot have access to the cysts.  相似文献   

3.
Of 771 regularly slaughtered Sardinian breed sheep, 580 (75%) were found infected with Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts. Seventy-nine sheep (10.3%) had at least 1 fertile cyst. The prevalence of sheep infected with purulent/caseous cysts, calcified cysts and sterile cysts was 13, 59 and 28%, respectively. The age of sheep was positively associated with the probability of infection that increased 1.15 fold for each further year of age. Fertile cysts were found in the lungs of 46 sheep (6%) and in the liver of 13 sheep (1.7%), and in the lung and the liver of 20 sheep (2.6%). Most fertile cysts were found in the lungs (314) and most sheep were infected with less than 10 cysts. When analyzed by a mixed-effect logistic model, the probability to find fertile cysts in the lungs was three times higher compared to the liver and it increased with the age of the sheep (rho = 0.70, p < 0.001). Of 4072 collected cysts, 532 were fertile, 178 purulent/caseous, 2339 calcified and 1023 sterile.  相似文献   

4.
In the present study, 115 stray dogs (56 males and 59 females, mixed breed), 86 golden jackal (Canis aureus, 42 males and 44 females), 60 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, 33 males and 27 females), and three female wolves (Canis lupus) were examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection, as well as, 32,898 sheep, 10,691 goats, 15,779 cattle and 659 buffaloes for hydatid infection from five provinces in western Iran during 3 years (1997-2000). Meanwhile fertility rates of different types and forms of cysts isolated from infected animals and the viability of protoscolices were also determined. Results indicated that 19.1% of the dogs, 2.3% of the golden jackals and 5% of the red foxes were infected with Echinococcus granulosus. 11.1% of the sheep, 6.3% of the goats, 16.4% of the cattle and 12.4% of the buffaloes were also found to be infected with hydatid cyst. The cysts isolated from liver and lungs of the sheep show higher fertility rate than the cysts of liver and lungs of goats, cattle and buffaloes.  相似文献   

5.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of lufenuron, a benzylphenylurea with ability to interfere with the formation of insect exoskeleton, as a therapeutic drug for larval echinococcosis (hydatid disease). For this purpose lufenuron, alone or in combination with albendazole, was administered to CD1 mice bearing Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts in the peritoneal cavity. Neither of the drugs alone was able to exert parasiticidal effects. However, in combination with albendazole, lufenuron reduced the growth of cysts (30-40% in cyst diameter respect to control, p<0.05). This effect was associated with ultrastructural alterations of the hydatid cyst wall and a reduction of the content of myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate, the major component of the electron dense granules of the laminated layer. Overall, this work provides evidence that lufenuron could represent a useful compound for the use in chemotherapy against larval echinococcosis, by enhancing albendazole parasiticidal activity.  相似文献   

6.
An investigation was carried out to study the prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus hydatidosis in feral pigs (Sus domesticus) in the Charters Towers region of tropical North Queensland. Data were collected from a total of 238 carcasses, which were hunted and shot in the Burdekin River catchment area. Organs of the abdominal, thoracic, and pelvic cavities were examined for the presence of hydatid cysts. In the laboratory, cysts and hydatid cyst fluids were examined under a stereoscopic binocular microscope and a compound microscope. An overall prevalence of E. granulosus hydatid cysts in feral pigs was found to be 31.1%. There was no significant difference in either sex or age between infected and non-infected feral pigs. The predilection sites of cysts were livers (23%) and lungs (62%), with more cysts in lungs (252) than livers (48). The ratio of livers to lungs infected with fertile cysts was 1:4 compared to 1:8 sterile cysts. The overall fertility of cysts was 70.1%. The percentage of fertile cysts in liver and lung was 79.2% and 68.7%, respectively. The diameter of fertile cysts ranged from 15 to over 60 mm. There was no significant difference in size between fertile and non-fertile cysts in lungs. The high prevalence rate and fertility of cysts in feral pigs confirm that feral pigs can take part in the sylvatic cycle of the parasite in the region. The public health significance of this observation is potentially very important.  相似文献   

7.
The sanitary and economic impact of cystic echinococcosis is serious in those countries where it becomes endemic. Ultrasonography is one technique that may be used to diagnose this disease in endemic areas. In parasitized sheep, hydatid cysts appear sonographically as a round hypoechoic structure. Twenty two sheep destined for slaughter were studied sonographically and imaging findings compared to post-mortem findings. Three sheep with hydatid cysts were identified. Eighty additional sheep not destined for slaughter were also studied. Echinococcus granulosus cysts were detected in three animals. Forty sheep from a non-endemic area had no hepatic cysts. The in vivo sonographic study of sheep provides a useful screening tool for echinococcosis.  相似文献   

8.
了解当前四川省家畜包虫病流行状况,为国家防治包虫病行动计划和省包虫病综合防控工程规划的启动和实施提供基础数据。通过眼观、触摸、刀切囊肿的方法检查定点屠宰场牛、羊的肝、肺包虫病感染情况,采用细粒棘球绦虫犬粪抗原抗体夹心ELISA检查犬感染情况,采用问卷、实地走访、座谈等方式进行基线调查。若尔盖、理塘和色达3个县的牛包虫病平均感染率、羊包虫病平均感染率、犬感染细粒棘球绦虫平均感染率分别为21.27%(67/315)、29.52%(62/210)、14.57%(44/302);随机调查12个村,464个人中有12人曾患包虫病(2.59%)。"包虫病传播途径、动物能否传播给人、家犬如何驱虫、病畜内脏如何处理"4项包虫病常识的单项认知率分别为33.33%、44.17%、34.17%、38.33%。包虫病在我省部分疫区流行广泛,危害严重,犬细粒棘球绦虫的感染率和牛、羊的包虫病感染率之间存在一定的相关性。通过采取加大财政专项投入,加强传染源的控制,加强家畜防治和屠宰监督管理,加大宣传教育力度等综合防控措施才能有效地防控包虫病。  相似文献   

9.
The study was conducted from May 2005 to December 2006 in Bahir Dar Abattoir to assess the current status of hydatidosis in cattle and sheep. Hydatid cyst count and characterization were conducted based on routine meat inspection. Of the total 420 cattle and 340 sheep slaughtered in Bahir Dar Abattoir 143 (34.05%) and 36 (10.6%) animals were found harboring hydatid cysts respectively. Thorough meat inspection in the abattoir revealed that 202 and 54 visceral organs were found harboring one or more hydatid cysts in cattle and sheep respectively. Differences in prevalence rates between the two species of animals were highly significant (P < 0.001). The infection of the lung, liver, kidney, spleen and heart were found to be 57.9% , 36.6% , 3% , 1.5% , 1% in cattle and 50%, 48.1% and 1.9% in sheep respectively. From the total of 864 in cattle and 138 in sheep hydatid cysts counted 315 (36.4%), 268 (31.0%), 65 (7.5%), 216 (25.0%) in cattle and 92 (66.7%), 20 (14.5%), 1 (0.7%), 25 (18.1%) in sheep were found to be small, medium, large and calcified cysts respectively and 484 (56.0%), 164 (18.9%), 216 (25%) in cattle and 35 (25.4%), 78 (56.5%), 25 (18.1%) in sheep were sterile, fertile and calcified cysts respectively. Viability rates of 62.2% in cattle and 78.2% in sheep were observed. The rate of cyst calcification was higher in the liver than in the lung while fertility rate was higher among the cysts of the lung for both cattle and sheep.  相似文献   

10.
This study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts in sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey. A total of 3.2% of 553 lambs and 50.9% of 1320 adults were found to be infected with hydatid cysts. The most common locations of cysts were in the liver and lung. Liver cysts tended to be more fertile than lung cysts (81.53% v. 76.47%), though the difference was not significant. The mean number of viable protoscoleces in the liver and lung cysts were 12,400 and 5,800, respectively. In general, 1-10 cysts were found in liver (51.8%) and lung (64.7%). The findings of this study indicate that hydatid cysts are common in sheep and the fertility rate of cysts is quite high. Sheep play an important role in the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in this region.  相似文献   

11.
A survey on the frequency of hydatid disease in animals slaughtered in Cairo abattoir revealed that the percentage in camels, sheep, pigs, cows and buffaloes attained 31.0%, 1.33%, 4.62%, 0.0% and 0.0% respectively. In camels and pigs the lungs were the main predilection sites of hydatid cysts, while in sheep the liver was the most infested organ. The wall thickness of the cysts was different according to the host species and the location of the cyst. The parasitic membrane of the cysts collected from camels consisted of two layers, an outer layer rich with mucopolysaccharides, and an inner germinal layer; some of its cells were rich with glycogen others were charged with lipids; the latter were mainly concentrated at the origin of the brood capsule. Hydatid cysts from camels showed a large number of calcareous bodies which stained deeply with both von Kossa stain and alcian blue stain. The majority of the examined cysts from sheep showed non-fertile germinal membranes. The most characteristic feature observed in the cysts collected from pigs was the presence of large amounts of fat droplets.  相似文献   

12.
The aim of this study was to develop an immunological method for the identification of sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus which would allow the monitoring of animals imported into countries free from hydatidosis and as an aid to countries where control schemes for the disease are in operation. Three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed and validated, using as antigen either a purified 8 kDa hydatid cyst fluid protein (8kDaELISA), a recombinant EG95 oncosphere protein (OncELISA) or a crude protoscolex preparation (ProtELISA). Sera used for the assay validations were obtained from 249 sheep infected either naturally or experimentally with E. granulosus and from 1012 non-infected sheep. The highest diagnostic sensitivity was obtained using the ProtELISA at 62.7 and 51.4%, depending on the cut-off. Assay sensitivities were lower for the 8kDaELISA and the OncELISA. Diagnostic specificities were high, ranging from 95.8 to 99.5%, depending on the ELISA type and cut-off level chosen. A few sera from 39 sheep infected with T. hydatigena and from 19 sheep infected with T. ovis were recorded as positive. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that the dominant antigenic components in the crude protoscolex antigen preparation were macromolecules of about 70-150 kDa, most likely representing polysaccharides. This study demonstrated that the ProtELISA was the most effective immunological method of those assessed for detection of infection with E. granulosus in sheep. Because of its limited diagnostic sensitivity of about 50-60%, it should be useful for the detection of the presence of infected sheep on a flock basis and cannot be used for reliable identification of individual animals infected with E. granulosus.  相似文献   

13.
Hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus is a major zoonotic diseases. In addition to imposing heavy economic losses, the disease is a public health problem worldwide. The larval stage of the parasite (hydatid cyst) is formed in a wide range of domestic, wild and human beings as intermediate hosts. On the other, its recurrence has been reported anywhere as a reemerging disease. Although the cysts have some evading mechanisms, both human TH1 and TH2 cells subsets are stimulated. Because of increasing resistance and adverse effects of medications such as abnormalities of liver and other organs functions and abdominal pain, seeking alternative therapeutic approaches to be inexpensive, easy available, with low side effects and toxicity seems essential. However, the lack of information on the social and economic welfares of herbal medicines for the industrial scale application is a limitation. Zataria Multiflora bois (ZMB) has exhibited huge advantages and tremendous protoscolicidal effects as demonstrated by numerous studies and its combination therapies with anti-parasitic drugs have exerted desirable outcomes in vitro and in vivo. Noticeably, the compound confers negligible side effects or toxicity even at high concentrations. ZMB has exhibited promising inhibitory effects against hydatid cyst, particularly when combined with chemical drugs and in formulations of nanoemulsions. Its immunomodulatory effects include increase of nitric oxide production (NO) and protection of hepatic cells (Kupffer cells, fat-storing cells, and endothelial cells), enhancement of macrophages and T cells and increase of cytokines production. This study aimed at assessment of ZMB traits for application against hydatid cyst protoscolices.  相似文献   

14.
Mebendazole given per os was found to be effective against larval Echinococcus granulosus infection in pigs. Twenty-four pigs were experimentally inoculated with adult E. granulosus tapeworms. Mebendazole (40 mg/kg) or placebo was injected into six pigs 2 months after infection. Seven other pigs were given mebendazole (25 mg/kg) in their feed for 10 days twice (2 and 5 months after infection). Post-mortem examination performed 8 months after infection revealed that two of the pigs treated with mebendazole per os had a single hydatid cyst each; the other five pigs were free of infection. All eleven control untreated pigs were infected with between two and 21 cysts of E. granulosus.Mebendazole given intraperitoneally was not effective as mebendazole given per os in preventing the development of hydatid cysts in pigs.  相似文献   

15.
The study was carried out from July 2007 to June 2008 in Wolaita Sodo Abattoir to assess the status of hydatidosis in cattle. Routine meat inspection, hydatid cyst count and characterization were conducted. Out of 400 cattle slaughtered in Wolaita Sodo Abattoir 64 (16%) animals were found harboring hydatid cysts. Thorough meat inspection in the abattoir revealed that 74 visceral organ were found harboring one or more hydatid cysts. The infection of the lung, liver, spleen and kidney were found to be 45.94% 45.94%, 6.75% and 1.35% respectively. From the total of 283 hydatid cysts counted 153(54.06%), 17(6.00%), 5(1.76%), 108(38.16%) were found to be small, medium, large and calcified cysts respectively and 170(60.28%), 5(1.76%) and 108(38.16%) were sterile, fertile and calcified cysts respectively. The rate of cyst calcification was higher in the liver than in the lung while fertility rate was higher among the cysts of the lung. Hydatid cyst viability rate of 40% was observed.  相似文献   

16.
Hydatidosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases with a worldwide distribution and it seems that the survival of Echinococcus granulosus in nature for many years, is due to having different mechanisms to escape from the host immune systems. One of these efficient mechanisms is the production of various antigens and proteins by the larva of the parasite and the main purpose of this study is evaluation of manifestation of various antigens in different parts of intermediate host. The hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts were gathered from sheep and the antigens of different parts of the cysts (laminated layer, protoscolices and cyst fluid) were separated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and then transferred to nitrocellulose paper and finally, Western blot analysis was evaluated the immunogenicity of proteins. The antigens of laminated layer, protoscolices and hydatid cyst fluid, in different tissues of the liver and lungs, manifest various proteins and also these antigens are immunogenically different. Also, it is found more immunogenic proteins in the laminated layer than the other parts of the cysts. The various proteins are generated by Echinococcus granulosus larva depending on the type of tissues attacked by the parasite. Increasing the chance of survival may be the main cause of manifestation various antigens in different parts of cysts and host tissues. These antigenic variations might have made diagnostic serologic test unreliable.  相似文献   

17.
In order to monitor the progress of New Zealand's hydatids eradication campaign, a specific, serological, diagnostic test is required to identify infected sheep. An indirect haemagglutination test, using pyruvic aldehyde-stabilized sheep erythrocytes as the antigen carrier, was developed for the serodiagnosis of larval cestode infections of sheep. Using cyst fluid from Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis as the antigens in this test, it was shown that the larval cestode species, responsible for an infection in sheep harbouring a single specific infection, could be identified by the higher titre given with the homologous antigen, in comparison to that given with the heterologous antigens. Sera of sheep infected with two or more species were also tested by this method, and the only specific infections to be diagnosed by differential titres were those due to the presence of live E. granulosus cysts. These antigens cannot be used for the diagnosis of specific larval cestode infections in the field because of the cross-reactivity between cyst fluids. However, the test did show that infection with larval cestodes could be diagnosed on a non-specific basis.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of albendazole (10 mg kg-1 day-1) and praziquantel (50 mg kg-1 day-1) for 6 weeks on naturally infected sheep with pulmonary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus of proven viability were studied. Immediately following therapy, one of three sheep treated with praziquantel had viable cysts and 7 months later one of two sheep had viable cysts. One sheep died during albendazole therapy, but 7 months following therapy only one of five sheep had viable cysts. Electron microscopy demonstrated necrotic germinal layer tissue in most albendazole-treated cysts and praziquantel also had an effect on cyst ultrastructure. These data suggest that recurrence in humans treated with albendazole may be small. Whilst praziquantel was not particularly effective in this animal model, its clear effect on the ultrastructure suggests that an increased dose and combination therapy with albendazole may be more effective.  相似文献   

19.
A study on the prevalence and seasonal incidence of cestode parasite infections of sheep and goats was carried out in eastern Ethiopia for 2 years (May 2003-April 2005). During this period, viscera including liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and the gastro-intestinal tract were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at four abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga. At the abattoirs the abdominal, thoracic and pelvic cavities as well as the muscle surfaces of all animals were visually examined for the presence of larval (cystic) stages of cestode parasites. The viscera were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University and were examined for larval and adult cestodes following standard procedures. The most prevalent metacestodes (larval cestodes) were Cysticercus ovis (Taenia ovis), Cysticercus tenuicollis (T. hydatigena) and hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus). In sheep, the overall prevalence was 26% for C. ovis, 79% for C. tenuicollis, and 68% for hydatid cysts. Similarly, for goats, the corresponding prevalence was 22%, 53% and 65%, respectively. The difference between sheep and goats in prevalence of C. tenuicollis was significant. The high prevalence of hydatid cysts in both sheep and goats indicates that cystic echinococcosis/hydatidosis is a public health problem in these regions which requires implementation of control measures, including public health education, strict meat inspection and control of stray dogs. The results of the survey also implies that infections of small ruminants with these metacestodes are responsible for condemnation of substantial quantities of affected organs and muscles and therefore of direct economic importance. Intestinal infections with adult tapeworms of Moniezia expansa, Avitellina centripunctata and Stilesia globipunctata, and bile duct infections with Stilesia hepatica were also common in both sheep and goats. In sheep, the overall prevalence of these tapeworms were 61%, 20%, 24% and 39%, respectively. Similarly, the overall prevalence of these parasites in goats was 53%, 21%, 27% and 36%, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
Polysaccharide antigens were obtained from either the secretions produced during in vitro cultivation of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces or from mouse hydatid cyst membranes by phenol extraction. When either of these antigens was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody activities were detected in sera from sheep infected 27 or more weeks earlier with at least 100 E granulosus eggs. These antibody responses were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than those of sheep infected with Taenia hydatigena or T ovis and tested with the E granulosus antigens. Very high cross-reacting antibody responses in sera from sheep recently infected with T hydatigena were only detected with the protoscoleces secretions antigen. Neither antigen was sufficiently sensitive or specific for serodiagnostic use. However, when sera were first tested with one antigen and then with the other, and only sera that were positive in both tests were regarded as positive, the overall sensitivity and specificity of this two antigen method increased to about 80 per cent.  相似文献   

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