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1.
氮素形态对樱桃番茄果实氮素和有机酸代谢的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Cherry tomatoes(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.,cv.hongyangli) were hydroponically cultivated in a greenhouse to determine the effect of different nitrogen(N) forms on organic acid concentration and the activities of related enzymes involved in nitrogen and organic acid metabolism during cherry tomato fruit development.The results showed that fruit nitrate reductase(NR) activity was much higher following treatment with 100% NO 3 and 75% NO 3 + 25% NH + 4 than with 100% NH + 4 except at maturity.Glutamine synthetase(GS) activity trended downward during fruit development under all three treatments.Plants fed 100% NH + 4 had the lowest fruit citrate and malate levels at maturity,with the highest malate concentration at an early stage.The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC) was found to be in accord with the malate concentration with every N source.Under all three N forms,the citrate synthase(CS) activity peaked one week before the citrate concentration.  相似文献   

2.
增硝营养对水稻不同生育时期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  
The effect of nitrate （NO3^-） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity （GSA） in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium （NH4^＋） uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^＋-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75：25 （NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment） when compared with that of NH4^＋-N alone （NH4^＋ treatment） increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang＇ cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang＇ and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38＇, whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007＇ cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^＋ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate （Vmax） in the ‘Nanguang＇ and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^＋ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant （Kin） of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^＋ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ by NO3^-.  相似文献   

3.
The responses of three cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), one of the main vegetable crops in China, to different ratios of NH4+-N/NO3--N was investigated to find the optimal ratio of ammonium to nitrate for maximal growth and to explore ways of decreasing the nitrate content, increasing nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage, and determining distributions of nitrogen and carbon. Three cultivars of Chinese cabbage were hydroponically grown with three different NH4+-N/NO3--N ratios (0:100, 25:75 and 50:50). The optimal ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N for maximal growth of Chinese cabbage was 25:75. The increase in the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N significantly decreased nitrate content in various tissues of Chinese cabbage in the order of petiole > leaf blade > root. The highest total nitrogen (N) content was found when the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N was 25:75, and N contents in plant tissues were significantly different, mostly being in the order of leaf blade > petiole > root. At the NH4+-N/NO3--N ratio of 25:75, the biomasses of Chinese cabbage cultivars 'Shanghaiqing', 'Liangbaiye 1' and 'Kangre 605' increased by 47%, 14% and 27%, respectively. The biomass, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings and carbon content of 'Shanghaiqing' were all higher than those of 'Liangbaiye 1', while nitrate and total nitrogen contents were lower. Thus, partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium could improve vegetable production by both increasing yields and decreasing nitrate content of the plants.  相似文献   

4.
Li  L. M.  Wu  Q. T. 《土壤圈》1991,1(1):83-91
Studies have been made,by ^15N-tracer technique on nitrogen loss resulting from adding amorphous manganese oxide to NH4^ -N medium under anaerobic conditions.The fact that the total nitrogen recovery was decreased and that ^15NO2,^15N2O,^15N^14NO,^15NO,^15N2 and ^15N^14N were emitted has proved that,like amorphous iron oxide,amorphous manganese oxide can also act as an electron acceptor in the oxidation of NH4^ -N under anaerobic conditions and give rise to nitrogen loss.This once again illustrates another mechanism by which the loss of ammonium nitrogen in paddy soils is brought about by amorphous iron and manganese oxides.The quantity of nitrogen loss by amorphous manganese oxide increased with an increase in the amount of amorphous manganese oxide added and lessened with time of its aging.The nitrogen loss resulting from amorphous manganese oxide was less than that from amorphous iron oxide.And the nitrogen loss resulting from amorphous manganese oxide was less than that from amorphous iron oxide.And the nitrogen loss by cooperation of amorphous manganese oxide and microorganisms (soil suspension) was larger than that by amorphous manganese oxide alone.In the system,nitrogen loss was associated with the specific surface ares and oxidation-reduction of amorphous manganese oxide.However,their quantitative relationship and the exact reaction processes of nitrogen loss induced by amorphous manganese oxide remain to be further studied.  相似文献   

5.
氨的固定对土壤微生物氮的测定的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The effect of ammonium fixation on the estimation of soil microbial biomass N was studied by the standard fumigation-incubation(FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE) methods,NO3-N content of fumigated soil changed little during incubation,while the fixed NH4^ in soils capable of fixing NH4^ increased with the increase of K2SO4-extractable NH4-N.one day fumigation increased both extractable NH4^ and fixed NH4^ ,However,prolonged fumigation gave no further increase.One day fumigation caused significant loss of NO3-N,while prolonged fumigation caused no further loss.For soils tested,the net increases of fixed NH4^ in fumigated soil equaled to 0-94% of NH4-N flush measured by the FI metod,and 1-74% of extractable N measured by the FE method.depending on different soils.It is concluded that the ammonium fixation was one of the processes taking place in soils during fumigation as well as incubation ofter fumigation and should not be neglected in the estimation of microbial biomass nitrogen by either FI or FE method.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
无菌砂培条件下三种农作物对甘氨酸的吸收   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
Seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) and mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) were grown for 30 days in sterile sand media with 6 N treatments, I.e. NH4+-N, glycine-N, 3 different ratios of glycine-N:NH4+-N (NH4+-N was labeled with 15N) and a control receiving no N, to assess the importance of amino acids in excessive N nutrition along with inorganic N interactions. The contribution of nitrogen derived from glycine-N to total plant N was investigated. The total plant N of the three species treated with N was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the control treatment. Also, seedlings from all the three species had significantly more total N as NH4+-N (P < 0.05) than at least two of the four treatments with glycine-N. However, for all species, differences in total N among treatments with a mixture of glycine-N and NH4+-N were mostly not significant. The contribution of N derived from glycine-N to plant total N content for all species increased with increasing glycine-N:NH4+-N ratio in the treatment solution. These results indicated that agricultural plants could effectively use organic nitrogen from organic nitrogen sources (e.g. glycine) and from organic and inorganic N mixtures (e.g. a glycine-N and NH4+-N mix). There were also genotypic differences in glycine-N and NH4+-N uptake by agricultural species.  相似文献   

8.
The dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen （NH4^＋ -N and NO3^- -N） and microbial biomass carbon （Cmic） and nitrogen （Nmic） under 30-year-old fenced Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litvin （SF）, unfenced P. sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litvin （SUF）, and unfenced Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. （DUF） plantations in the Zhanggutai sandy soil of China were studied during Apr. to Oct. 2004 by the in situ closed-top core incubation method. All mentioned C and N indices in each stand type fluctuated over time. The ranges of inorganic N, Cmic, and Nmic contents in the three stand types were 0.7-2.6, 40.0-128.9, and 5.4-15.2 μg g^-1, respectively. The average contents of soil NH4^＋ -N and Cmic under the three 30-year-old pine plantations were not different. However, soil NO3^ -N and total inorganic N contents decreased in the order of SUF ≥ SF ≥ DUF, the Nmic content was in the order of SF = SUF 〉 DUF, and the Cmic：Nmic ratio was in the order of SUF = DUF 〉 SF. Seasonal variations were observed in soil inorganic N, microbial biomass, and plant growth. These seasonal variations had certain correlations with microbe and plant N use in the soil, and their competition for NH4^＋ -N was mostly regulated by soil N availability. The influence of tree species on inorganic N and Nmic were mainly because of differences in litter quality. Lack of gazing decreased the Cmic：Nmic ratio owing to decreased carbon output and increased the ability of soil to supply N. The soil N supply under the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantation was lower than under the P. densiflora plantation.  相似文献   

9.
石灰氮对土壤中尿素转化的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of lime nitrogen(LN) on transfor-mation of urea-N in three paddy soils.The results showed that LN had an inhibitory effect on urease activity in these soils especially in the first 5 days.and that in the first 20 days of incubation,the amount of NH4^ -N derived from urea was lower in the soil with LN than in the soil without LN,While after 30 days the amount of NH4^ -N was higher in the mature haplic paddy soil developed on Quaternary red clay (MHPS)with LN than that in the soil without LN.The amount of NH3-N volatilized was decreased in the earlier stage and increased in the later stage of incubation in the MHPS by the addition of LN.  相似文献   

10.
Effects of citrate and tartrate on phosphate adsorption and desorption from kaolinite,goethite,amorphous Al-oxide and Ultisol were studied.P adsorption was significantly decreased as the concentration of the organic anions increased from 10^-5 to 10^-1 M.At 0.1 M and pH 7.0,tartrate decreased P adsorption by 27.6%-50.6% and citrate by 37.9-80.4%,depending on the kinds of adsorbent.Little Al and/or Fe were detected in the equilibrium solutions,even at the highest concentration of the organic anions.Effects of the organic anions on phosphate adsorption follow essentially the competitive adsorption mechanism.The selectivity coefficients for competitive adsorption can be used to compare the effectiveness of different organic anions in reducing P adsorption under given gonditions. Phosphate desorption was increased by 3 to 100 times in the presence of 0.001 M citrate or tartrate compared to that in 0.02 M KCl solution alone.However,for all the soil and clay minerals studied the amount of P desorbed by citrate or tartrate was generally lower than or close to that of isotopically exchangeable P.The effect of organic anions on phosphate desorption arises primarily from ligand exchange.  相似文献   

11.
不同铵硝配比对弱光下白菜氮素吸收及相关酶的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以黑色遮阳网覆盖模仿弱光环境, 使光照强度为自然光的20%左右, 以自然光照为对照, 采用精确控制水培溶液氮素营养, 研究NH4+-N/NO3--N 比例分别为0/100、25/75、50/50、75/25、100/0 对弱光下白菜氮代谢及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响。结果表明, 弱光下, 白菜的鲜重及叶片总氮量以NH4+-N/NO3--N 比为25/75 时最大, NH4+-N/NO3--N 比为100/0 时最低。随弱光处理的进行, 白菜叶片中硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈下降趋势, 但NH4+-N/NO3--N 比为25/75 时, 可维持叶片内较高的硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。试验表明, NH4+-N/NO3--N 比25/75 是白菜在弱光下生长的较适宜氮素形态配比。  相似文献   

12.
采用砂培实验研究NH4 -N部分代替NO3--N对番茄的影响,结果表明:与全硝处理(100%NO3-)相比较,增铵处理(NH4 ∶NO3-=25%∶75%)下番茄鲜果重显著提高;同时叶片内NO3--N含量随增铵而显著降低,叶片与果实内NH4 -N含量及果实的可溶性蛋白含量随增铵而升高;增铵条件抑制了叶片和果实的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,提高了叶片和果实的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPcase)活性及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,但对果实的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性影响不大。上述结果表明,NH4 -N部分代替NO3--N可增加番茄产量,提高集约化基地的生产量。  相似文献   

13.
我国西南喀斯特地区的石漠化问题已经严重制约了当地社会经济发展,揭示土壤养分变化规律对该区域生态系统适应性修复具有重要意义。以贵州省荔波县和普定县为研究区,通过野外采样和实验室分析,对西南喀斯特地区典型石漠化阶段土壤的铵态氮、硝态氮变异状况进行了研究。结果表明：（1）非石漠化的黑色石灰土中铵态氮、硝态氮的含量分别高达11．61和38．01mg·kg^-1.随着石漠化程度的加深,土壤中氮素含量逐渐减少。统计表明非石漠化土壤与轻度石漠化土壤铵态氮含量呈显著差异,硝态氮含量呈极显著差异。（2）土壤铵态氮含量表现为表土层高于心土层,而硝态氮在剖面中分布规律不一致。（3）土壤氮素含量随时间有明显变化。铵态氮和硝态氮含量均在7月达到峰值,然后呈现出下降趋势,至11月或翌年1月又逐渐增加。（4）土壤有机质与铵态氮和硝态氮含量呈一元二次线性相关,相关系数分别为0．7671和0．9493,均达到极显著水平;铵态氮和硝态氮含量也呈极显著的线性相关,相关系数为0．7743。喀斯特地区通过封山育林等措施增加有机质积累可提高土壤氮素含量,对防治石漠化具有重要意义。  相似文献   

14.
不同铵硝比对菠菜生长、安全和营养品质的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
通过水培试验,研究了等氮条件下5种不同铵硝比对菠菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)从铵硝比100∶0到0∶100,菠菜地上部鲜重不断增加,铵硝比为0∶100时,菠菜的鲜重达最大值;但铵硝比25∶75和0∶100两个处理菠菜的干物重没有显著差异(p<0.05)。(2)随着铵硝比的降低,菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的含量均表现为线性增加;菠菜茎叶中可溶性草酸的含量和营养液中铵硝比之间呈现出二次曲线相关,在铵硝比为25∶75时,菠菜茎叶中草酸含量最低。适当增施铵态氮有利于降低菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及草酸的含量。(3)增铵可以提高菠菜Vc含量,铵硝比为50∶50的处理菠菜Vc含量最高;随着铵硝比的下降,菠菜茎叶中可溶性糖的含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白的含量则以铵硝比25∶75处理最高。  相似文献   

15.
研究了全硝（100%NO-3）、铵硝配施（75%NO-3: 25%NH+4）及全铵（100%NH+4）营养对樱桃番茄果实有机酸含量的影响,测定了与有机酸合成相关的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）、柠檬酸合成酶（CS）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活性变化,并利用RT-PCR检测了相应的基因在转录水平上的表达差异。结果表明, 1）全硝和铵硝配施处理下果实柠檬酸含量在整个生育期均显著高于全铵处理,而铵硝配施处理下果实中柠檬酸和苹果酸含量在成熟期均显著低于全硝处理。2）不同形态氮素及配施处理下,果实中柠檬酸含量与CS活性的变化趋势均呈单峰型,但到达峰值的时间不同。全铵处理下果实苹果酸含量与PEPC活性呈显著正相关,全硝、铵硝配施处理下果实苹果酸和柠檬酸含量都与MDH活性呈显著正相关。3）在膨大期和成熟期,全硝处理和铵硝配施处理下PEPC基因（PPC1、PPC2）表达显著高于全铵处理; 线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶（mMDH）的表达对果实苹果酸脱氢酶活性和苹果酸积累起主要作用,表明适当比例的铵硝配施可能通过影响果实中PEPC和MDH的活性和基因表达从而显著降低成熟果实有机酸的含量。  相似文献   

16.
硝化反应是土壤、特别是干旱半干旱地区农业土壤N2O产生的重要途径之一。但是,目前环境条件对硝化反应中N2O排放的影响研究较少,而在国内外通用的几个模型中均用固定比例估算硝化反应过程中N2O的排放。本文通过砂壤土培养试验,研究了土壤温度、水分和NH4+-N浓度对硝化反应速度及硝化反应中N2O排放的影响,并用数学模型定量表示了各因素对硝化反应的作用,用最小二乘法最优拟合求得该土壤的最大硝化反应速度及N2O最大排放比例。结果表明,随着温度升高,硝化反应速度呈指数增长;水分含量由20%充水孔隙度(WFPS)增加到40%WFPS时,反应速度增加,水分含量增加到60%WFPS时反应速度略有降低;NH4+-N浓度增加对硝化反应速度起抑制作用。用米氏方程描述该土壤的硝化反应过程,其最大硝化反应速度为6.67mg·kg?1·d?1。硝化反应中N2O排放比例随温度升高而降低;随NH4+-N浓度增加而略有增加;20%和40%WFPS水分含量时,硝化反应中N2O排放比例为0.43%～1.50%,最小二乘法求得的最大比例为3.03%,60%WFPS时可能由于反硝化作用,N2O排放比例急剧增加,还需进一步研究水分对硝化反应中N2O排放的影响。  相似文献   

17.
B. ZHONG  Y. J. XU 《土壤圈》2011,21(4):491-501
Estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and fluxes bears large uncertainties because SOC stocks vary greatly over geographical space and through time.Although development of the U.S.Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO),currently the most detailed level with a map scale ranging from 1:12 000 to 1:63 360,has involved substantial government funds and coordinated network efforts,very few studies have utilized it for soil carbon assessment at the large landscape scale.The objectives of this study were to 1) compare estimates in soil organic matter among SSURGO,the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO),and referenced field measurements at the soil map unit;2) examine the influence of missing data on SOC estimation by SSURGO and STATSGO;3) quantify spatial differences in SOC estimation between SSURGO and STATSGO,specifically for the state of Louisiana;and 4) assess scale effects on soil organic carbon density (SOCD) estimates from a soil map unit to a watershed and a river basin scale.SOC was estimated using soil attributes of SSURGO and STATSGO including soil organic matter (SOM) content,soil layer depth,and bulk density.Paired t-test,correlation,and regression analyses were performed to investigate various relations of SOC and SOM among the datasets.There were positive relations of SOC estimates between SSURGO and STATSGO at the soil map unit (R2=0.56,n=86,t=1.65,P=0.102;depth:30 cm).However,the SOC estimated by STATSGO were 9%,33% and 36% lower for the upper 30-cm,the upper 1-m,and the maximal depth (up to 2.75 m) soils,respectively,than those from SSURGO.The difference tended to increase as the spatial scale changes from the soil map unit to the watershed and river basin scales.Compared with the referenced field measurements,the estimates in SOM by SSURGO showed a closer match than those of STATSGO,indicating that the former was more accurate than the latter in SOC estimation,both in spatial and temporal resolutions.Further applications of SSURGO in SOC estimation for the entire United States could improve the accuracy of soil carbon accounting in regional and national carbon balances.  相似文献   

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