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1.
串珠镰刀菌细胞壁多糖激活寄生菌纤细齿梗孢的孢子萌发 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用碱抽提法从串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)菌丝细胞壁得到多糖粗提物。该多糖提取物可以激活寄生于串珠镰刀菌上的活体寄生真菌纤细齿梗孢(Olpitrichum tenellum)的孢子萌发,多糖浓度为0.2 mg/m L时,萌发率达80.5%。纤细齿梗孢的孢子仅在存在该多糖提取物的条件下才能萌发,在马铃薯-葡萄糖或葡萄糖-酵母液体培养基上不能萌发,一些糖、氨基酸、无机盐、维生素不能促使其萌发,光也不影响萌发。纤细齿梗孢孢子萌发最适p H是7.0,最适温度25℃。结果表明,串珠镰刀菌菌丝细胞壁多糖可能在激活纤细齿梗孢孢子萌发中起重要作用。 相似文献
2.
甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类鉴定及其致病性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用洗涤检验法和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基法,从甜瓜种子上分离得到14个链格孢菌分离物。通过菌落形态、产孢表型、分生孢子以及分生孢子梗等形态学观察,结合分析ITS-rDNA和histone 3基因序列,对链格孢菌分离物的种类进行鉴定;甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类分别为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)、交链格孢(A. alternata)和倒果链格孢(A. obovoidea)。还研究了这些链格孢菌分离物对甜瓜离体叶片的致病性及其对种子发芽的影响;结果表明,除A. obovoidea外,另外两种链格孢菌均对甜瓜离体叶片具有致病性;A. tenuissima和A. alternata的孢子悬浮液对甜瓜种子发芽均有一定的抑制作用。这是国内首次围绕甜瓜种子传带链格孢菌的种类及其致病性开展详细的研究。 相似文献
3.
采用洗涤检验法和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基法,从甜瓜种子上分离得到14个链格孢菌分离物。通过菌落形态、产孢表型、分生孢子以及分生孢子梗等形态学观察,结合分析ITS-rDNA和histone 3基因序列,对链格孢菌分离物的种类进行鉴定;甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类分别为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)、交链格孢(A. alternata)和倒果链格孢(A. obovoidea)。还研究了这些链格孢菌分离物对甜瓜离体叶片的致病性及其对种子发芽的影响;结果表明,除A. obovoidea外,另外两种链格孢菌均对甜瓜离体叶片具有致病性;A. tenuissima和A. alternata的孢子悬浮液对甜瓜种子发芽均有一定的抑制作用。这是国内首次围绕甜瓜种子传带链格孢菌的种类及其致病性开展详细的研究。 相似文献
4.
壶瓶枣褐斑病病原菌的鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近几年来,山西红枣发生了1种严重的果实病害,症状表现为果顶或果肩部位形成红褐色的病斑。本研究以壶瓶枣为材料,对病菌进行分离。通过室内和田间致病性测定以及人工接种后再分离病菌,证明编号为CN535的真菌菌株为该病的致病菌。该病菌在PDA上7d菌落直径达69.2~73.5mm,基内菌丝和气生菌丝均发达,具明显的浅灰与墨绿色的同心轮纹;分生孢子单生或短链生,具纵横隔膜和短喙,大小为(22.5~40.0)μm×(8.0~13.5)μm,为典型的Alternaria属真菌特征。其rDNAITS序列分析结果表明该菌与A. alternata、A. tenuissima、A. longipes、A. mali和A. citri的同源性均为100%。用2对链格孢菌的专用引物AAF2/AAR3和Aalt-F/Aalt-R分别扩增出相对应的341和450bp的片段。综合形态特征和分子分析结果,确定壶瓶枣褐斑病的病原菌为A. alternata (Fries) Keissler。 相似文献
5.
立枯丝核菌重寄生真菌的筛选 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
从捕食线虫的真菌中筛选到立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的8种重寄生真菌,即粉红粘帚霉(Gliocladium roseum),少孢节丛孢(Arthrobotrys oligospora),弯孢节丛孢(A.musiformis),贵州节丛孢(A.guizhouense),圆锥节丛孢(A.conoides),指状节丛孢(A.dactyloides),多孢节丛孢(A.superba),蠕虫状节丛孢(A.vermicola)。平板测试表明这8种重寄生菌能不同程度地影响立枯丝核菌的生长,减少菌核的形成数量。其中粉红粘帚霉的寄生力最强,可使菌核数减少58.67%,交叉菌落内几乎所有的立枯丝核菌菌丝被寄生。营养条件对重寄生有明显的影响,在低营养培养基CMA和WA上寄生程度严重,在营养相对较高的PDA和CSA上寄生程度较轻。太高的C:N (300:1)和太低的C:N (1:1,10:1)都不利于重寄生,只有适当的C:N (50:1,100:1)才有利于重寄生 相似文献
6.
黑斑病为薄壳山核桃重要真菌性病害,为了实现薄壳山核桃黑斑病绿色防控,本研究旨在筛选优良的内生拮抗菌株,为黑斑病的生物防控提供生防资源。通过形态鉴定、生理生化特征测定和16S rDNA与GyrA基因分析,对薄壳山核桃内生拮抗菌进行鉴定;采用平板对峙法测定内生拮抗菌对黑斑病病原真菌（5属21种26株）菌丝生长的抑制能力,分离筛选到2株高效拮抗菌ZJJDZY和ZJJDYB,鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。平板对峙法测定结果表明,2株拮抗菌均对12种12株炭疽菌Colletotrichum spp.、1种4株葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea、2种2株链格孢菌Alternaria spp.、4种7株新拟盘多毛孢Neopestalotiopsis spp.和1种1株拟茎点霉菌Phomopsis sp.均具有拮抗效果。其中,对C. henanense PCZJJD18、C. sojae PCAHFY5、N. mesopotamica PCSCLZ2、A. alternata PCAHFY6、Phomopsis PCZJJD14 sp.的抑制率为最高,抑制率在57.1%～60.6%,且两株拮抗菌抑菌能力相似;不同浓度的拮抗菌对不同属病原真菌的抑制效果不同,浓度为108 CFU/mL时,拮抗效果最好,随着浓度降低,拮抗效果显著减弱。该两个菌株对多种薄壳山核桃黑斑病病原真菌具有拮抗作用,具有较佳的生防潜力。 相似文献
7.
山西壶瓶枣缩果病病原菌分离和鉴定 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2005~2008年山西壶瓶枣缩果病害发生严重,造成了巨大的经济损失。本文利用真菌ITSrDNA和细菌16S rDNA基因的通用引物,分别对分离自山西晋中的罹病壶瓶枣果实表面寄生真菌和细菌基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,将扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定,在GenBank数据库进行Megablast同源性分析,确定壶瓶枣果实的主要寄生菌是细极链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、白囊耙齿菌(Irpex lacteus)、青霉菌(Penicillium expansum)、芽枝孢菌(Cladosporium tenuissimum)4种真菌和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、巨大芽孢杆菌(B.megaterium)、短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)、多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)4种细菌。回接试验证明链格孢菌、青霉菌、芽枝孢菌是壶瓶枣果实主要的致病真菌,而所分离的细菌没有致病性。 相似文献
8.
不同栽培方式对辣椒采后病害的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
比较了覆膜栽培与露地栽培对辣椒潜伏侵染病原菌种类及其在辣椒果实不同部位的分布,辣椒采后果实发病率,采后病害病原菌种类的影响。试验结果证明:覆膜栽培辣椒采前潜伏侵染带菌率比露地栽培降低了7.7倍;辣椒采前潜伏侵染菌在果柄、果蒂、果肉中均有分布,但以果蒂带菌率最高,发病率也以果蒂最高;辣椒贮前表面消毒可以显著降低辣椒采后病害的发生率;辣椒采后病害的病原菌有5种,即镰刀菌(Fusarium Link et Fr.)、交链孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、盘长孢状刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)、蔬菜软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora)和黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus Link),其中主要病原菌为镰刀菌(Fusarium Link et Fr.)、盘长孢状刺盘孢菌(C.gloesporioides)和蔬菜软腐病菌(E.carotovora subsp.carotovora)。具有潜伏浸染特性的只有A.alternata、E.c.subsp.carotovora和C.gloeosporioides。 相似文献
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11.
纤细齿梗孢Olpitrichum tenellum是一种寄生在轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides上的活体营养菌寄生真菌。丝氨酸蛋白酶在菌寄生过程可能起到重要作用。根据丝状真菌丝氨酸蛋白酶的同源保守序列设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR及RACE的方法,克隆得到1845bp的全长cDNA片段。其可读框为1554bp（GenBank登录号为EU368754）,编码517个氨基酸的蛋白质。比对分析发现该蛋白是一种分泌型的丝氨酸蛋白酶,属于丝氨酸蛋白酶S8家族的枯草杆菌蛋白酶subtilisin,具有典型的信号肽-前肽-成熟肽的结构。将该基因可读框除去信号肽插入酵母表达载体pPIC9K,转化毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115,在甲醇诱导下成功分泌出具有生物活性的重组蛋白酶,诱导120h后酶活性可达153U/ml。重组蛋白酶经DEAE-Sepharose层析进行纯化,SDS-PAGE分析其分子量为39kD。其反应的最适温度为60℃,最适pH为8。 相似文献
12.
The necrotrophic fungus Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici produces AAL toxins that cause necrosis in tomato tissues with high specificity. Resistance or susceptibility of tomato to the fungus and insensitivity or sensitivity to AAL toxins are determined by a single locus, Asc . In order to investigate further the specificity of the host–fungus interaction, 200 species of Solanaceae were tested for their sensitivity to AAL toxins TA and TB . Twenty-five species were found to be sensitive to AAL toxins at a concentration of (0·2 µ m ) used for distinguishing sensitive and insensitive tomato plants. Three species were as sensitive as the sensitive tomato line, indicating that AAL toxins effectively act on a broader range of plant species within the Solanaceae. 相似文献
13.
Adhesion to the host surface is the first step for successful plant pathogen development and has been reported to be associated with both passive and active processes. For conidia of Venturia inaequalis, which depend on leaf wetness for germination, this process has not yet been described. Conidia of V. inaequalis adhered to wet hydrophobic surfaces immediately after contact to the surface, hours before initiation of germination. Attachment of nongerminated conidia was much better on hydrophobic surfaces, such as apple leaves and polystyrene, than on hydrophilic glass. Conidia released adhesive material localized in a droplet named spore tip glue (STG) at the spore apex which interacted with a contact surface only when water was present. Histochemical investigations indicated the presence of proteins and carbohydrates in STG, lectin labeling the presence of beta-galactose and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues. Transmission electron microscopy revealed two phases in the STG at the tip of dry mature conidia; as STG was present on the outer side of the intact fungal cell wall its formation should be associated with the secretion of glue through pores of the conidial wall. Surface-active substances affected the adhesion of conidia to hydrophobic surfaces stressing the importance of hydrophobic interactions. The use of protein biosynthesis inhibitors did not affect adhesion of conidia indicating that the adhesive material was preformed. It is concluded that the coincidence of STG, contact to a hydrophobic surface, and free water are essential for the adhesion of V. inaequalis conidia. 相似文献
14.
7种罂粟科（Papaveraceae）植物的化学分类 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
罂粟科是一个中等大的科,其中罂粟属(Papaver L.)和海罂粟属(Glau cium Mi-11)是两个系统地位比较重要的属。在我国,罂粟属植物共有12种,其中新疆有10种。海罂粟属植物有3种,全部分布在新疆。 相似文献
15.
The pathogenicity of Alternaria spp. isolated from wheat leaves collected in regions where alternaria leaf blight has been reported was compared with that of IMI reference isolates of A. triticina and A. alternata using two durum and two bread wheat genotypes. To identify isolates putatively corresponding to A. triticina , morphological and DNA sequence analyses based on ribosomal DNA from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1, 5·8S rRNA gene, ITS2) and toxicity bioassays of culture filtrate were combined. Glasshouse inoculations provided reliable information to assess the pathogenicity of A. triticina isolates on wheat. Alternaria leaf blight symptoms were produced by the A. triticina isolates only on durum wheat cv. Bansi, while A. alternata , A. tenuissima and A. arborescens isolates were found to be nonpathogenic on the wheat cultivars tested. Alternaria triticina isolates were distinguished from other Alternaria species by Simmons and Roberts' sporulation pattern 6 and two to three conidia per sporulation unit associated with primary conidia bearing long (> 7 µ m) apical secondary conidiophores. Phylogenetic analysis also proved effective at discriminating wheat-pathogenic A. triticina from other nonpathogenic Alternaria species. Alternaria triticina isolates yielded longer ITS sequences than A. alternata , A. tenuissima and A. arborescens isolates, leading to clear-cut differences as visualized with agarose gel electrophoresis. Additionally, only culture filtrates of A. triticina isolates caused nonspecific necrotic lesions on leaves of 3-week-old wheat plants. 相似文献
16.
由交链格孢菌橘致病型(Alternaria alternata tangerine pathotype)引起的柑橘链格孢褐斑病(Alternaria brown spot,ABS)是柑橘上的主要病害,目前主要采用杀菌剂防治。本研究以采自中国各柑橘链格孢褐斑病发生区的54个交链格孢菌橘致病型菌株为供试群体,采用刃天青微平板法测定了病原菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长对戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的敏感性。结果表明:刃天青微平板法最佳体系中的培养基为完全培养基(CM),刃天青终浓度为40 μmol/L,孢子浓度为105个/mL。戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)范围分别为0.304~0.885 μg/mL和0.367~0.873 μg/mL,平均值分别为0.562和0.609 μg/mL。正态分布检测结果显示:这2种药剂抑制交链格孢菌橘致病型群体的EC50值均符合正态分布,因此认为所得EC50值可作为病原菌对戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的敏感性基线。本研究结果可为田间防治褐斑病和监测交链格孢菌对戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的抗药性奠定基础。 相似文献
17.
ABSTRACT Alternaria brown spot, caused by Alternaria alternata pv. citri, affects many tangerines and their hybrids, causing loss of immature leaves and fruit and reducing the marketability of the remaining fruit. Conidial production of A. alternata was greatest on mature leaves moistened and maintained at near 100% relative humidity (RH) for 24 h, whereas leaves that had been soaked or maintained at moderate RH produced few conidia. Conidial release from filter paper cultures and infected leaves was studied in a computer-controlled environmental chamber. Release of large numbers of conidia was triggered from both substrates by sudden drops in RH or by simulated rainfall events. Vibration induced release of low numbers of conidia, but red/infrared irradiation had no effect. In field studies from 1994 to 1996, air sampling with a 7-day recording volumetric spore trap indicated that conidia were present throughout the year with periodic large peaks. The number of conidia captured was not closely related to rainfall amounts or average wind speed, but was weakly related to the duration of leaf wetness. Likewise, disease severity on trap plants placed in the field weekly during 1995 to 1996 was not closely related to conidial numbers or rainfall amounts, but was weakly related to leaf wetness duration. Sufficient inoculum appears to be available to allow infection to occur throughout the year whenever susceptible host tissue and moisture are available. 相似文献
18.
Levente Kiss Alexandra Pintye Györgyi Zséli Tünde Jankovics Orsolya Szentiványi Yaser M. Hafez Roger T. A. Cook 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,126(4):445-451
Microcyclic conidiogenesis (MC), a process defined as the production of conidia on a spore without any, or only a minimal,
involvement of hyphal growth, has recently been reported in a little known powdery mildew species, Oidium longipes. To investigate whether this was an isolated case or it is a more general phenomenon in powdery mildew fungi, germinating
conidia of eight species of the Erysiphales were examined using light microscopy. The following species were included in this work: Erysiphe necator on grapevine, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei on barley, Podosphaera xanthii on cucumber, Erysiphe sp. on Ligustrum vulgare, O. longipes on Petunia x grandiflora, O. neolycopersici on tomato, Golovinomyces cichoracearum on Rudbeckia laciniata and Sawadaea sp. on Acer negundo. In all these species, up to 4% of the germinated conidia exhibited MC. Moreover, when colonies of E. necator and O. neolycopersici, on detached grapevine and tomato leaves, respectively, were treated with a conidial suspension of Ampelomyces, the intracellular pycnidia of these mycoparasites appeared in microcyclic conidiophores. This represents a yet undescribed
method of accelerating asexual reproduction in this mycoparasite. In the life cycle of powdery mildews, the importance of
MC is still not clear but it should be taken into consideration when conidial germination is studied on the host surface for
purposes such as epidemiology or species identification. 相似文献
19.
Musetti R Vecchione A Stringher L Borselli S Zulini L Marzani C D'Ambrosio M di Toppi LS Pertot I 《Phytopathology》2006,96(7):689-698
ABSTRACT One hundred twenty-six endophytic microorganisms isolated from grapevine leaves showing anomalous symptoms of downy mildew were tested on grapevine leaf disks as biocontrol agents against Plasmopara viticola. Among the 126 microorganisms, only five fungal isolates completely inhibited the sporulation of P. viticola; all of them were identified as Alternaria alternata. Ultrastructural analyses were carried out by transmission electron microscopy to observe cellular interactions between P. viticola and A. alternata in the grapevine leaf tissue. Cytological observations indicated that, even without close contact with A. alternata, the P. viticola mycelium showed severe ultrastructural alterations, such as the presence of enlarged vacuoles or vacuoles containing electron-dense precipitates. Haustoria appeared necrotic and irregularly shaped or were enclosed in callose-like substances. Therefore, a toxic action of A. alternata against P. viticola was hypothesized. To examine the production of toxic low-molecular-weight metabolites by A. alternata, we analyzed the fungal liquid culture by thin layer chromatography and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The main low-molecular-weight metabolites produced by the endophyte were three diketopiperazines: cyclo(l-phenylalanine-trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline), cyclo(l-leucine-trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline), and cyclo(l-alanine-trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline). When applied at different concentrations to both grapevine leaf disks and greenhouse plants, a mixture of the three diketopiperazines was very efficacious in limiting P. viticola sporulation. 相似文献