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本文就黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤的Zn—Ca交换平衡进行了初步研究。结果表明:三种土壤对Zn2+离子的选择性是:黄棕壤>红壤≥砖红壤。选择系数(Kc)随着土壤粘粒表面上Zn2+离子饱和度的增加而下降;随着温度的上升而增加。从曲线的形状看,可以认为黄棕壤粘粒表面存在两种能量不同的吸附位,一种对Zn2+离子具有较强的亲和力,另一种则要差。在体系中Zn2+离子交换Ca2+离子过程中,△G0受△H0的影响远比△S0要大。这在黄棕壤里表现尤为明显。从热力学参数△G0、△H0、△S0的变化情况看,黄棕壤对Zn2+离子特别偏好,结合得也较紧。红壤和砖红壤则无法比拟,这可能与土壤粘粒矿物类型及表面性质有关。 相似文献
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本文研究了土壤有机质和陪伴阴离子对黄棕壤、红壤和砖红壤吸附Zn2+的影响。结果表明:土壤有机质含量与吸附Zn2+的数量呈正相关;陪伴阴离子对土壤吸Zn2+量有显著的制约作用,土壤从ZnCl2溶液中吸附的Zn2+数量高于Zn(NO3)2的0.77-1.16倍;△pH值与吸Zn2+量呈直线关系。由解吸情况可以判明红壤胶体表面的高能吸附位占的比例明显大于黄棕壤或砖红壤。 相似文献
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分别从黑土、黄绵土、黄棕壤、红壤和砖红壤提取<2nm的胶体,测定去有机质前后土壤胶体比表面;并用猪粪中提取的胡敏酸与上述5种土壤胶体相作用,由泥炭中提取的胡敏酸与蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石相作用,测定其复合胶体的比表面;研究了粘粒矿物类型和胡敏酸对土壤胶体比表面的影响。结果表明,土壤胶体比表面大小与其所含主要粘粒矿物类型密切相关。5种土壤胶体比表面大小为:黑土>黄棕壤>黄绵土>红壤>砖红壤。砖红壤胶体去游离氧化铁后,胶体比表面明显降低;但黄棕壤胶体去游离氧化铁后比表面反而增加。有机质对土壤胶体比表面的影响因土壤类型不同而异,去除有机质后,黑土、黄绵土和黄棕壤胶体的比表面增加;而红壤、砖红壤胶体的比表面无明显变化。黑土和黄棕壤胶体与猪粪胡敏酸复合后,比表面降低;而砖红壤胶体与猪粪胡敏酸复合后反而增加。泥炭胡敏酸与蒙脱石、伊利石胶体复合后比表面降低;而高岭石却增加。 相似文献
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本文研究了理化性质不同的黄棕壤、红壤和砖红壤对Zn、Ni、Co的竞争吸附。采用含有不同重金属离子量的0.05molL1Ca(NO3)2溶液平衡,pH为5.5。结果表明,其吸附量的顺序:黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤。对各离子的选择性为:Zn>Ni≥Co。竞争吸附的机制与非竞争吸附有明显的不同。其特征首先表现在吸附量上,竞争吸附要比非竞争吸附高得多。特别明显的,土壤去掉游离氧化铁后其吸附量不但不降,反而有不同程度的增加,Zn2+表现尤为突出;影响吸附量很大的陪伴阴离子作用受到严重抑制;反映土壤与重金属离子间作用能力大小的pH50的变化符合吸附等温线的特点。其次根据土壤对重金属离子的吸附和解吸的情况,可以认为,红壤胶体表面吸附位数量远不及黄棕壤和砖红壤,但高能吸附位的比例高。 相似文献
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用电导频散法研究Cl-、SO42-和H2PO4-阴离子与土壤的相互作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文介绍了采用电导频散装置测量分别含有10-4mol/LHCl、5×10-5mol/L H2SO4和10-4mol/L H3PO4的黄棕壤、棕壤、黑土和砖红壤悬液(20-30g/kg)的电导频散曲线,频散曲线上均呈现频率范围相当宽的坪区,频散曲线的特性分析结果表明,黄棕壤和棕壤在3种酸溶液中的始散频率(0.6-1kHz)低于黑土悬液(16-28kHz),而砖红壤的始散频率最高(25-47kHz;Cl-、SO42-和H2PO4-离子与4种土壤的相对亲合力(REC1.5/RECtp-1)顺序为Cl- < SO42- < H2PO4-,在不同土壤之间的顺序则随酸溶液而异. 相似文献
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本工作选用二种可变电荷土壤粘粒(<2μ),分别含有0.35×10-4-1.3×10-4mol/L的不同电解质,在不同含水量下,在5—50℃范围内测量其直流电导率的变化。试验结果表明,电导热散法是研究土壤粘粒与离子相互作用的有用手段;电导率-温度曲线上的折点温度是随含水量、电解质种类和土壤类型而不同。在相同含水量下,含有不同电解质的红壤体系的折点温度具有如下的变化顺序:CaCl2>Na2SO4>KCl>Ca(NO3)2>NaNO3;砖红壤体系的折点温度明显高于红壤体系。折点温度的高低是土壤粘粒与离子相互作用强度的反映。 相似文献
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鄂、湘两省土地土壤粘粒矿物的研究——Ⅱ.莽山北坡土壤中的粘粒矿物 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对莽山北坡不同海拔高度的5个土壤剖面15个土样的粘粒矿物进行了X射线衍射分析和粘粒氧化物的化学选择溶提测试,结果表明:(1)莽山土壤中粘粒矿物组合的垂直变化明显。海拔500m以下的红壤、黄红壤的粘土矿物以1:1型高岭为主,粘粒氧化物中有较多的晶质氧化铁和热碱溶性氧化硅。海拔850m以上的黄壤、暗黄棕壤和山地灌丛草甸土的粘土矿物以2:1型的14×10-10m过渡矿物和水云母为主,粘粒氧化物中有较多的无定形氧化铁、铝和三水铝石。(2)随海拔升高,土壤粘粒的硅铝率、氧化铁的游离度变幅不大,而氧化铁的活化度和各种氧化铝的富集明显提高。根据这些结果,结合莽山土壤的风化威土的条件与过程,讨论了莽山垂直带土壤中粘土矿物和氧化物的分布与演化过程的特点。 相似文献
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云南省土壤有机碳储量估算及空间分布 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
根据云南省第二次土壤普查资料,采用土壤类型法估算了云南省主要土壤类型的有机碳(SOC)密度和储量,并对云南省土壤有机碳密度的空间分布差异和影响土壤有机碳储量的主要因子进行了分析。结果表明,云南省0-20 cm土层平均SOC密度为59.77 t/hm2,SOC储量为2.30×109 t;0-100 cm土层平均SOC密度为159.95 t/hm2,SOC储量为6.15×109 t,占全国储量的7.28%,占全球陆地生态系统SOC储量的0.41%;其中SOC储量占前4位的土壤类型为红壤、黄棕壤、赤红壤、棕壤,不同深度下4者之和约占云南省总储量的60%。在土壤有机碳密度空间分布上,SOC密度分布最高的区域为云南省西北部和东北部地区,其次是西部的横断山脉和东部的云南高原地区,而以紫色土为主的中北部地区SOC密度则最低。由于降雨量、温度、海拔和土地利用类型的共同影响,导致了区域内的SOC密度分布不均,其中降雨量、温度和海拔等自然因素是影响SOC密度分布的主要因子。 相似文献
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亚热带和热带土壤的磁化率 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
亚热带和热带土壤的磁化率X变化大,高的达2000—6000单位(昆明玄武岩红壤),低的只几个单位(沼泽土、强还原性水稻土、磷质石灰土)。大体上是:自型土>潮土>水稻土>沼泽土。在自型土中,砖红壤、红壤的X值大于石灰岩土和紫色土。红壤的磁性受母岩和发育度的影响大。各地的玄武岩红壤的X值为3×102—6×103单位,其他红壤多为100—40单位(中性和酸性岩浆岩,多数沉积岩),或40—10单位(一部分石灰岩、凝灰岩)。灼烧土壤而得到的X-t曲线和“转化率”E,可粗略地反映磁赤铁矿生成的相对程度,进而估计红壤化的程度,似可在红壤的诊断、鉴定中试用。 相似文献
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This paper is a review of some advances in the studies on 1.4-nm intergrade mineral of soils in subtropical China. 1)1.4-nm intergrade mineral occurs ubiquitously in soils of subtropical China. The 1.4-nm mineral in red soil and yellow soil is mainly 1.4-nm intergrade mineral, and in acidic yellow-brown soil (pH < 5.5) is vermiculite alone or 1.4-nm intergrade mineral together with vermiculite. The distribution and the content of 1.4-nm intergrade mineral in the mountain soils are more widespread and higher than those of the corresponding soils in horizontal zone. 2) The interlayer material of 1.4-nm intergrade mineral in these soils appears to be hydroxy-A1 polymers instead of hydroxy-Fe, proto-imogolite or kaolin-like material. There is a significant positive correlation between A1 amount extracted from the soil with sodium citrate after DCB extraction and pH value of the citrate solution after the extraction. The citrate can also extract a certain amount of silicon from the soil, but the silicon may not come from interlayer of 1.4-nm intergrade mineral. 3) It was seldom studied that either vermiculite or smectite did the natural 1.4-nm intergrade mineral come from in soil, or it was commonly thought to come from vermiculite. A recent report has revealed that it can come from smectite. There are some different behaviors between the 1.4-nm intergrade mineral derived from vermiculite and that from smectite. For example, they exert different influences on the formation of gibbsite. The 1.4-nm intergrade mineral derived from smectite may promote the formation of gibbsite in the yellow soil. 4) The type of 1.4-nm minerals in soils. i.e., vermiculite or 1.4-nm intergrade mineral, may be significant to soil properties, such as soil acidity, exchangeable Al, electric charge amount and specific surface area. Therefore, the management for the soil in which 1.4-nm mineral is mainly 1.4-nm intergrade mineral or vermiculite should be dealt with differently. 相似文献
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The presence of so-valled chlorite-like minerals has been reported in many soils of not only acid but also of alkaline reaction (1). The minerals have been designated by, many terms, for example, dioctahedral vermiculite (2), dioctahedral analogue of vermiculite (3), 14A mineral (4), chlorite-like mineral (5), interstratified chlorite-vermiculite (6), intergradient chlorite-expansible 2:1 layer silicate, intergradient chlorite-vermiculite, intergradient chlorite-vermiculite-montmorillonite, intergrade, or interlayered vermiculite (7), and 2: 1-2: 2 intergrade (1). The minerals designated by these terms are evidently of the same category, and some of them are synonymous. Although they are of intermediate properties, between true chlorite and true vermiculite or montomorillonite, they could be regarded as an independent group of minerals in the course of pedochemical weathering. Jackson (1), for instance, has given the minerals the position of “weathering index 9”, placing them between vermiculite and kaolin as equivalent to montmorillonite, or secondary chlorite and kaolin in his weathering sequence. An explanation of the diagenesis of the minerals has been recently attempted by synthesis of the chlorite-like structures from montmorillonite (8), (9) and vermiculite (10) and mineralogical analyses of soil clay fractions (7). 相似文献
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Limited information is available concerning the mineralogy of paddy soils in the southeastern China. Using chemical methods in conjunction with X-ray diffractometry, we studied the mineral composition of three paddy soils: Jinghua (paddy soil on Quaternary red clay), Fuyang (Hapl-percogenic loamy paddy soil), and Shaoxing (gleyic clayey paddy soil). All the soils contained quartz, mica, vermiculite, chlorite and kaolinite, and the distribution of these minerals varied with soil particle size fractions. The clay fraction of the Fuyang and Shaoxing soils also contained smectite. Although X-ray data did not show the presence of smectite in the Jinghua soil, this mineral was identified by the chemical method, suggesting a transitional property of the mineral in the soil. Hydroxy-Al interlayered minerals were also present in the clay fraction. The amount of smectite in the soils was 31.6 (Shaoxing), 16.5 (Fuyang), and 21.4 (Jinghua) g kg-1; for vermiculite it was 33.3 (Shaoxing), 16.5 (Fuyang), and 8.5 (Jinghua) g kg-1. Smectite was only found in the clay fraction. In contrast, amounts of vermiculite in soil particle size fractions were 3.0~11.4 (sand), 2.1~6.0 (coarse silt), 4.6~18.9 (medium silt), 0.9~40.0 (fine silt), and 17.0~108 (clay) g kg-1. The amount of noncrystalline aluminosilicates in the soils in g kg-1 decreased in the order: Shaoxing (2.4) > Jinghua (1.9) > Fuyang (1.7). This study has provided useful mineralogical information that is fundamental in future development of management strategies of the soils. 相似文献
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The mineralogical composition of clays (< 2μm) in representative profiles of all soil types of Israel was investigated. The soils were classified according to their clay mineral assemblages into three groups. I. Montmorillonitic soils. Montmorillonite is the dominant mineral and exceeds 65 per cent of the total minerals found; each of the other minerals comprises less than 15 per cent. 2. Montmorillonitic-kaolinitic soils. The soil clay fractions contain 50-60 per cent montmorillonite and 15-25 per cent kaolinite, generally adding up to more than 75 per cent of the clay fraction. 3. Montmorillonitic-calcitic soils. The clays contain more than 10 per cent calcite. Montmorillonite is the dominant clay mineral (except for one soil type, mountain rendzina, where calcite is dominant). The first and second assemblages are typical of the soils of the Mediterranean zone, whereas the soils of the desert zone are characterized by the third assemblage. The origin of montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite, the three main clay minerals, was found to be detritic, as was the origin of palygorskite which was mainly found in the calcite rich soils of the desert zone. The cation exchange capacity of montmorillonite seems to be higher under higher precipitation. Montmorillonite content and cation exchange capacity of the clays were found to be highly correlated. The carbonate content of the clay fraction and the amount of carbonate in the soil were also highly correlated. 相似文献
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T. A. Sokolova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2013,46(2):182-197
The analysis of model experiments on the dissolution of clay minerals showed that, beginning from a certain moment, this process reaches a steady state and proceeds at a constant rate. The minimum dissolution rate was observed in a neutral environment, where this value varied in the range from n × 10?14-n × 10?12 mol/(m2 s). Under acidic and alkaline conditions, this value increased to n × 10?12 or n × 10?10 mol/(m2s) for most clay minerals. The first stage of the dissolution mechanism involved the formation of protonated (in an acidic environment) and deprotonated (in an alkaline environment) complexes, which destabilized and polarized metal-oxygen (or metal-hydroxyl) bonds in the crystal lattice. At the second stage, the rupture of Si-O and Al-O bonds and the release of these components into the solution occurred at a specific concentration of these complexes, and this stage largely controlled the dissolution rate of the mineral. The presence of organic ligands forming mononuclear polydentate complexes on the surface of the mineral particles at the same solution pH increased the dissolution rate of the minerals by several times and sometimes by an order of magnitude proportionally to the concentration of these complexes on the surface of the particles. It was found that the dissolution rates of kaolinite, illite, and smectite in the podzolic horizon of loamy podzolic soil calculated from the losses of clay minerals in the soil profile with consideration for the soil age exceeded the corresponding values obtained in model laboratory experiments at the same pH values by several orders of magnitude. The revealed differences could be related to the long-term functioning of biota in native soils and the existing uncertainties in the assessment of the active surface of mineral particles. 相似文献
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Balances of alteration and migration of clay fractions and clay minerals in Gray Brown Podzolic Soils from Loess Balances of alteration and migration of clay fractions, clay minerals, K, Mg and Fe bound in clay silicates were calculated for Gray Brown Podzolic Soils (Parabraunerden) derived from Young Pleistocene Loess below arable and forest land in the district south of Würzburg. The extent of clay formation lies between 63 and 98 kg/m2, of which 60–80 % belong to the fraction <0.1 μm. The clay migration varies between 35 and 51 kg/m2, the fractions < 0.2 μm (especially the fraction <0.1 μm) predominating, the coarse clay being involved only to a smaller extent. During Holocene soil formation 121 kg illite, 16 kg vermiculite and 11 kg kaolinite per m2 are formed in the clay fraction (< 2 pm). The loss of smectite amounts to 68 kg/m2. The biggest alterations of the clay mineral quantities occur in the fraction <0.1 pm; they indicate a smectite-illite transformation. Illite, at 23 kg/m2, accounts for half of the clay migration, followed by smectite and vermiculite each at 9 kg/m2 and kaolinite at 5 kg/m2. When comparing the migrated with the present amounts no preference of certain clay minerals during clay migration can be determined. In the clay fractions the gained Fe (3.07?4.32 kg/m2) and K (2.75?3.84 kg/m2) predominate over Mg (0.57?1.15 kg/m2). The three elements accumulate to the greatest extent in the fine clay fraction. The element migration parallels the gain. The balances of the elements are discussed in connection with pedogenic illite formation as well as biotite and vermiculite disintegration. 相似文献
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西藏高原突起于我国西南,绝大部分地面的海拔高度在4000米以上,为世界上最高的大高原。它大致在第三纪开始形成,后来曾受第四纪冰川的深刻作用,高山顶部至今仍是冰川的活动场所[1,2]。高原为昆仑山、唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山和横断山等大山脉所盘踞。 相似文献
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The clay fractions of four seasonally flooded soils from East Pakistan have been studied using X-ray, DTA, and infra-red methods, total chemical analysis, surface area determination, and electron microscopy. The soils represent young alluvium (Borda), a juvenile groundwater laterite (Nunni), a groundwater lateritelatosol intergrade (Noadda), and a surface-water glei (Chhiata). Mica and kaolinite were present in all the soils, and vermiculite in all except possibly Noadda. Vermiculite, total magnesium content, and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio decreased and kaolinite increased in the sequence Borda–Nunni–Noadda. Electron micrographs indicated that in the Borda soil, which is the youngest and subjected to the longest period of annual flooding, iron hydroxides are present as gels coating the surfaces of the clay mineral particles. Such coatings are less apparent in the Nunni clay, and in the Noadda clay most of the ‘free iron oxides’ appear as small granules. The Chhiata soil has about 12.5 per cent of its clay fraction in the form of an amorphous gel rich in silica, and much of the mica and vermiculite in a randomly interstratified complex. 相似文献