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1.
Susceptibility of eggs of Tribolium confusum du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Ephestia kuehniella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to vapors of essential oil from garlic (Allium sativum L.), birch (Betula lenta L.), cinnamon (Cinnamonum zeylanicum (Blume)) and aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L.) was studied. Preliminary bioassay tests indicated that vapors of the essential oils had a significant effect on the eggs
of tested insect species when exposed to a concentration of 20 μl l
−1 air for 24 h. Generally, garlic and birch essential oils were more toxic to the eggs of tested insect species than cinnamon
and aniseed essential oils (except for eggs of T. confusum). There was also a significant difference between susceptibility of eggs of T. confusum, E. kuehniella and P. interpunctella to tested essential oils. Toxicity data indicated that eggs of T. confusum were more susceptible to tested essential oils, with LC90 values ranging from 3.11 to 33.49 μl l
−1 air, than those of E. kuehniella and P. interpunctella; eggs of P. interpunctella were the most tolerant to the essential oils, with LC90 values ranging from 22.02 to 72.42 μl l
−1 air. Concentration × time (Ct) products of 0.29, 0.22, 0.13 and 1.37 mg h l
−1 for garlic, birch, cinnamon and aniseed essential oil, respectively, were required to obtain 90% kill of T. confusum eggs. Although cinnamon essential oil had a much closer Ct product value to methyl bromide, garlic and birch essential oils
were found to be the most promising ones since they had also high fumigant toxicity on eggs of both E. kuehniella and P. interpunctella. 相似文献
2.
Vinicius de Abreu D’Ávila Elen de Lima Aguiar-Menezes Renato Nunes Pereira Vânia Gonçalves-Esteves Cláudia Barbieri Ferreira Mendonça Saulo José de Melo Tamires Medeiros dos Santos 《Phytoparasitica》2017,45(4):471-484
Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer is an omnivorous lady beetle that feeds on natural or alternative prey and artificial foods, which allows its laboratory rearing for use on augmentative biocontrol. In addition, C. maculata may supplement its diet with pollen and nectar, which helps in its conservation in agroecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate if Apiaceous flowers (Anethum graveolens L. and Coriadrum sativum L.), with and without alternative prey [eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) or larvae of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen] or an artificial food (aqueous solution of honey), may guarantee the survival and complete development of the immature and adult stages of C. maculata in the laboratory. The immature stages developed only when Apiaceous flowers were offered with E. kuehniella eggs. The food with only one of the alternative prey (moth eggs or fly larvae) or moth eggs + honey solution resulted in fertile adults; however, the number of eggs/cluster was greater for the foods with E. kuehniella eggs + honey solution, A. graveolens flowers, or only D. melanogaster. Foods comprising only the two Apiaceous species, only the honey solution, or only water resulted in larval development up to a specific instar. Adults of C. maculata also survived on these foods, but there was no oviposition. The foods of the two Apiaceous species produced heavier adults only when associated with E. kuehniella eggs. The results indicate that the zoophytophagous habit of C. maculata should be considered in conservation biocontrol programs aimed at using this lady beetle to control crop pests. 相似文献
3.
Mass rearing techniques are a necessity in developing a suitable and economic biological control method. Anthocoris minki Dohrn (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), which is successfully reared for use in biological control, is a promising indigenous
Anthocoris species for biological control of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in pistachio orchards. Development time of nymphal instars, mortality percentage
and prey consumption of A. minki fed on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs were studied at three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30 ± 1°C) and two relative humidity
levels (40 and 65 ± 5%) under laboratory conditions. Temperature and r.h. significantly affected development time and nymphal
prey consumption of A. minki. Duration of incubation and total nymphal development time decreased significantly with each increase in temperature. Total
nymphal development time of A. minki at 40% and 65% r.h. was 18.6 and 18.6 days at 20°C; 13.7 and 14.6 days at 25°C; and 10.8 and 11.8 days at 30°C, respectively.
The shortest nymphal development time and highest nymphal mortality percentage were recorded at 30°C and 40% r.h. The lowest
nymphal mortality was 30.1% and 32.1% at 40% and 65% r.h., respectively, at 25°C; the highest nymphal mortality was 51.5%
and 52.1% at 20° and 30°C, respectively, and 40% r.h. The highest average number of E. kuehniella eggs consumed was 123.1 at 20°C and 65% r.h., and the lowest was 86.4 at 30°C and 40% r.h. during nymphal development time
of A. minki. 相似文献
4.
In nature, oviposition and larval growth of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) occur only in the mesocarp of fruits of the genusOlea, including the cultivated olive. Here we report on its growth in tomatoes, in the laboratory, as affected by a number of
factors. Caged flies from a colony reared for more than 100 generations on an artificial diet, oviposited in intact fruits
of four tomato cultivars in an unheated greenhouse and in the open. In choice tests, at 25°C, 16L:8D and 65% r.h., medium
(5–6 cm diam) and large (>6 cm diam) fruits received more eggs than small (3–4 cm diam) fruits, but differences were not significant
in all cases. In all cultivars, more eggs were laid in greenhouse than in open-air tomatoes of three different degrees of
maturity, the differences being significant in most cases. The smaller the resistance of a cultivar’s epicarp to penetration
by flat ended 0.2 and 1 mm square probes, the greater the number of eggs a cultivar received. Green (unripe) fruits proved
unsuitable for larval growth. Half-ripe and fully ripe (red) fruits of cvs. ‘Isidro’, ‘204’, ‘Tobo’ and ‘Ace’ yielded pupae
of acceptable weight (mean 5.6 to 6.7 mg) with a high percentage of adult emergence, yet the yield was considerably lower
than that of olive fruit. Fully ripe greenhouse Isidro tomatoes yielded an average of 3.2 adults per fruit and 20.4% of the
eggs laid developed into adults, whereas the other categories and cultivars yielded less. The mean percentages of pupae over
eggs were higher in fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, than in half-ripe Tobo and Ace ones. The mean time from oviposition
to pupation ranged from 16.2 to 25 days, depending on the cultivar and degree of fruit maturity. In fully ripe Isidro and
204 fruits, the fewer the eggs laid per fruit, the higher the percent yield in pupae and the longer the time from oviposition
to pupation. Greenhouse fully ripe fruits of cv. 204 maintained under a low light intensity of 50 lux gave a much lower yield
in pupae and slower larval growth than under 1600 lux. The usefulness of tomatoes as substitutes of artificial diets in rearing
the fly is discussed.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 20, 2005. 相似文献
5.
Cem Ozkan 《Phytoparasitica》2006,34(4):338-346
Effect of host diet on the development time, mortality and adult size of the solitary koinobiont egg-larval parasitoidChelonus oculator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was examined in superparasitizedEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The experiment at a tritrophic level was conducted at 25±1°C, 60–70% relative humidity.
Eggs ofE. kuehniella were parasitized one, two and three times by the parasitoid, and the hosts containing different numbers of parasitoid eggs
were reared in two different host diets. As host diets, a 2:1 mixture of wheat flour and rough wheat bran (HD1) and a 2:1:0.25:0.50:0.25:0.25
mixture of rough wheat bran, corn flour, dry yeast, honey, milk powder, glycerin (HD2) were used. Unlike in the HD1 treatment,
development times of the parasitoid were significantly affected by the number of eggs per host in the HD2 treatment. In addition,
all development times of the parasitoid in the HD2 treatment were found to be significantly shorter than those of the parasitoid
in the HD1 treatment. The mortality of the parasitoid was similar on both host diets, regardless of the number of eggs per
host. However, superparasitism decreased the parasitoid eclosion in both host diet treatments. As well as mortality, when
the size of the adult parasitoid was not affected by the host diet differences with the same number of eggs per host, superparasitism
significantly decreased the size of the parasitoid in both host diet treatments. The findings of this investigation confirm
that there is a significant interaction between host diet and the third trophic level, the parasitoid. Thus, effects of host
diets at tritrophic levels should be incorporated into models of superparasitism.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 22, 2006. 相似文献
6.
丁布胁迫对亚洲玉米螟氧化还原系统的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探明丁布胁迫对亚洲玉米螟氧化还原系统的影响,采用酶活力测定方法和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了取食丁布含量差异显著的3个玉米品种登海662、浚单20和隆玉602叶片及模拟其叶片丁布含量的人工饲料后,玉米螟3龄幼虫氧化还原系统主要酶活性和谷氧还蛋白(Grx)mRNA转录表达的变化。结果显示:取食3个玉米品种叶片24 h后,亚洲玉米螟幼虫过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于对照,且在3个品种处理间差异显著,由大到小依次为登海662(118.30 U/mg和182.19 U/mg)、浚单20(107.13 U/mg和90.02 U/mg)和隆玉602(77.54 U/mg和93.59 U/mg)。取食浚单20可显著促进幼虫脂肪体Grx的表达,取食登海662可显著促进其中肠Grx的表达;取食模拟登海662叶片丁布含量的人工饲料12 h后,幼虫脂肪体中Grx表达量高于对应玉米叶片饲喂处理,而中肠部位则低于对应玉米叶片饲喂处理;取食模拟浚单20的结果与模拟登海662相反。表明亚洲玉米螟氧化还原系统在防御丁布胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。 相似文献
7.
花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides是防治多种蛀干害虫天牛的重要天敌,为了解决人工大量繁育花绒寄甲的技术问题,本文选用大麦虫Zophobas atratus蛹作为繁育花绒寄甲幼虫的替代寄主,利用配置的人工饲料饲喂成虫,在实验室中连续饲养4代花绒寄甲,统计分析所繁育出的每代花绒寄甲成虫的产卵量、产卵前期... 相似文献
8.
Oscar Giovanni Gutiérrez-Cárdenas Ángeles Adán Pilar Medina Delia Muñoz Primitivo Caballero Agustín Garzón 《Pest management science》2023,79(11):4274-4281
Background
Alphabaculoviruses are Lepidoptera-specific virulent pathogens that infect numerous pests, including the Spodoptera complex. Due to their low environmental persistence, the traditional use of Alphabaculoviruses as bioinsecticides consist in high-rate spray applications with repeated treatments. Several abiotic and biotic factors can foster its dispersion, promoting their persistence in the agroecosystem. Amongst biotic factors, predatory arthropods can disperse the viruses by excretion after preying on infected individuals. Therefore, this study focused on promoting predator's ingestion of nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV)-treated diets, and the later exposition of the insect host to leaf surfaces contaminated with predator excreta. The virus–host–predator system studied was Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV), Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter). The infective potential of N. tenuis feces and the retention time of SpliNPV were assessed under laboratory conditions after feeding on treated diets (sucrose solution and Ephestia kuehniella eggs).Results
Mortality of S. littoralis larvae was lower via N. tenuis excretion than in positive control (spray application) in the first infection cycle, together with a delay in host death. In the second infection cycle, both SpliNPV-treated diets triggered 100% mortality. Both diets allowed the transmission of SpliNPV, with a faster excretion via sucrose solution compared to E. kuehniella eggs. SpliNPV remained in N. tenuis digestive tract and was viable after excretion at least for 9 days for both diets.Conclusions
This study demonstrated the potential of the predator N. tenuis as inoculative agent of baculoviruses, representing a new alternative that, along with inundative applications, might contribute to improve pest management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献9.
Essential oils extracted fromEucalyptus blakelyi (1,8-cineole, 77.5%),Melaleuca fulgens (1,8-cineole, 56.9%) and 1,8-cineole were shown to have fumigant toxicity against different development stages ofSitophilus oryzae. The eggs ofS. oryzae were the most tolerant, followed by pupae, larvae and adults in that order.M. fulgens oil,E. blakelyi oil and 1,8-cineole at 100 μl per liter of air gave, respectively, LT50 values of 16.2, 17.4 and 9.1 h for adults, 31.1, 19.3 and 17.5 h for larvae, 55.6, 75.2 and 39.7 h for pupae, and required
>7 days for eggs. Only 1,8-cineole (200 μl
−1 air) gave a significant egg kill by 7 days and the LT95 was 134.5 h. 1,8-Cineole could be a useful new fumigant.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 3, 2004. 相似文献
10.
为采用生物技术防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的扩散为害,对草地贪夜蛾5龄和6龄幼虫注射浓度为1×109CFU/mL的大肠杆菌Escherichia coli菌液,并以注射等量磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution,PBS)和未做任何处理(CK)为对照,24 h后测定幼虫体重、集结数和酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)活性。结果显示,注射大肠杆菌菌液24 h后,草地贪夜蛾5龄和6龄幼虫体重均受到抑制,其体重分别为0.170 g和0.411 g,均显著低于CK的0.181 g和0.484 g;注射大肠杆菌菌液24 h后,草地贪夜蛾5龄和6龄幼虫集结数分别为135.0、338.4个索引集结数(the indexed nodules,INs),前者极显著低于后者,且均显著高于CK和PBS处理,分别为0.4、10.2个INs和0.3、10.9个INs;注射大肠杆菌菌液24 h后,草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫PO活性为0.156 ABS·min-1·mg-1,显著高于CK和PBS处理,分别为0.046 ABS·min-1·mg-1和0.066 ABS·min-1·mg-1,但草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的PO活性为0.050 ABS·min-1·mg-1,显著低于CK和PBS处理,分别为0.066 ABS·min-1·mg-1和0.069 ABS·min-1·mg-1,且草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的PO活性显著高于6龄幼虫的PO活性。表明细菌侵染后草地贪夜蛾不同高龄幼虫的免疫应激反应存在差异,而这种差异可能受幼虫生长发育及细胞免疫和体液免疫功能之间权衡现象的影响。 相似文献
11.
The potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was evaluated under laboratory, screenhouse and field conditions. The ‘All’ and ‘Mexican’ strains ofSteinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and the ‘HP88’ strain ofHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar were compared in both dose response assays (5, 50 and 500 infective juveniles [IJ] per petri dish containing five
5th-instar ECB eggs; 72 h of incubation) and exposure time assays (3, 6 and 9 h of incubation). In the dose response assays
the highest rates of ECB killing resulted from infestation with the Mexican strain ofS. carpocapsae. In the exposure time assays there were no significant differences between the killing rates of the three nematode strains.
Sweet corn plants(Zea mays var.saccharata) grown in a screenhouse, were infested with ECB neonates and 4 days later sprayed with a suspension of the Mexican strain
ofS. carpocapsae (50,000 IJ per plant). The number of ECB larvae found on treated corn plants after one week was significantly (P=0.05) lower
(3- to 5-fold) than the number found on untreated plants. Similar treatment in the field significantly reduced the rate of
economic ear damage from 20% to 5%.
Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2260-E, 1997 series 相似文献
12.
The pyralid Mussidia nigrivenella, a pest of cotton, maize and Phaseolus bean in West Africa, has never been reported as a crop pest in East and Southern Africa, although reportedly it exists in
the wild. It is hypothesized that the difference in pest status of M. nigrivenella between western and eastern Africa was either due to differences in natural enemy compositions or that there exist several
populations and/or species of Mussidia, which vary in their host plant range. Thus, a catalogue of parasitoids of Mussidia spp. was established through surveys in mid-altitude and coastal Kenya, between 2006 and 2007. Mussidia spp. eggs, larvae and pupae were collected from fruits of plants known to host Mussidia spp. and were examined for parasitoid-related mortality. The trichogrammatid Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. lutea was obtained from eggs of Mussidia fiorii. A braconid egg-larval parasitoid, Phanerotoma sp., was reared from the larvae of unknown species of Mussidia (which we are referring to as Mussidia “madagascariensis”, Mussidia “quanzensis”) and M. fiorii, while the bethylid Goniozus sp. and the braconid Apanteles sp. were obtained from Mussidia nr. nigrivenella. Moreover, the ichneumonid larval parasitoid Syzeuctus sp. was obtained from M. fiorii, while the tachinid Leskia sp. was obtained from Mussidia “madagascariensis”. Overall, mortality caused by parasitoids was negligible; hence they were not considered key mortality
factors in the population dynamics of the Mussidia spp. in Kenya. 相似文献
13.
The insecticidal effects of pyrogallol were studied by treating eggs and larvae of the melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Tephritidae: Diptera), with various concentrations (1, 5, 25, 125, 625 and 3125 ppm) of the phenolic compound.
Although egg hatching decreased following treatment of 0–8-h old eggs with pyrogallol, the decrease was not significantly
different from the control. Larval period and total development period declined significantly in 64–72-h-old and 88–96-h-old
B. cucurbitae larvae fed on pyrogallol-treated diet. However, in the 44–48-h-old larvae, the larval period and total development period
were not affected by pyrogallol treatment at any of the tested concentrations. None of them survived up to the pupal stage
at the highest concentration. Number of pupae formed and adult emergence decreased significantly in all larval instars following
feeding on pyrogallol-treated diet. The analysis of enzymes in 64–72-h-old larvae treated with LC40 concentration (16.21 ppm) of pyrogallol at three time intervals, i.e., 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, showed significant induction in the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) and glutathione S-transferases
(GSTs) at 24 h but a decrease was observed following prolonged treatment. On the other hand, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
peroxidases (POX) activity remained suppressed during the initial treatment interval but increased with prolonged treatment
in 136–144-h-old larvae. The catalase (CAT) activity was suppressed at all treatment durations whereas glutathione reductase
(GR) activity was not affected by pyrogallol treatment. An increase in the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide
dismutase, peroxidases and glutathione S-transferases indicates an induction of defensive response of the melon fruit fly
to the toxic effects produced by ingestion of pyrogallol. Although the effects of the compound on enzyme activity were tested
on second instar, it would be interesting to see the effects on other instars too. 相似文献
14.
Development duration and reproduction rate of the twospotted spider miteTetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were studied on five different apple cultivars (‘Amasya’ (local cultivar), ‘Golden Delicious’,
‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starking Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’) at 25°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D. In addition, the same
parameters were determined on Golden Delicious leaves at three constant temperatures (20°, 30° and 35°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8
L:D) in the laboratory.T. urticae performed better on Granny Smith than on the other cultivars, due mainly to high daily egg production (4.6 eggs/♀/day) and
the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m
, which was 0.243 ♀/♀/day). The lowestr
m was observed on Amasya variety (0.231 ♀/♀/day). Development periods of immature stages ofT. urticae varied from 6.5 to 15.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for females, and from 5.9 to 14.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively,
for males. The development thresholds of the eggs and pre-adult stages, respectively, were 10.78° and 8.43°C, and total effective
temperatures were 57.80 and 172.41 degree-days. Mean generation time (T
o
) of the population ranged from 9.94 days at 35°C to 25.99 days at 20°C. The net reproduction rate increased from 66.99 ♀/♀
at 20°C to 92.19 ♀/♀ at 25°C, and decreased to 84.34 ♀/♀ at 30°C and to 12.04 ♀/♀ at 35°C. The highest r
m
occurred at 30°C (0.302 ♀/♀/day) and the lowest at 20°C (0.161 ♀/♀/day).
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003. 相似文献
15.
Rafael Antonio Pasini Anderson Dionei Grützmacher Juliano de Bastos Pazini Franciele Silva de Armas Flávio Amaral Bueno Stefânia Nunes Pires 《Phytoparasitica》2018,46(1):115-125
In Brazil, chemical control is one of the main tools to manage insect pests in wheat. However, this kind of management can impair the biological control provided by the predators Chrysoperla externa and Eriopis connexa. The present study evaluated the side effects on C. externa and E. connexa of 15 insecticides registered for wheat. Insecticides were sprayed on eggs and pupae via Potter tower at the maximum recommended dose. We evaluated the viability of eggs and pupae as well as the sub-lethal effects on fecundity and fertility of the adults emerged from treated pupae. The insecticides were classified according to the scale of toxicity proposed by IOBC. Regarding the eggs, the insecticide etofenprox was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to C. externa. Imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron WG, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin A and B, gamma-cyhalothrin, and etofenprox were also classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to E. connexa, while methomyl was classified as moderately harmful (class 3) for the eggs of the predator. The insecticide imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin was considered slightly harmful (class 2) to pupae of C. externa, while imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin A and B, and lufenuron were classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to the pupae of E. connexa. The insecticides beta-cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron SC, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, thiamethoxam, triflumuron, and zeta-cypermethrin were harmless to eggs and pupae of both predators and should therefore be prioritized in the control of insect pests in wheat, thus preserving the natural biological control provided by C. externa and E. connexa. 相似文献
16.
G. J. Stathas 《Phytoparasitica》2000,28(3):203-211
The daily and total prey consumption and the fecundity of the predatorRhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on the scaleAspidiotus nerii Bouché (Homoptera: Diaspididae) were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The prey consumption ofR. lophanthae was studied on larvae and on virgin adults, and the fecundity on mated females. For the development of the 1 st instar larvae
ofR. lophanthae at 25° C, 1.2 adult femaleA. nerii were consumed; for the development of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae, prey consumption was 2.7, 7.5 and 24.6 adult females,
respectively. The duration of the larval development of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars was 3, 2.2, 2.7 and 6.2 days, respectively,R. lophanthae male and female adults consumed in their lifetime 390.6 and 672.3 adult femaleA. nerii, respectively. Thus, the male’s daily prey consumption came to 7 and the female’s to 12 adult femaleA. nerii. The average fecundity ofR. lophanthae was calculated to be 633.7 eggs per female and the daily fecundity to be 18–25 eggs. The average longevity was 63.4 days
for mated adult females and 119.4 days for unmated. 相似文献
17.
Pre-release techniques aim to increase the searching by the predators for their prey. Keeping bug predators for periods without
food before their release can increase the search ability of these insects. However, this practice can increase the cannibalism
during mass rearing. Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) and Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were kept for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h without food or with only Eucalyptus cloeziana plants in order to verify the occurrence of cannibalism on adults and eggs. Insects kept for periods longer than 24 h showed
higher cannibalism on adults and eggs and the presence of a E. cloeziana plant decreased the cannibalism during all the treatment periods. These predators preferred to attack first the eggs rather
than the adults, probably because of the inability of the former to avoid predation. The pre-release period should not exceed
24 h and plants must be provided to the predators in order to reduce the occurrence of cannibalism and increase the predatory
capacity of these natural enemies. 相似文献
18.
The hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (Degeer) is one of the most abundant predators of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)) in brussels sprouts in Belgium. In the current laboratory study, the toxicity of several insecticides applied at maximum
recommended field rates was investigated on the larvae of E. balteatus. Two- to 3-day-old larvae were confined in glass petri dishes with dry residues of freshly applied insecticides. Their mortality
was checked daily until adult emergence. Sub-lethal effects were investigated by assessing the reproductive performance of
adult hoverflies, originating from the surviving larvae. Of the five compounds tested, only pirimicarb caused 100% larval
mortality. The corrected mortality for spinosad was 60% and the adults obtained from the surviving larvae did not succeed
in laying eggs. Therefore, pirimicarb and spinosad were rated “harmful” (International Organization for Biological and Integrated
Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) category 4) for the larvae of E. balteatus. In contrast, flonicamid, thiacloprid and spirotetramat yielded much lower mortality percentages. The hatching rate of hoverfly
eggs treated with flonicamid was 25.6% vs 48.7% in the control. Hence, flonicamid was rated “slightly harmful” (IOBC category
2). The fertility of adults treated as larvae with thiacloprid or spirotetramat was not affected (IOBC category 1). These
laboratory trials suggest that thiacloprid and spirotetramat can be used safely in integrated pest management programs to
control the cabbage aphid. Pirimicarb, spinosad and flonicamid should be tested in semi-field and field situations to assess
their toxicity under more realistic conditions. 相似文献
19.
During a nematode survey, severe infections of tobacco feeder roots and heavy soil infestations byMeloidogyne incognita race 1 were found in S. Miguel (Azores islands, Portugal). This is the first record ofM. incognita infection of tobacco in Azores. Morphology of various life stages, analysis of the esterase electrophoretic pattern and differential
host tests were used for nematode characterization and identification. Nematode-induced mature galls were spherical and/or
ellipsoidal and usually contained more than one female, males and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by
the development of giant cells that contained granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. Giant cell cytoplasm was aggregated
along a thickened cell wall. Vascular tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between the initial nematode
population density and growth of tobacco plants was tested in a glasshouse experiment in which inoculum levels varied from
0 to 512 eggs and juveniles (J2) cm−3 of soil. Seinhorst’s model was fitted to height and top fresh weight data of the inoculated and control plants. Tolerance
limits with respect to plant height and fresh top weight of tobacco cv. ‘Erzegovina’ plants toM. incognita race 1 were estimated as 1.25 eggs and J2 cm−3 of soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate was 404.7 at an initial population density of 4 eggs and J2 cm−3 of soil.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting March 2, 2004. 相似文献
20.
Agna Rita dos Santos Rodrigues Aline Freitas Spíndola José Eudes de Morais Oliveira Jorge Braz Torres 《Phytoparasitica》2013,41(3):285-294
Considered a generalist species among the coccinellids, the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeds upon small arthropods and non-prey plant products, a practice which might enhance its ability to colonize various ecosystems but carries the potential to expose it to prey quality variation and insecticide use. Thus, we examined the effect of four different diets on the development, reproduction, and response to the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin in this species. Three groups of larvae received laboratory-reared diets: (i) eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Ak); (ii) eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Sc); and (iii) eggs of A. kuehniella + S. cerealella at the proportion 1:1; and one group received wild-caught cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Ag). Notwithstanding the generalist feeding behavior of H. axyridis, development and reproduction results were superior with diets of Ag or Ak compared with the diet combining 1:1 Ak + Sc or the diet of Sc eggs only. Furthermore, the Sc diet did not result in satisfactory development and reproduction. Despite this significant variation in biological responses, insecticide susceptibility studies using adults that had been reared on these diets showed no statistically significant differences in susceptibility to the lambda-cyhalothrin. 相似文献