共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Jean -Paul Hettelingh Harald Sverdrup Dianwu Zhao 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(4):2565-2570
Critical loads have been computed and mapped in Southeast Asia, comprising China, Korea, Japan, The Philippines, Indo-China, Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent. The methodology involved the Steady-State Mass Balance (SSMB) method, originally developed for Europe. In contrast to Europe, where critical loads were computed for forest soils and surface waters, in Asia critical loads for 31 different vegetation types have been computed. Critical chemical limits as well as soil stability criteria were derived for each of these vegetation types, which include both natural and managed ecosystems. Results show that low critical loads in Asia occur in Bangla-Desh, Indo-China, Indonesia and the southern part of China. Uncertainties of the results are mainly due to uncertainties in base cation deposition. The critical loads are part of the impact module of the Asian version of the Regional Air pollution INformation and Simulation model (RAINS-Asia), a model used to assess abatement strategies for sulfur emissions which are rapidly increasing in this part of the world. The difference in the level of detail between European and Asian critical load maps enables different applications. In Europe, critical loads for sulphur were used in comparison to actual sulphur deposition with the aim of decreasing the excess of sulphur deposition over critical loads through optimal emission abatement. In Asia in general and China in particular the geographical distribution of critical loads of sensitive ecosystems, with some emphasis on crops, is likely to be used as a basis for future emission (re-)allocation. 相似文献
2.
The Abatement Strategies AssessmentModel, ASAM, has been used to investigateEuropean emission abatement policies for ammoniaand oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Thesepolicies are designed to reduce the depositionof acidifying substances towards critical loadsdefining the deposition which ecosystems cansustain. Since critical loads are not allattainable the model has been set up to reachvarious intermediate target loads. This paperuses the model to illustrate the sensitivity ofthe derived abatement strategies to the choiceof target load. Particular attention is paidto the various methods of `gap closure',designed to calculate target loads. Thesemethods have been discussed within the frameworkof the UN ECE Task Force on IntegratedAssessment Modelling in its preparations for thenew UN ECE `multi-pollutant multi-effectprotocol' and involve the reduction of the gapbetween the situation in 1990 and the criticalloads. The `gap' can be measured using variousmethods, `area', `ratio' and `accumulatedexceedance'. It is shown that the methods ofdefining target loads have an important bearingon the nature of abatement strategies forpollutants, in terms of the distribution acrosscountries of both costs and benefits. The`accumulated exceedance' approach reflects boththe differing sizes of ecosystem areas indifferent parts of Europe and the differentamounts by which their critical loads areexceeded. It probably reflects much morerealistically the relationship betweendeposition levels and damage to ecosystems. 相似文献
3.
K. R. Bull M. J. Brown H. Dyke B. C. Eversham R. M. Fuller M. Hornung D. C. Howard J. Rodwell D. B. Roy 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(4):2527-2532
There is currently much interest in mapping critical loads for nitrogen deposition as part of a strategy for controlling nitrogen emissions. While nitrogen deposition may cause acidification and excess nutrient effects, the former were considered previously in studies of sulphur deposition. In the UK, work on developing nutrient nitrogen critical loads maps has used several methods and databases. Two approaches are described here, one a steady state calculation using a nitrogen saturation limit for soil systems, the other an empirical estimate of critical loads set to prevent changes to vegetation communities. The empirical method uses national species records and land cover data derived from satellite imagery. Maps drawn from the available data are dependent upon a number of factors which reflect the approach used. To apply the nutrient critical loads to a strategy for future abatement measures, the nutrient nitrogen values for soils have been incorporated within a “critical loads function” which takes into account both acidity and nutrient effects as related to deposition loads for sulphur and nitrogen. This function may be used with deposition data to identify the need for sulphur and nitrogen emission reductions. 相似文献
4.
The purpose of the paper is to present the results of a study that assesses the cost and environmental implications of management options for controlling acid rain. Specifically, the paper illustrates the application of a mathematical programming model which identifies sulphur dioxide emission reductions in eastern North America such that total abatement costs are minimized subject to achieving a prescribed acidic deposition objective. The approaches to reduce acidic deposition considered are emission rollback and least cost targetted. The analysis shows that control strategies developed from a least cost targetted perspective are far less costly and no less effective than emission rollback management approaches. A sensitivity analysis of key input parameters and the effect on management options will also be discussed. 相似文献
5.
J. Hall K. Bull M. Brown H. Dyke J. Ullyett M. Hornung 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(4):2521-2526
Critical loads are estimated in the UK by the Department of Environment's Critical Loads Advisory Group and sub-groups. The Mapping and Data Centre at ITE Monks Wood acts as the National Focal Centre for the UNECE programme for mapping critical loads. The centre is responsible for the generation of UK data sets and their application for national and European purposes. To make effective use of these data, it is necessary to draw upon other environmental data and examine the issues of scale, uncertainty and the way that data are presented. This paper outlines the methodologies which have been employed to derive national maps. Early critical load maps were not vegetation specific, but now critical loads for acidity and for nutrient nitrogen for soils, critical levels maps for ozone and sulphur dioxide, and sulphur deposition maps, have been generated on a vegetation or ecosystem specific basis. These have been used to derive a number of different types of critical load and exceedance maps. The results show the importance of the method selected and the data used for the interpretation. The visualisation of critical loads and the corresponding exceedance data is an important aspect in producing information for pollution abatement strategies. 相似文献
6.
Bull K.R. Achermann B. Bashkin V. Chrast R. Fenech G. Forsius M. Gregor H.-D. Guardans R. Haubmann T. Hayes F. Hettelingh J.-P. Johannessen T. Krzyzanowski M. Kucera V. Kvaeven B. Lorenz M. Lundin L. Mills G. Posch M. Skjelkvåle B. L. Ulstein M. J. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):119-130
For 20 years the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution has worked to control air pollutant emissions in Europe and North America. Its Working Group on Effects (WGE) has been responsible for much of the underpinning science. The WGE's six International Cooperative Programmes (ICPs) on Waters, Natural Vegetation and Crops, Forests, Materials and Cultural Heritage, Integrated Monitoring, and Modelling and Mapping, together with a Joint Task Force on Human Health with WHO, quantify air pollution effects on the environment through monitoring, modelling and scientific review. Early work found evidence to support the need for decreases in emissions of sulphur and nitrogen pollutants. More recently, monitoring results and models have provided the scientific basis, e.g. critical loads and levels, for effects-based Protocols and for evaluating their effectiveness. ICP studies on trends show recovery from acidification effects in keeping with the fall in sulphur emissions. Steady-state models provide an indication of long-term improvements. Recent increased emphasis on developing dynamic models will enable better links between recovery rates and abatement strategies. The scientific network of the ICPs and the monitoring and modelling results have been key to the development of the Convention and are an essential component for its success in the future. 相似文献
7.
The impact of acid deposition, attributable to sulphur and nitrogen pollutants, on the soils of Scotland has been analysed using a critical loads approach. The critical load of a soil (as an indicator of ecological damage) is calculated from the soil parent material controlling weathering and soil development. Using existing soil survey information national maps for critical loads of acidity and the sulphur fraction are presented for soils under natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The results show that highly sensitive soils, that is those derived from quartzite and granite are limited in occurrence. However, there are large areas of sensitive soils predominantly to the north and west of the Midland Valley and in the Southern Uplands, in receipt of acid deposition in excess of their critical load. Enhanced soil acidification should be widespread in these areas and consequently the ecosystems which they support will be adversely affected. The least sensitive soils, overlying limestone or marl, are restricted in occurrence and are confined to the major deposits of marine alluvium. The results of the analysis may be used to help policy makers derive emission abatement strategies in the context of the European Sulphur protocol renewal in 1993. In Scotland the maps may be used to aid the planning of large scale afforestation. 相似文献
8.
潮土中水溶态硒和交换态硒含量变化的试验研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在富硒潮土中施加磷酸二氢钙和硫磺,进行室内模拟试验,分析了土壤中水溶态硒和交换态硒含量的变化.结果表明,在潮土中施加磷酸二氢钙和硫磺对土壤中的水溶态硒含量变化影响不显著,适量施加磷酸二氢钙可提高土壤中交换态硒含量,施加硫磺的提高作用稍弱;施加0.12%的磷酸二氢钙,或者施加0.12%磷酸二氢钙加0.011%硫磺的方式,能有效地提高潮土中交换态硒的含量.试验结果对合理利用含硒土壤资源,科学施肥,开发富硒农产品具有指导意义. 相似文献
9.
Air pollutants emissions from traffic are very closely connected to urban air quality, in a local scale, as well as to global
problems like climate change, in a large scale. Road transport air pollutants emissions represent, in most cases, a critical
parameter for a comprehensive and successful understanding of the mechanisms governing the air pollutants concentrations.
Hence, reliable estimations and comprehension of road transport emissions are indispensable in order to set reliable strategies
in the direction of air pollution abatement and management of air pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions. In this framework,
in the present work, the emissions of air pollutants from road transport in Greece will be presented for the whole period
1990–2009 as it was found that a detailed, accurate and reliable emissions inventory was missing. The whole period emissions
variation has clarified the impact of the change in the vehicle fleet, the engine technologies and the fuel quality. The calculated
results have revealed that the age of the vehicles and the corresponding engine technology are the critical parameters determining
the amount of the pollutants emitted. This was mainly observed in both passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles demonstrating
the importance of a renewal programme of the old circulating vehicles in order to set an effective air pollution abatement
strategy. Passenger cars were found to be responsible for the major part of most air pollutants emissions except from nitrogen
oxides and particulates emissions. Heavy duty vehicles contribute more than 66% to nitrogen oxides and particulates emissions.
For the whole time period, all calculated pollutants present a decreasing trend, with the exception of carbon dioxide and
nitrous oxide which increase constantly, ranging from −96% for sulphur dioxide to −1% for PM10. 相似文献
10.
W.O Enwezor 《Geoderma》1976,15(5):401-411
Greenhouse experiments were carried out using soil samples collected from selected locations in southeastern Nigeria, in order to ascertain the extent, if any, of sulphur deficiencies in this region.Of the 45 locations studied, 20 showed significant responses to sulphur fertilization. 17 of the sulphur-deficient locations fall within the derived savanna vegetation zone.Percentage yield of maize (Zea mays) correlated positively with sulphate sulphur extracted after incubation of soil for two weeks. The correlation coefficient, r = 0.68, is significant at the 0.1% level. There was also a significant relationship between percentage yield and total soil carbon (r = 0.55) and between total soil sulphur and total soil carbon (r = 0.57).Application of ammonium sulphate resulted in a significant lowering of the soil pH, when compared with the application of ammonium nitrate. There was a negative relationship (r = ?0.86) between percentage dry matter yield of maize and percent depression of the soil pH, suggesting that the soils with low buffer capacity are more likely to respond to sulphur application than soils with high buffer capacity. 相似文献
11.
Tomas Lošák Jaroslav Hlusek Jiri Martinec Johann Vollmann Jiri Peterka Radek Filipcik 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(4):313-321
Abstract Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crtz., false flax) is described as a species requiring fewer inputs than other oilseed crops thus making it an interesting alternative in sustainable cropping systems. As information on the combined effects of nitrogen and sulphur on camelina yield and quality parameters is meagre, a pot fertilization experiment was carried out with nitrogen applied as NH4NO3 at three increasing rates equivalent to a range from 63 up to 127 kg ha?1. These treatments were combined with sulphur additions applied as (NH4)2SO4 to achieve a soil sulphate content of 25 or 45 mg kg?1, respectively (equivalent to 75 and 135 kg S ha?1). The medium and high nitrogen rates combined with the low sulphur fertilization level increased the number of branches per plant compared with the lowest nitrogen fertilization at the same sulphur rate. Camelina seed yield increased with increasing nitrogen doses at the same low sulphur level, whereas straw yield increased only at the highest rate of nitrogen. Thousand-seed mass increased at the highest nitrogen dose and with the low sulphur application rate. In addition, the increase in nitrogen fertilization reduced seed oil content from 39.8% to 37.1%. A highly negative correlation was observed between oil and protein content of seeds. Nitrogen fertilization increased total oil yield and total protein yield. Differences in crop parameters between the sulphur treatments were not significant statistically, although the higher sulphur treatment tended to increase seed yield as well as oil and protein content compared with the low sulphur treatment. Thus, the combined application of N and S as mineral fertilizers is only recommended when growing camelina on sulphur-deficient soils if the aim is to achieve both high oil and protein production. 相似文献
12.
13.
Pot culture experiments are described which attempt to identify the organic fractions of soil sulphur that decompose during the growing season to provide plant-available sulphur.Soil organic matter was labelled with 35S by incubating soil with labelled sulphate and several organic sulphur fractions were determined before and after the growth of Sorghum vulgare and following a fallow treatment. The effect of moisture stress on the uptake of sulphur by plants was also investigated; this treatment had little effect.Changes occurred in both hydriodic acid-reducible and carbon-bonded sulphur fractions, 60 per cent of the sulphur taken up by the plants being derived from the latter. The changes in carbon-bonded sulphur involved changes in both Raney nickel-reducible and non-reducible sulphur fractions. All of the sulphur fractions investigated thus contributed available sulphur for plant uptake, and none of them are likely to be of any value for predicting the sulphur requirements of plants. 相似文献
14.
紫色土增施单质硫对大蒜生长发育和硫素营养的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对紫色土施用单质硫条件下大蒜生长发育及硫素营养吸收和代谢进行了研究。结果表明,大蒜株高、叶面积、经济产量(蒜头)和经济系数以中等供硫水平最高,而茎粗和生物产量则以高硫水平最大。大蒜能耐高浓度的硫素供应,在0～120kghm-2供硫情况下,其全硫(TS)、水溶性硫(SS)和无机硫(Io-S)含量均随供硫量的增加而上升,小分子水溶性含硫氨基酸含量(Ws-S)以低硫水平最高,而大分子蛋白质硫含量(Wis-S)以中等供硫水平时最高,与大蒜素含量的变化一致。大蒜素含量与不同硫组分比率的关系分析发现,大蒜素含量与Ws-S/TS呈极显著的正相关(r=0.752 ),与Io-S/SS呈显著的正相关(r=0.702 )。全氮含量与全硫含量变化趋势一致,全磷含量以低硫水平时最高,全钾含量以中等供硫水平时最高。 相似文献
15.
土壤有机硫形态分配的季节变化与作物效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
江淮丘陵地区下蜀黄土母质发育的水稻土油 稻轮作试验表明:油菜收获后土壤比试验前土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别下降了51.3% 、60.2% 、29.3%和73.4%;水稻收获后土壤比油菜收获后土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别增加了129% 、302% 、78%和203% 。与试验前土壤比较,油菜收获后土壤有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别下降了12.6、3.2和18.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别下降了2.3和18.7个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和有机硫百分数则分别增加了8.9和20.7百分点。与油菜收获后土壤比较,水稻收获后土壤总有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别增加了7.4 、6.9和7.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别增加了7.7和7.2个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和总有机硫百分数则分别减少了21.2和14.9个百分点。与同期不种作物处理相比,油菜收获后和油 稻轮作后土壤硫酸酯形态硫含量、占总硫及占有机硫百分数分别增加12.4个百分点和64.1个百分点,7.2和14.5个百分点及10.8和17.9个百分点而土壤惰性硫占总硫百分数下降9.6和13.6个百分点,占有机硫百分数则增加12.8和18.6个百分点。虽然油菜种植导致耕层土壤有机硫有显著下降,而其在水稻种植期间被逆转。因此,油-稻轮作制度是维持该地区土壤硫肥力的一种较好耕作措施之一。 相似文献
16.
土壤有机硫形态分配的季节变化与作物效应 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
江淮丘陵地区下蜀黄土母质发育的水稻土油 稻轮作试验表明：油菜收获后土壤比试验前土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别下降了51.3% 、60.2% 、29.3%和73.4%;水稻收获后土壤比油菜收获后土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别增加了129% 、302% 、78%和203% 。与试验前土壤比较,油菜收获后土壤有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别下降了12.6、3.2和18.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别下降了2.3和18.7个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和有机硫百分数则分别增加了8.9和20.7百分点。与油菜收获后土壤比较,水稻收获后土壤总有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别增加了7.4 、6.9和7.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别增加了7.7和7.2个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和总有机硫百分数则分别减少了21.2和14.9个百分点。与同期不种作物处理相比,油菜收获后和油 稻轮作后土壤硫酸酯形态硫含量、占总硫及占有机硫百分数分别增加12.4个百分点和64.1个百分点,7.2和14.5个百分点及10.8和17.9个百分点而土壤惰性硫占总硫百分数下降9.6和13.6个百分点,占有机硫百分数则增加12.8和18.6个百分点。虽然油菜种植导致耕层土壤有机硫有显著下降,而其在水稻种植期间被逆转。因此,油-稻轮作制度是维持该地区土壤硫肥力的一种较好耕作措施之一。 相似文献
17.
The amount and chemical nature of soil organic sulphur was determined in several pairs of soils taken from long-term pasture and adjacent, continuously cultivated sites. Similar determinations were also carried out on organic matter extracts obtained from the soils. The lower levels of sulphur in the arable soils compared with pasture soils were assumed to have resulted from the mineralisation of organic matter brought about by cultivation. Losses of sulphur caused by this mineralisation were found to occur in all three organic fractions examined. A high proportion (75%) of the sulphur lost consisted of carbon-bonded sulphur with only 25% derived from HI-reducible forms. Despite this, it is suggested that, of the two forms, HI-reducible sulphur has a more transitory nature and is possibly of greater importance in the short-term mineralisation of sulphur whereas carbon-bonded sulphur passes through an HI-reducible form prior to release as inorganic sulphur. It is suggested that the sulphur present in the fulvic acid pool could, likewise, be most important for short-term mineralisation. 相似文献
18.
《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(7):943-952
Relationship between the contents of soil sulphur and plant sulphur was studied in order to evaluate the distribution of plant-available sulphur in Zambian soils. Four soils series with distinct differences in texture and organic carbon content had been selected among representative benchmark soil series and used to cultivate maize (Zea mays L.) as a test plant in pots. From the results of the pot experiment, critical levels of sulphur deficiency in plants and soils were evaluated and the levels of available sulphur for maize nutrition were rated into four classes using data on the relative yield of maize. The optimum method to determine the available sulphur content of the soils was applied to the analysis of other benchmark soils. Satisfactory regression models for assessing the relation between the content of available soil sulphur with other soil constituents among benchmark soil could not be identified. A distribution map for available sulphur was drawn in a step-by-step format by using a different scale of the soil map, soil units and the legends of soil map databases. As a result, it was confirmed that sulphur-deficient and marginal areas were widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, soil acidity problems associated with sulphur application, the inconsistency of the content of available sulphur with that of total sulphur and limitation of the map utility were examined. 相似文献
19.
Togo Tsuji Austin Mambo Lackson K. Phiri Ronald Msoni Sesele B. Sokotela Olusegun A. Yerokun 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(7):943-952
Relationship between the contents of soil sulphur and plant sulphur was studied in order to evaluate the distribution of plant-available sulphur in Zambian soils. Four soils series with distinct differences in texture and organic carbon content had been selected among representative benchmark soil series and used to cultivate maize ( Zea mays L.) as a test plant in pots. From the results of the pot experiment, critical levels of sulphur deficiency in plants and soils were evaluated and the levels of available sulphur for maize nutrition were rated into four classes using data on the relative yield of maize. The optimum method to determine the available sulphur content of the soils was applied to the analysis of other benchmark soils. Satisfactory regression models for assessing the relation between the content of available soil sulphur with other soil constituents among benchmark soil could not be identified. A distribution map for available sulphur was drawn in a step-by-step format by using a different scale of the soil map, soil units and the legends of soil map databases. As a result, it was confirmed that sulphur-deficient and marginal areas were widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, soil acidity problems associated with sulphur application, the inconsistency of the content of available sulphur with that of total sulphur and limitation of the map utility were examined. 相似文献
20.
陕西省农田土壤硫含量空间变异特征及亏缺评价 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
陕西省 13种耕地土壤 30 5个表层 (0～ 2 0cm)土壤样点分析结果表明 :该省土壤全硫和用0 0 1molL-1Ca(H2 PO4) 2 浸提的有效硫含量分别为 33～ 76 9mgkg-1(均值 36 0mgkg-1)和 4 6～ 15 7 3mgkg-1(均值 2 9 3mgkg-1) ,其中黑垆土 (普通干润均腐土 )、绵砂土 (灌淤湿润砂质新成土 )的有效硫平均含量最低。土壤全硫具有中等空间相关性 ,有效硫空间相关性较差。土壤全硫和有效硫分布具有渐变性 ,其最大相关距离分别为 5 31km和 34km。全硫以较大区域变异为主 ;有效硫以小区域变异为特征。陕西省耕地土壤有效硫含量低于硫亏缺临界值 (18 5mgkg-1)的占总面积的 13 9% ,相当于 5 3 7万hm2 农田缺硫。陕西省中部地区 ,尤其是延安西部地区土壤硫亏缺风险较大 相似文献