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1.
《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):412-417
Abstract The effects of different night temperatures on grain yield were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L. Akita-63) during the ripening period. Plants were grown under two different night temperatures (22 and 27°C) from anthesis to harvesting. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in both treatments. Although the final biomass at harvest did not differ between the treatments, the dry weight of the panicles was significantly greater in the cool night temperature treatment. This increase in panicle weight was associated with increases in the 1000-kernel weight and the ratio of filled spikelets. Although panicle respiration in the high night temperature treatment decreased to almost zero just after the cessation of grain filling, the net CO2 fixation rate per day in the whole plant in this treatment tended to be higher, and this was associated with a higher level of starch accumulation. After grain filling, the starch content decreased and the final dry weight of other plant parts, including dead organs and new tillers, was greater in the high night temperature treatment. Thus, the noted decline in yield at the high night temperature led to changes in carbon allocation to new sinks for vegetative reproduction at the whole plant level. From these results, we considered the possibility that a cool night temperature tends to favor carbon allocation to panicles, resulting in higher yield. 相似文献
2.
《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1988,43(1):71-82
Little is known of the microclimate differences in orchards posed by different floor management systems. Comparisons were made of microclimatic factors on eight radiation frost nights in the spring of 1986 between two adjacent 1.4 ha peach (Prunus persica (l.) Batsch) plots in the Shenandoah Valley of West Virginia. The two plots were under different floor management systems; one plot with a complete grass cover (grass plot) and the other plot consisted of alternating 3-m-wide soil, 3-m-wide grass strips with coal dust applied to the soil strip of the tree row (coal dust plot). The net radiative flux (Rn) on radiation frost nights from the coal dust plot was 10–15 W m−2 lower (greater radiative loss) than from the grass plot. Only 50% of this Rn difference in the early morning hours at the beginning of this study was accounted for by the soil heat flux (G) difference. However, G accounted for an increased percentage of the Rn difference in the early morning hours as the study progressed, reaching 100% at approximately 30 days from the commencement of this study. Differences of 0.5 and 1°C were found in bud and air temperatures, respectively, between plots, with bud temperature differences predicted by the Landsberg et al. model agreeing well with measured differences. Because the differences in Rn and G were nearly equal during radiation frost nights, it is apparent that little of the energy liberated by the soil was intercepted by the canopy. Provided a means of trapping the energy from the soil in the canopy can be devised, a potential 2–3°C difference in canopy temperature may be realized between these floor management systems for the site studied. These differences in canopy temperature, however, would be site-specific due to the effect of aspect, slope, relative position on slope, and vegetation on solar energy partitioning. A greater potential in utilizing soil management for frost protection may exist in other regions where orchard floors are devoid of vegetation and the soil treated area can be expanded. 相似文献
3.
Shouichi Yoshida 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):299-310
I studied how temperature affects early growth, tillering, and spikelet number of the rice plant in artificially-lighted growth rooms. At early growth stages, growth rate increased as temperature rose from 22 to 31°C. During early stages, when growth largely depended on the seed reserve, the temperature quotient for growth rate was about 2. The effects of temperature on growth rate decreased with time. Tillering was more vigorous at high temperatures than at low temperatures. Spikelet number per panicle increased with decreasing temperatures. 相似文献
4.
夜间增温对水稻生长、生理特性及产量构成的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2015年6-11月,在大田条件下采用铝箔反光膜覆盖对水稻(南粳46)进行夜间增温试验。试验设置夜间增温(NW)和对照(CK)两个处理,在水稻主要生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期)观测水稻分蘖数、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶面积指数、光合作用和蒸腾作用参数以及产量构成(有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)。结果表明:(1)铝箔反光膜覆盖达到了夜间增温的目的,整个生育期夜间水稻冠层平均气温比对照提高0.4℃。(2)夜间增温条件下,水稻分蘖数比对照平均每株减少4.33个;各生育期叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)分别下降0.2%、2.75%、6.31%、10.77%和32.03%,而叶面积指数差异不大。(3)NW处理各生育期水稻叶片的光合和蒸腾作用参数,包括净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著低于对照(P0.05)。(4)NW处理每穗粒数和有效穗数分别比对照低12.76%和19.02%,产量下降32.54%,千粒重增加3.93%。研究认为,夜间增温对水稻的生长及光合作用产生显著影响,在未来气候变化背景下,应进一步研究不同增温方式对水稻生产的影响及其模型模拟。 相似文献
5.
H. D. Upadhyaya K. N. Reddy M. Irshad Ahmed Vinod Kumar M. K. Gumma Senthil Ramachandran 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2017,64(6):1365-1381
The genebank at ICRISAT conserves the largest collection of 23,092 pearl millet germplasm accessions originating in 52 countries. A total of 15,979 landraces originating in 34 countries and having geographic coordinates of the collection sites were selected to investigate the geographical distribution of pearl millet traits and diversity in the collection. Results revealed adaptation of pearl millet to latitudes ranging between 33.00°S and 36.91°N. Landraces with early flowering (33–40 days) were predominant in Pakistan, Ghana, Togo and India; with very late flowering (121–159 days) in Sierra Leone and the Central African Republic; with short plant height (80–100 cm) in India, Zambia and Sudan; with tallness (401–490 cm) in Chad, Burkina Faso, Nigeria and the Central African Republic; with high tillering (11–35) in India and Yemen; with high panicle exsertion (11–29 cm) in Ghana, Chad, India and Yemen; with long panicles (75–135 cm) in Nigeria and Niger; with thick panicles (41–58 mm) in Namibia, Togo and Zimbabwe and those with large seeds (16–19 g 1000 seeds?1) were predominant in Togo, Benin, Ghana and Burkina Faso. Collections from Ghana for flowering (36–150 days), Burkina Faso for plant height (80–490), India and Yemen for total (1–35) and productive (1–19) tillers per plant, Niger for panicle exsertion (?45 to 21.0), panicle length (9–135 cm) and thickness (12–55 mm) and Zimbabwe for 1000 seed weight (3.5–19.3 g), were found as important sources for trait diversity. Launching collection missions for trait-specific germplasm is suggested to enrich the world collection of pearl millet at ICRISAT genebank for diversity. 相似文献
6.
T. Winkel J.P. Lhomme J.P. Nina Laura C. Mamani Alcn C. del Castillo A. Rocheteau 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2009,149(10):1759-1768
Night radiative frost is a highly limiting factor for agriculture in Andean highlands. Nevertheless, a diversity of crop species have been domesticated there, commonly showing high heterogeneity in plant growth at the field level. The possible protective effect of crop canopy heterogeneity against nocturnal radiative frost is examined using a dual approach, combining a field experiment and a simplified energy balance model at the leaf level. Leaf and air temperatures were registered over an entire quinoa crop cycle in the Andean highlands of Bolivia, comparing two cultivars: Blanca de Yanamuyu, a traditional landrace with high plant height heterogeneity, and Surumi, a more homogeneous selected variety. In both cultivars, inverted air density profiles during calm and clear nights result in air temperature changes up to 3 °C over 0.5 m height, with minimum air temperature concentrated at the upper part of the canopy. In these conditions, leaf temperature gradients of up to 2.6 °C m−1 develop within the canopy of the traditional landrace, with minimum leaf temperature significantly higher (P < 0.001) in shaded plants of the landrace than in the selected cultivar. A dynamic model of leaf temperature based on canopy parameters and climatic records at screen level adequately simulates leaf temperature differences in the case of a vertically heterogeneous quinoa canopy. A sensitivity analysis of the model reveals that canopy height, leaf area index, and sky cloudiness have the most important influences on the development of the sheltering effect, while air temperature and air humidity play a minor role under typical radiative frost conditions. As for wind speed, its actual influence remains unclear due to experimental and modelling limitations at low wind speeds. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the trade-off between stress adaptation and biomass productivity. 相似文献
7.
分期播种对耐高温东北粳稻农艺性状的影响及耐热性评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
用5份耐高温东北粳稻(“东稻2号”、“东农03-33”、“东农415-1”、“合江195”和“吉粳3”)为材料在中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所长沙水稻试验站进行分期播种试验(播种日期分别为2011年3月20日、3月30日、4月9日、4月19日、4月29日、5月9日、5月19日和5月29日),研究了分期播种对供试材料株高、主穗穗长、结实率、千粒重、单株穗数、每穗总粒数、单株产量等农艺性状的影响,并分析了自然温度与结实率的关系,评价了供试材料在抽穗扬花期的耐热性.研究结果表明,随着播种期推迟各品种播始历期逐渐变短,不同播种期间的单株穗数、每穗总粒数、单株产量变异幅度较大,而株高、主穗穗长、结实率、千粒重在不同播种期间的变异幅度较小.结实率与日最高温度和日平均温度均呈负相关,“合江195”结实率受温度影响最小,“东稻2号”、“东农03-33”、“东农415-1”的结实率与温度显著相关(P＜0.05),“吉粳3”为极显著相关(P＜0.01).回归分析发现,在一定温度范围内,结实率与温度呈二次曲线关系,且日最高温度和日平均温度对结实率的影响具有一致性.抽穗扬花期遇到高温的各播种期处理材料,除“东农03-33”5月29日播种结实率为58.7％、“吉粳3”5月19日播种结实率为52.5％外,其他材料结实率均在64.9％～75.1％之间,表现出较强的耐热性.综合分期播种的田间农艺性状表现和各材料结实率与自然温度之间的关系,认为“东稻2号”和“合江195”适合作为早稻在湖南种植. 相似文献
8.
《Biosystems Engineering》2003,84(3):315-329
A model for fan-ventilated greenhouse cooling is presented in which the primary heat transfer surfaces (cover/structure, canopy and floor) are represented as three parallel planes. Validation of the model was accomplished using data collected over 14 days. Agreement was good, with canopy temperatures over-predicted by only 0·1%, air temperatures in the canopy under-predicted by 0·5%, humidity of the canopy air under-predicted by 1·6% and transpiration rates under-predicted by 1·4%. Simulation runs suggest that when evaporative pad cooling is not used, little advantage is derived from increasing airflow rates beyond about 0·05 m3 m−2 s−1. When evaporative pad cooling is used, however, both air and canopy temperatures decline with increasing airflow rates up to 0·13 m3 m−2 s−1, the highest level considered. Increasing canopy size is predicted to be more influential in reducing air temperatures when evaporative pad cooling is used than when it is not, but its effect on canopy temperature is expected to be approximately the same whether or not evaporative pad cooling is used. With no evaporative pad cooling, the evapotranspiration coefficient (i.e., the ratio of energy used for transpiration to incoming solar energy) is predicted to range from 1·75 for an outside temperature of 36·8°C and an outside humidity ratios of 3·3 g kg−1 to 0·8 for an outside humidity ratio of 29·9 g kg−1 at the same temperature. With evaporative pad cooling, the coefficient is predicted to range from 0·6 to 0·8 at the same outside temperature and the same range of outside humidity ratios. 相似文献
9.
The effects of air temperature and light on the grain filling of an indica (IR20) and ajaponica rice (Fujisaka 5) was studied in artificially lighted cabinets. Within the daily mean temperature range of 16° to 28°C, the higher the temperature, the faster the grains filled and matured. At 28°C, the upper grains of IR20 rice took 13 days to reach the maximum weight, whereas those of Fujisaka 5 took 18 days. The optimum daily mean temperature range to achieve maximum weight per grain was 19° to 25°C for IR20 and 16° to 22°C for Fujisaka 5. Apparently, IR20 rice is better adapted to higher temperatures during the ripening period than is Fujisaka 5 rice. More chalky grains occurred when the temperature was above or below the optimum range. Both day and night temperatures affected grain weight and grain quality. The daily mean temperature was found to be the most meaningful expression for describing the effect of temperature on grain filling. Low light intensity appeared to cause a slight delay in the grain filling of the whole panicle and a reduction in the percentage of filled grains on the lower branches. A combination of high light intensity and low temperature gave the best ripening grade (grain weight × percent filled grains). 相似文献
10.
为提高长时间序列叶面积指数测定模型的模拟精度,该文设计一种可以长期在野外间接测量叶面积指数仪器,仪器由太阳能提供持久电能,利用单片机控制垂直水平舵机,带动光强传感器记录多角度光线强度,在2台仪器同时测量的情况下,获得光线透过林分冠层多角度光强衰减率,通过编写计算程序解算林分叶面积指数。使用商品化光学仪器LAI-2200验证该仪器测量精度,对24块样地叶面积指数进行测量,两仪器测量结果高度吻合R2为0.927,绝对标准误差为0.36。长时间野外叶面积指数自动测量获取数据可节省人力、减少人为误差。 相似文献
11.
基于结构方程模型的控水稻"需水量-光合量-产量"关系研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
水稻产量的形成是源库互作的过程,稻田水位的变化对水稻的源库关系有重要影响。该文使用2009、2010年,2年水位调控试验数据,通过计算水位调控水稻全生育期需水量和冠层总光合量,选取水稻群体质量因子(最大LAI、根冠比、株高、茎质量)和产量构成因子(有效穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重、结实率),利用结构方程模型综合分析了水位调控水稻需水量、光合量与群体质量及产量构成之间的关系,结果表明:水位调控水稻总需水量对各因子总效果大小(绝对值)的前三位依次为:千粒重(0.717)、有效穗数(0.650)、每穗粒数(0.459)。冠层总光合量对各因子总效果大小(绝对值)的前三位依次为:茎重(0.613)、最大LAI(0.437)、株高(0.437)。说明总需水量对产量的形成起重要作用,而冠层光合侧重于影响水稻群体发育状况。水位调控水稻"源-库"间相关系数为0.44,呈中度正相关关系。总需水量与冠层总光合量对产量的直接和间接效果值均为正值,总需水量对产量的总效果值(0.552)大于冠层总光合量(0.201),且这种影响主要来自间接作用(0.492),即对产量构成因子的作用。 相似文献
12.
施氮量与栽插密度对超级早稻中早22产量的影响 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
以超级早稻中早22为材料,采用裂区设计,研究了不同施氮量与栽插密度组合对其产量的影响.结果表明,施氮量和栽插密度及其互作对产量的影响均达显著水平.在中、低施氮水平下,不同密度间产量差异很小,而在高氮水平下,适当降低密度有利高产.在0～195 kg/hm<'2>施氮范围内,有效穗数、生物产量、产量、氮素积累总量、最高茎蘖... 相似文献
13.
用多角度光谱信息反演冬小麦叶绿素含量垂直分布 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：7
由于作物叶片具有一定的叶位空间垂直结构(倒一叶、倒二叶、倒三叶、倒四叶、倒五叶等)，且存在不同叶位叶绿素等生化组分垂直分布的特性，该研究提出利用遥感数据反演作物养分垂直分布，尤其是作物中、下层信息的方法。运用多角度光谱信息，通过不同角度条件下，反映的作物上层、中层、下层信息的差异等通过构建基于不同观测天顶角条件下的冠层叶绿素反演指数的组合值，形成上层叶绿素反演光谱指数、中层叶绿素反演光谱指数和下层叶绿素反演光谱指数来反演作物叶绿素的垂直分布，达到了极显著的水平。表明运用基于多角度光谱信息的光谱指数组合能够较好的反演作物叶绿素含量的垂直分布。对于生产上迫切需要对作物中、下层叶片氮素或叶绿素状况的监测来指导适时和适量施肥，保证获得既定的作物产量和品质目标，提高肥料利用率有重要意义。 相似文献
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15.
Composition and Quality of Wheat Grown Under Different Shoot and Root Temperatures During Maturation
Mohammed Guedira Patrick J. McCluskey Finlay MacRitchie Gary M. Paulsen 《Cereal Chemistry》2002,79(3):397-403
Diminished quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from high temperature during maturation is usually attributed to direct effects of the stress on the shoots or grain. However, the upper soil temperature approaches the air temperature, and roots are highly sensitive and interact profoundly with other plant parts. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of differential shoot and root temperatures on quality of hard red spring wheat (cv. Len). Plants were grown in hydroponic containers at 15/10°C day/night until 10 days after anthesis, when shoot/root treatments of 15/15°C, 15/30°C, 30/15°C, and 30/30°C were imposed until the grain ripened. Both high shoot and high root temperature affected quality of the grain. Kernel size and weight were diminished more by high root than by high shoot temperature, but flour yield was decreased significantly only by the 30/30°C treatment. The percentage of starch in B granules was reduced by high shoot temperature, and the diameter of A granules was decreased by all heat treatments. Amylose concentration was increased by high temperatures of both shoot and root, resulting in decreased pasting characteristics. Flour protein increased after all heat treatments, but high shoot temperature decreased the polymer‐to‐monomer ratio and unextractable polymeric protein and it affected dough mixing. We concluded that stress on roots directly affects properties of the grain that are important for milling and baking. 相似文献
16.
培育大穗型水稻品种是进一步提高水稻产量的途径之一,但是大穗型水稻的颖花受精和籽粒灌浆易受环境影响而产生波动。以大穗型水稻品种BL006和R-农白为试验材料,中穗型品种黄华占为对照,利用人工气候室模拟湖北典型高温天气的昼夜温度变化,研究大穗型水稻在抽穗开花期遭遇高温（日平均气温30℃和33℃）后的结实表现。结果表明：高温处理后,各品种的颖花受精率显著降低;30℃处理后,BL006、R-农白和黄华占的颖花受精率分别下降10.37、10.05和7.24个百分点,33℃处理后,分别降低53.17、65.38和8.17个百分点;30℃高温处理后,弱势颖花受精率的降幅较大,33℃高温处理后,强势颖花受精率的降幅较大;颖花受精率的变化与品种的光合特征有关。与常温相比,30℃高温处理后,BL006和R-农白的千粒重均降低1.69%,黄华占升高2.45%;33℃处理后,BL006和黄华占分别降低18.38%和11.65%,R-农白升高3.10%。此外,千粒重的变化也受粒位影响。因此,选育强耐高温的大穗型水稻品种,要整体提升穗部颖花的高温耐性水平和品种的光合能力。 相似文献
17.
无人机热红外图像计算冠层温度特征数诊断棉花水分胁迫 总被引：1，自引：7，他引：1
针对当前无人机热红外遥感诊断作物水分胁迫状况精度不高的问题,该文以4种水分处理的花铃期棉花为试验对象,利用六旋翼无人机搭载热红外传感器,连续5 d采集中午13点的棉花冠层高分辨率热红外影像,通过Canny边缘检测算法将热红外图像中的土壤背景有效剔除,应用温度直方图验证剔除效果,然后计算棉花冠层温度特征数,包括冠层温度标准差(standard deviation of canopy temperature,CTSD)和冠层温度变异系数(canopy temperature coefficient of variation,CTCV);分别研究棉花冠层温度特征数与棉花叶片气孔导度Gs、蒸腾速率Tr、水分胁迫指数(crop water stress index,CWSI)和土壤体积含水率(soil volumetric water content,SWC)的相关关系,并分析冠层温度特征数对诊断棉花水分胁迫的适用性。研究结果表明:棉花冠层温度特征数与表征棉花水分胁迫的生理指标和物理指标都具有较高的相关性,最大的决定系数R2为0.884;棉花冠层温度标准差CTSD和变异系数CTCV与Gs、Tr、CWSI、SWC的决定系数R2分别为0.884、0.625、0.673、0.550和0.853、0.583、0.620、0.520,冠层温度标准差CTSD对作物水分胁迫的敏感程度更高,可以作为诊断作物水分胁迫的新指标。该研究提出冠层温度特征数的计算方法仅需要无人机热红外影像数据,相比其他诊断作物水分胁迫状况的温度指标具有较大的应用潜力。 相似文献
18.
Nocturnal cooling of air within a forest canopy and the resulting temperature profile may drive local thermally driven motions, such as drainage flows, which are believed to impact measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. To model such flows, it is necessary to accurately predict the rate of cooling. Cooling occurs primarily due to radiative heat loss. However, much of the radiative loss occurs at the surface of canopy elements (leaves, branches, and boles of trees), while radiative divergence in the canopy air space is small due to high transmissivity of air. Furthermore, sensible heat exchange between the canopy elements and the air space is slow relative to radiative fluxes. Therefore, canopy elements initially cool much more quickly than the canopy air space after the switch from radiative gain during the day to radiative loss during the night. Thus in modeling air cooling within a canopy, it is not appropriate to neglect the storage change of heat in the canopy elements or even to assume equal rates of cooling of the canopy air and canopy elements. Here a simple parameterization of radiatively driven cooling of air within the canopy is presented, which accounts implicitly for radiative cooling of the canopy volume, heat storage in the canopy elements, and heat transfer between the canopy elements and the air. Simulations using this parameterization are compared to temperature data from the Morgan-Monroe State Forest (IN, USA) FLUXNET site. While the model does not perfectly reproduce the measured rates of cooling, particularly near the top of the canopy, the simulated cooling rates are of the correct order of magnitude. 相似文献
19.
Melatonin alleviates cold‐induced oxidative damage in maize seedlings by up‐regulating mineral elements and enhancing antioxidant activity 
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下载免费PDF全文 Melatonin, known as an animal hormone and an antioxidant with a low molecular weight, is one of the most commonly used substances to improve plant resistance against various environmental stresses. However, there are no studies explaining the effects of melatonin on the relationship between defense system and mineral composition of plants under stressed and unstressed‐conditions. The present study was conducted to investigate whether the mitigating effect of melatonin is associated with its modulating influence on the mineral elements of cold‐stressed maize seedlings. The seedlings were treated with melatonin (1 mM) and cold stress (10/7°C) for 3 d separately and in combination. After 3 d, the seedlings were harvested to determine several physiological, biochemical, and molecular parameters. Melatonin application effectively mitigated the damages from cold stress, as demonstrated by higher relative water concentration, chlorophyll concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase), as well as lower superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde concentrations. Similarly, melatonin significantly ameliorated cold‐induced reductions in the concentrations of potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, and zinc. Besides, it further increased calcium and boron concentrations compared to cold stress alone. Our results reveal that melatonin has an important modulating influence on the mineral element composition of plants and mitigates cold stress through up‐regulation of these elements and simultaneously enhanced antioxidant activity. 相似文献
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《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1988,44(2):159-173
Canopy temperatures of winter wheat were measured with infrared thermometers in 1985 and 1986 at five locations in the North American Great Plains. These measurements were made to determine the occurrence and severity of water stress resulting from different water treatments and to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on canopy temperatures. Study results suggest that water stress occurred at locations in the northern and southern Great Plains in both 1985 and 1986, but not at the mid-Plains locations. The influence of N fertilization on canopy temperature was not consistent among locations nor even between years at the same location. At Mandan, ND, the level of N fertilization had a significant impact on the canopy temperature in both years while at Lethbridge, Canada, it had no effect in either year. At the other locations, the level of N fertilization influenced the canopy temperature in one year, but not the other. In some locations, there was an apparent cultivar effect on the canopy temperature. Colt, as indicated by canopy temperature data, did not grow as well at the northern and southern locations as it did at the mid-Plains locations. Colt was developed in the mid-Plains environment, which may explain its better performance at the mid-Plains locations. 相似文献