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有机磷农药污染土壤的微生物降解研究进展 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
有机磷农药是目前我国使用量最大的农药之一,严重污染环境和生态系统,并通过食物链在生物体内富集,进而危害人类健康。微生物降解技术具有降解效率高、代谢途径多、无二次污染的优势,是目前清除环境中有机磷农药的主要手段,能有效降低有机磷农药的危害。目前有机磷农药的降解微生物主要是通过实验室纯培养方法获得,与自然生态环境中存在的降解功能性微生物信息差异较大,而利用不可培养方法识别功能性微生物的技术具有广阔的应用前景。本文从有机磷农药的使用情况及引发的环境问题出发,概述了有机磷农药在土壤中的迁移转化途径,稳定同位素探测技术和磁性纳米材料等不可培养方法对有机磷农药降解功能性微生物的识别,微生物降解有机磷农药污染土壤的功能基因、降解途径及降解机理;探讨了植物–微生物联合修复在有机磷农药污染土壤修复中的作用,并分析了环境因子及农药自身性质对有机磷农药降解的影响;最后,讨论了微生物降解技术存在的问题及今后研究方向。 相似文献
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三唑类农药是一种广泛使用的防治植物病害的杀菌剂和植物生长调节剂，可通过抑制麦角甾醇的合成阻碍病原菌的细胞壁形成，从而起到防治作物病害的作用，也能抑制植物赤霉素合成延缓植物生长；但因大范围应用及其难以降解的特性，污染环境和影响人类健康。为给三唑类农药的微生物降解提供参考，基于文献研究，梳理总结了三唑类农药降解菌的种类、影响降解的环境因素和降解机理方面的研究进展，明确了微生物在不同环境中能有效降解三唑类农药，微生物降解技术有望应用于治理三唑类农药造成的环境污染。 相似文献
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尽管我国从1983年就开始禁用有机氯农药，但环境中仍有大量残留存在。土壤中污染物的残留是吸附、降解和迁移等各种理化作用和生物作用的综合结果，其中降解是制约其残留量的关键过程。大量研究表明，影响土壤中农药降解的主要环境因素包括土壤有机质、土壤温度、土壤pH和土壤含水量等，因为这些因素显著影响着土壤微生物的数量和活性。微生物代谢所需的营养物质有一部分来自农药和土壤有机质，土壤中微生物对其降解起着重要作用。胡敏酸（HA）是土壤有机质的主要组分，因此以HA代表土壤有机质对农药降解的影响是合理的，也有很多关于HA对农药在土壤中吸附等环境行为影响的研究报道。 相似文献
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微生物降解土壤有机污染物的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
随着农药化肥使用量的不断增加,大量有害有机化合物残留于土壤中,既破坏了农田生态系统,又降低了农产品质量。因此,利用微生物降解土壤残留污染有机物对保护生态环境、推动农业可持续发展和增强我国农产品市场竞争力都具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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拟除虫菊酯类农药微生物降解研究进展 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：21
拟除虫菊酯类农药是杀虫剂中的第三大类,这类农药残留已成为目前农产品中的主要农药残留类型之一。而微生物在降解农药残留中具有重要的作用,微生物降解技术已成为去除农药残留的绿色生产技术。拟除虫菊酯类农药的微生物降解国内外已有的研究主要集中在降解现象,菌株的分离、鉴定及生理生化特性,酶学,不同光学异构体的降解、降解途径等方面,本文对此进行了较详细的回顾,并对将来的研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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不同土壤中苯噻草胺的微生物降解 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
研究了除草剂苯噻草胺在不同土壤的降解。结果表明，有机质含量低的土壤中微生物降解是其消失的主要因素，有机质含量高的黑土中吸附结合是其消失的主要因素。水田条件下苯噻草胺消失速率比旱田条件下快，但消失类型不同。被吸附的农药在解吸前不参与微生物降解，土壤有机质含量影响苯噻草胺的实际降解速率。提出反S型函数模型更好地拟合农药在土壤中的消失动态。 相似文献
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有机氯农药污染场地危害人体健康及生态系统安全，高活性降解微生物对提升土壤有机氯农药降解效率十分必要。本研究结合高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术，探究添加分别表达二氯苯降解基因(xylH、dmpB、catE)的质粒pUC19(102～103 copies/μL)和菌群(单独表达上述质粒的大肠杆菌E.coli DH5α,105～106 CFU/μL)后，土壤中1,4-二氯苯降解动力学、微生物群落组成与降解功能演变。研究发现：添加降解基因及菌群210 d后，土壤中1,4-二氯苯降解效率提升1.74倍～2.41倍，最高分别达38.43%和44.74%；优势菌门及关键物种相对丰度占比显著上升(P<0.05)；土著菌群降解基因绝对丰度显著上升了1.24倍～2.89倍，添加降解菌群上升幅度更显著(P<0.05)。本研究有助于探明外源添加降解基因及菌群后土著菌群应对污染胁迫的响应机制，为调控和优化农药污染土壤修复过程及效果提供技术支持。 相似文献
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C. M. MUNDIE 《European Journal of Soil Science》1976,27(3):331-336
Two methods have been used for the identification and determination of uronic acids in soils and soil fractions. The uronic acids were released by hydrolysis with sulphuric acid. After partial purification by ion-exchange chromatography they were separated either by further ion-exchange or by gas-liquid chromatography of derivatives. The latter method is preferable for determination of the specific activities of uronic acids in soil tracer work. Both galacturonic and glucuronic acids were detected in the four Scottish soils examined, the galacturonic acid being present in slightly greater amounts in each soil. Mannuronic acid was not detected. The total amount of uronic acids found ranged from about 4 mg to 6 mg/g soil. 相似文献
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马光庭 《广西农业生物科学》1994,(3)
本文介绍从德国哥廷根污水处理厂腐化塔污泥中分离出的两株甲烷细菌，其中一株为甲酸甲烷杆菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｆｏｒｍｉｃｉｃｕｍ），其细胞杆状，可利用甲酸或Ｈ２／ＣＯ２作为碳源和能源，另一株为甲烷八叠球菌属（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｓａｒｃｉｎａ），其细胞球状，成堆排列，可利用甲醇或Ｈ２／ＣＯ２作为碳源和能源。 相似文献
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For close to a century, rural development policies and practice have taken the view that farmers are mismanagers of soil and water. This paper reviews the history of farmers being advised, paid and forced to adopt new soil and water conservation measures and practices. Many have done so, and environments and economies have benefited in the short term, but ill-conceived policies and badly designed programmes and projects have undermined these efforts in the name of conservation. Most efforts have been remarkably unsuccessful, often resulting in more erosion. They have undermined the credibility of conservation and wasted huge sums of money. For a new era of soil and water conservation, new initiatives are showing how to make conservation sustainable. Farmers are now considered the potential solution rather than the problem, and so the value of local knowledge and skills is being put at the core of new programmes. This involves a major focus on building farmers' capacity to innovate and develop technologies appropriate to their own conditions. Local organizations are strengthened through participatory processes, this participation being interactive and empowering. Recent evidence is indicating that these new interactions between professionals and farmers are producing considerable productive and sustainable benefits. For widespread impact, enabling policy frameworks are still needed to encourage the spread of more sustainable practices for agriculture. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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黄土与古土壤中重金属的存在形态及风化成土作用对其影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文采用了七步连续萃取方法，研究了洛川黄土剖面黄土与古土壤中Ｆｅ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｏ和Ｎｉ五种重金属的存在形态。结果表明：黄土与古土壤中上述元素主要存在于残余态和晶形，无定形氧化铁的结合态中，而且线性回归分析表明Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｎｉ与晶形氧化铁之间存在关；ｃＵ，ｃＯ，Ｎｉ与无定形氧化铁之间存在相关；黄土风化为古土壤后，碳酸盐结合态的重金属含量增加是古土壤相对于黄土重金属增加的主要原因。 相似文献
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The ability of clay to move ahead of an ice-liquid interface depends on the rate of freezing, the particle size, the release of dissolved air from the water through its probable effect on local freezing rates, and on the electrolyte and its concentration through their effects on interparticle forces and particle mobility. A freezing-rate of 1 cm per hour did not move flocculated clay in most cases, but moved dispersed clay up to 0.7 cm before being trapped in the ice with released air. Aggregates of clay (0.1 to 1 mm) were produced by freezing. After thawing they swelled and dispersed depending on the electrolyte and its concentration in a similar manner to aggregates formed by drying. 相似文献
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Asha Yahya 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):670-683
Net uptake and partitioning of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) in plants of two sesame cultivars (Sesamum indicum cv. ‘PB-1’ and cv. ‘UCR’) exposed to 20 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) were studied over a period of 28 days. Both cultivars showed a marked discrimination between K+ and Na+ during uptake. The reduction of K+ in the plants caused by the NaCl treatment was of similar magnitude in the two cvs. The cv. ‘UCR’ showed lower Na+ concentrations in the shoot tissues than ‘PB-1’ and K+/Na+ selectivity ratios were higher in cv. ‘UCR’ than in cv. ‘PB-1’. At the last sampling on day 28 there was a marked decrease of shoot growth in cv. ‘PB-1’ in comparison to the cv. ‘UCR’. Leaves of cv. ‘PB-1’ showed clear toxic symptoms, while those of cv. ‘UCR’ did not. It is concluded that Na+ exclusion from the shoot contributes to salt tolerance of sesame, cv. ‘UCR’. 相似文献