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1.
To advance our understanding of the effects of inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) on seedling colonization in mine wastelands, we conducted a field experiment in a copper tailing. Six-month-old seedlings of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus variabilis) separately inoculated with three EMF species (Pisolithus sp., Cenococcum geophilum, Laccaria laccata) were transplanted to the copper tailing. The survival rates of tree seedlings were monitored monthly, and growth (biomass and height), contents of nutrients and heavy metals (K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn), and mycorrhizal infection rates of seedlings were determined 6 months after planting. Oak seedlings exhibited higher survival rates than pine seedlings after 6 months of growth on the tailing. EMF inoculations of pine seedlings significantly enhanced their survival, growth, and nutrient uptake. In contrast, EMF inoculations of oak seedlings improved growth only in terms of biomass. Additionally, EMF inoculation caused pine seedlings to accumulate more Cu and Zn in roots compared to non-inoculated seedlings, whereas inoculation inhibited the accumulation of heavy metals in shoots. However, similar results were not observed in oak seedlings. Observations of roots indicated that the rates of mycorrhizal infection of both tree species had dramatically declined at harvest time. In conclusion, ectomycorrhizal symbioses can improve the survival and performance of pine seedlings in mine tailings. The present study provided direct evidence of the importance of EMF inoculation of seedlings to the reforestation of mine wastelands. 相似文献
2.
Maman?Turjaman Yutaka?Tamai Hendrik?Segah Suwido Hester?Limin Joo Young?Cha Mitsuru?Osaki Keitaro?Tawaraya
Trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae are the dominant trees in Southeast Asian tropical forests where they play an important ecological role and are also important commercially. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of dipterocarp species in peat soils. Seedlings of Shorea pinanga were inoculated with spores of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus arhizus and Scleroderma sp. were grown in pots containing sterilized peat soil for 7 months. The percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization on S. pinanga exceeded 86%. Colonization of S. pinanga roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi resulted in increased shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and shoot fresh and dry weight. Survival rates of S. pinanga were greater for inoculated seedlings than control seedlings. These results suggest that inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi can improve the early growth of S. pinanga grown in tropical forests and that this technique will accelerate the rehabilitation of degraded dipterocarp forests. 相似文献
3.
The effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae on plant growth, leaf solutes and root absorption area of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) seedlings were studied in potted culture under water stress conditions. Inoculation with G. mosseae increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight, when the soil water
content was 20%, 16% and 12%. AM inoculation also promoted the active and total absorption area of root system and absorption
of phosphorus from the rhizosphere, enhanced the content of soluble sugar in leaves and roots, and reduced proline content
in leaves. AM seedings had higher plant water use efficiency and higher drought tolerance than non-AM seedlings. Effects of
G. mosseae inoculation on trifoliate orange seedlings under 20% and 16% soil water content were more significant than under 12% soil
water content. AM infection was severely restrained by 12% soil water content. Thus, effects of AM fungi on plants were probably
positively related to the extent of root colonization by AM fungi. The mechanism of AM fungi in enhancing drought resistance
of host plants ascribed to greater osmotic adjustment and greater absorption area of root system by AM colonization.
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Translated from Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 2005, 30(5): 583–588 [译自: 植物生理与分子生物学报, 2005, 30(5): 583–588] 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3):37-54
Abstract Selected microorganisms (Laccaria laccata, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas corrugata and Azotobacter chroococcum) were used as inoculants to study their influence on seed germination, seedling survival and subsequent growth in Cedrus deodara. The microbial inoculations positively affected these parameters over control, in the following order: Azotobacter chroococcum Pseudomonas corrugata Bacillus subtilis Trichoderma viride Laccaria laccata.The major cause of seedling mortality was found to be (1) wilting of emerged seedlings by Fusarium oxysporum, and (2) cutworm attack. Bacterial inoculations were found to be superior in suppressing the proliferation of Fusariumsp., thereby enhancing seedling survival. One of the bacterial inoculants, B. subtilis, resulted in 76% seed germination, compared to 54% in control. Though inoculation with L. laccataresulted in maximum mycorrhizal infection (up to 72%) compared to48%in control seedlings, it afforded least protection against Fusariumsp., as well as minimal growth promotion. On the other hand, inoculation with T. viridesignificantly controlled wilting of seedlings and improved plant growth. Microbial inoculations were found to influence the soil microflora, nutrient status of the rhizosphere soil and that of different parts of seedlings. Enrichment of carbon was recorded in the rhizosphere soil. Enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of various plant parts indicated a positive influence also on nutrient uptake. The present study has implications for large scale forestry programs. 相似文献
5.
6.
In order to quantify the importance of ectomycorrhizal fungi on nutrient uptake from the coarse-soil fraction of a haplic Cambisol (alumic), a microcosm study that allowed for nutrient budgets was designed. Ectomycorrhizal- and fungicide-treated spruce seedlings were grown on isolated and cleaned gneiss fragments (6.3 mm > Ø > 2 mm) from 90 cm soil depth. The substrate was the only source of Ca, K and Mg. Ectomycorrhizal seedlings showed no signs of nutrient deficiencies and biomass increased significantly compared to initial seedling biomass. Ectomycorrhizal seedlings seemed well adapted to survive on the coarse-soil substrate and acquired Ca, K and Mg from the coarse-soil substrate. Gneiss fragments of the ectomycorrhizal treatment were covered by fine roots and ectomycorrhizal hyphae, as observed microscopically. Fungicide-treated seedlings?? root development was retarded, and shoot biomass only increased from stored nutrient reserves of the seedlings. The suppression of EcM colonization by the fungicide Topas® apparently caused a root growth inhibiting effect. Furthermore, the extinction of mycorrhiza initiated an increased nitrification and acidification and a consequent nutrient cation release triggered by nitrate in the drainage. 相似文献
7.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):27-49
Abstract Individual and interactive effects of simulated acidic rainfall and mycorrhizal inoculation on growth and nutrient and water relations of loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.) grown in a loam soil were examined. Seedlings of each species inoculated with basidiospores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.) Coker and Couch, a known my-cobiont of both loblolly pine and white oak, and uninoculated control seedlings received two simulated rains per week of either pH 3.6, 4.2, or 4.8 for 26 weeks. Higher acidity rainfall reduced the growth but increased mycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine, while both loblolly pine and white oak exposed to these rains exhibited greater foliar injury. Inoculation with P. tinctoriusincreased growth and reduced foliar injury of both species. Foliar concentrations of P, S, and Cu in loblolly pine and white oak, Ca in loblolly pine, and Fe and Zn in white oak decreased with increasing rain acidity while the Al concentration of both species increased. Higher rainfall acidity also reduced soil pH and Ca and Mg concentrations while increasing soil AI. Foliage of inoculated seedlings of both species had higher N and P concentrations and lower Al concentrations than control seedlings. Following the final rain applications, a drought cycle was simulated by withholding irrigation for two weeks during which seedling xylem pressure potential and soil water potential were measured. One day after cessation of irrigation, xylem pressure potential of loblolly pine that had received pH 3.6 rains was lower than that of other treatments. Thereafter, xylem pressure potential and soil water potential of the inoculated treatment decreased below those of the control treatment in both species. These results suggest that acid deposition is detrimental to juvenile loblolly pine and white oak, but the magnitude of this effect is less than the positive response to ectomycorrhizal inoculation. 相似文献
8.
Robin Duponnois Marija Kisa Yves Prin Marc Ducousso Christian Plenchette Michel Lepage Antoine Galiana 《New Forests》2008,35(2):105-117
Australian acacias like Acacia holosericea are excellent candidates for the revegetation of arid zones in Africa. Their high ability to develop multiple symbioses with
soil microorganisms is crucial to their rapid development in adverse climatic and edaphic conditions. These symbioses include
nitrogen fixation with rhizobia, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhization and ectomycorrhization. We set up an experiment to test
the growth response of A. holosericea to ectomycorrhizal inoculation in 13 different soils from Senegal. After autoclaving the soil, the experiment was conducted
in a greenhouse for four weeks. Plants were inoculated with Pisolithus albus strain IR100. The following parameters were measured: plant biomass, N, P, K and Ca foliar composition, spontaneous nodulation
rate, and ectomycorrhizal colonization. Data were analyzed in light of the physical, chemical and total microbial characteristics
of the soil. The results demonstrated a global promoting effect of P. albus inoculation on plant (shoot and root) growth and on foliar P and K, together with a depressive effect on N, while Ca rates
were barely affected. Interestingly, spontaneous nodulation with putative water- or airborne rhizobia was stimulated after
P. albus inoculation. However, these nodules seemed poorly effective, as they failed to cause any change in plant growth or in foliar
N composition within the nodulated and nonnodulated control plants. These results show that plant growth response to ectomycorrhizal
inoculation is greatly dependent on soil characteristics, and that root ectomycorrhizal colonization is influenced by biotic
factors such as soil microbiota. From a practical point of view, data from the present study demonstrate that it is possible
to optimize the effect of fungi on plant growth by screening soils under nursery conditions. 相似文献
9.
Experiments were made to determine the effect of inoculation withRhizobium, the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebelomamesophasem and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomuscaledonium on the growth and nitrogen fixation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.) seedlings grown invitro and in pot culture. The results showed that both mycorrhizalfungi and Rhizobium stimulated the growth and nitrogenfixing ability of inoculated seedlings. Inoculation with all three microbestogether produced the most beneficial effects on nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizaldevelopment and seedling growth. 相似文献
10.
The effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus fasciculatum and G. macrocarpum on shoot and root dry weights and nutrient content of Cassia siamea in a semi-arid wasteland soil was evaluated. Under nursery conditions, mycorrhizal inoculation improved growth of seedlings. Root and shoot dry weights were higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants. The concentration of P, K, Cu, Zn and Na was significantly higher in AM inoculated seedlings than in non-inoculated seedlings. Mycorrhization led to decrease in alkalinity of the rhizosphere soil from pH 8.5 to 7.4. Under nursery conditions, the degree of mycorrhizal dependency increased with age of C. siamea seedling. On transplantation to the field, the survival rate of mycorrhizal seedlings (75%–90%) was higher than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings (40%). Besides better survival rate, AM inoculation improved the growth performance of seedlings in terms of height and stem diameter. Among the two AM fungi used, the efficiency of Glomus macrocarpum was higher than that of G. fasciculatum under both nursery and field conditions.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrected page numbers. 相似文献
11.
To add to knowledge of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) community structure on the roots of Pinus thunbergii seedlings in a Japanese coastal forest, we sampled naturally regenerated current-year and 1- to 5-year-old seedlings. We
classified the 667 root tips on current-year seedlings and the 1,927 root tips on older seedlings into 13 phylotypes based
on morphological and genetic analyses. Cenococcum geophilum, members of the families Clavulinaceae, Russulaceae, or Thelephoraceae or the genus Trichophaea, were indicated to be fungi forming P. thunbergii ectomycorrhizas. Among them, C. geophilum and Clavulinaceae sp. 1 were the most or second most dominant species. A species accumulation curve based on the number of
samples nearly reached a plateau, with observed species richness equal to 11 species and the Jackknife2 and Chao2 richness
estimators indicating 14 and 12 species, respectively. In addition, Simpson’s 1/D was 3.89 and Shannon–Wiener’s H′ was 1.71, indicating a relatively low taxonomic diversity. There was no significant difference in the ectomycorrhizal formation
rate, or the occurrence frequency and the number of ECM phylotypes between current-year and older seedlings. These results
indicated that less diverse fungi were involved in ectomycorrhizal formation on coastal pine seedlings compared with those
in comparable inland forests in the study area. 相似文献
12.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,207(3):351-362
The main objectives of this study were to determine the influence of several strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Acacia holosericea in a dry tropical environment and their short-term effect on indicators of ecosystem soil conditions such as biological soil properties (microbial biomass, mycorrhizal soil infectivity). Three fungal strains have been tested: Pisolithus albus IR100, P. albus COI024 and Scleroderma dictyosporum IR109. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation has significantly enhanced the growth (shoot and root biomass) of A. holosericea seedlings after 4 months culture in glasshouse conditions in a disinfected soil. In field conditions, the transplanting shock was less important for the ectomycorrhized trees. After 2 years, the inoculated trees had a better growth than that recorded in the control treatment. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation has significantly stimulated height, leave and wood biomass, root biomass of A. holosericea trees. Moreover, this fungal inoculation has significantly modified the leaf nutrient contents for P, N and phenols. Microbial biomass and mycorrhizal soil infectivity were also larger in the inoculated plots.Ectomycorrhizal inoculation could be of great relevance to improve the reafforestation process of degraded areas with legumes fast growing trees. This biological practice could also ameliorate soil characteristics such as microbial biomass or mycorrhizal soil infectivity. 相似文献
13.
José Alfonso Domínguez Núñez Rosa Planelles González José Antonio Rodríguez Barreal José Antonio Saiz de Omeñaca González 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(3):251-259
Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings inoculated with black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) were grown under nursery conditions and subjected to drought hardening for 4 months in autumn and winter followed by irrigation
for 10 days. Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance were monitored during the 4 months of drought. When the test was
completed (March), measurements were made for each treatment (inoculated or non-inoculated), and watering regime (watered
and water-stressed). Pressure–volume curves, osmotic potential at full turgor, osmotic potential at zero turgor and the tissue
modulus of elasticity near full turgor were calculated. Mycorrhizal colonization and growth, and the content of the main mineral
nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg were measured. Water stress affected plant growth, caused an elastic adjustment of the plant
tissues, and decreased the P and K content, and inoculation improved the nitrogen content. Drought acclimation apparently
achieved the goal of improving the drought tolerance of holm oak seedlings, without depressing ectomycorrhizal root colonization
by T. melanosporum.
José Antonio Rodríguez Barreal—Deceased 相似文献
14.
Miyake-Jima, a round island of about 8 km in diameter, is located about 200 km south of Tokyo, Japan (34°08′ N, 139°53′ E).
In July 2000, the central cone of this island collapsed and a new eruption started with the falling of volcanic ash and SO2 emission. In October 2001, we measured the distribution of bacteria, and Frankia, a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing actinomycete that forms root nodules, and ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with alder in newly
deposited ash and its underlying soil by cultivation of Alnus sieboldiana seedlings in these soils. There were fewer bacteria growing on the nutrient broth agar and fewer bacteria growing on 100-fold
diluted nutrient broth agar in newly deposited volcanic ash than there were growing in the buried old soil. In four out of
five sites, little or no nodulation was observed in newly deposited ash; abundant root nodules were formed in the underlying
soil. Ectomycorrhizae formed in the seedlings cultivated in the underlying soil. In May 2003, the distribution of Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil at different depths (up to 160 cm) was also investigated. Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi were relatively abundant in surface soil layers. 相似文献
15.
Pinus tabulaeformis (Chinese pine) is a widely planted conifer species in northern China and is used for soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau. Due to its strong reliance on ectomycorrhizae and low survival rate from damping-off during seedling cultivation and in nurseries, we explored the early influence of three ectomycorrhizal fungi (Handkea utriformis, Suillus lactifluus, and Suillus tomentosus) on the growth, root morphological characters, root vitality, and survival of P. tabulaeformis seedlings from subsequent damping-off in a pot experiment. In addition, the in vitro suppression of three ectomycorrhizal fungi on the damping-off pathogen (Fusarium solani) was evaluated and observed using a scanning electron microscope. We found that all three ectomycorrhizal fungi could colonize more than 40% of the roots of P. tabulaeformis, promote plant shoot and root growth, increase the proportion of large-diameter roots, improve root vitality, and increase survival rates 3 months after inoculation. All three ectomycorrhizal fungi suppressed the growth of F. solani to a different extent in vitro. Ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae proliferated and wrapped around the hyphae of F. solani when the hyphae encountered each other. The colonization rate of P. tabulaeformis roots was highly correlated with root vitality and root growth parameters, while the survival rate of P. tabulaeformis seedlings was highly correlated with the colonization rate of P. tabulaeformis roots, root vitality and growth. Our results suggest that early contact between P. tabulaeformis and ectomycorrhizal fungi could improve plant growth and resistance against damping-off. 相似文献
16.
接种苗木在生长量和生物量上均表现出极其显著的生长优势,ＥＣＭ真菌蜡蘑菌单接种及其与４种ＶＡ菌根菌剂混合接种,对苗木生长的促进作用尤为显著。在接种后１６周时,与对照苗相比,蓝桉和尾叶桉接种苗木的高生长量最大增幅分别为２８．８６％（ＬＳ）和８６．６５％（ＬＧ）;两种桉树地上部分平均干质量最大增幅分别为１２９．９３％（ＬＳ）和１３３．３４％（Ｌ）,地下部分分别为１１９．９３％（ＬＦ）和１７４．８３％（Ｌ 相似文献
17.
A nursery experiment was conducted to assess the effect of bioinoculants (Glomus aggregatum, Bacillus polymixa, Azospirillum brasilense) on seedling growth promotion of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees.) in two soil types (alfisol, vertisol) with or without fertilizer application. Bamboo seedlings were grown
in the presence or absence of bioinoculants either individually or in all combinations for 180 days in field soil under tropical
nursery conditions. Shoot, rhizome and root length, dry masses, nutrient concentrations and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonized
root lengths were determined at harvest. Under the experimental condition tested combined inoculation of AM fungi, PSB and
A. brasilense resulted in maximum growth response both under fertilized and unfertilized conditions in both soil types. Fertilizer application
enhanced the efficiencies of N, P and K uptake, whereas reduced their usage efficiencies. Though soil type did not affect
microbial inoculation response, fertilizer application significantly affected plant response to microbial inoculation. 相似文献
18.
[目的]探讨控释肥和灌溉方式对栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Bl.)容器苗生长、养分含量、基质电导率(EC)及2年造林效果的影响,为培育高质量苗木提供参考。[方法]以栓皮栎容器苗为研究对象,采用双因素完全随机试验设计,设置5个施肥水平(以N元素含量为基准,5个施肥水平分别为:25、75、125、175、225 mg·株~(-1))和2种灌溉方式(上方喷灌(O)、底部渗灌(S)),测定栓皮栎容器苗形态指标、养分含量、根系生长、基质EC值及连续2年造林效果。[结果]表明:(1)施肥量和灌溉方式二者对苗木形态指标影响存在交互效应,225-O处理的苗木地径、根生物量、单株生物量最大,但根生物量、单株生物量在225-O、125-S、175-O处理之间差异不显著。225-S处理的苗高、茎生物量、茎根比最大,茎生物量在225-S与225-O之间差异不显著。(2)苗木茎、根的氮磷钾浓度和含量随施肥量的增加而增大,施肥量125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的根氮、磷含量及单株磷含量差异不显著。(3)增加施肥量促进苗木根系的生长,施肥量为125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的根系表面积、体积差异不显著。(4)基质EC值随施肥量的增加而增大,底部渗灌显著提高了基质上层、下层的EC值,基质上层、下层的最大EC值分别为4. 69、0. 56d S·m-1,没有对苗木生长产生不利影响。(5)和上方喷灌相比,底部渗灌显著地促进造林第1年幼树的树高、地径生长;造林第1年、第2年的树高和地径均随施肥量的增加而增大,造林第2年,施肥量125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的树高、地径差异不显著。[结论]底部渗灌提高了栓皮栎容器苗体内的养分含量,促进了造林第1年幼树树高、地径的生长。施加控释肥有利于苗期苗木质量的提高及造林后苗木的快速生长。综合考虑苗木质量、经济效益、环境利益,培育栓皮栎容器苗可选择底部渗灌和控释肥量为125 mg·株~(-1)的组合(以N元素含量为基准)。 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3):55-80
Abstract Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.) Coker & Couch was evaluated as an ectomycorrhizal associate of sweet birch (Betula lentaL.). Sand culture and mine soil growth media were employed, and three fertilization treatments were imposed by application of differing Hoagland's nutrient solution #2 concentrations. The high fertilization treatment suppressed mycorrhizal formation by P. tinctoriusin both growth media, while the medium rather than the low treatment induced the most extensive colonization by this mycobiont. Seedlings with induced P. tinctoriusmycorrhization exhibited enhanced above— and below-ground growth according to shoot dimensions and dry weight and root weight and length. However, these responses were frequently absent with high fertilization, especially in the mine soil. Inoculated seedlings had higher foliar N, P, and K concentrations overall but lower Ca, Mg, and S concentrations than uninoculated seedlings. Those with P. tinctoriusalso had lower concentrations of several potentially phytotoxic trace elements, specifically Zn, B, Mo, and Al. Furthermore, xylem pressure and soil water potentials measured during a simulated drought episode indicated that water uptake was enhanced by these mycorrhizae. Again, however, the above physiological responses were often compromised by high fertilization. Collectively, these results indicate that P. tinctoriusis a viable mycobiont for the inoculation of sweet birch, and when substrate fertility is not excessive, can avail this host of physiological benefits that result in substantial growth enhancement. 相似文献
20.
[目的]研究低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗各种抗氧化酶等生理指标的变化影响,探讨抗氧化酶活性与杉木耐低磷能力的关系,揭示低磷胁迫下杉木养分吸收的适应机制,阐明杉木体内生物大分子对低磷胁迫的响应。[方法]通过设置不同磷浓度(0、0.25、0.50、1.00 mmol·L~(-1))Hoagland营养液,模拟低磷胁迫试验,测定低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗的生理指标的影响,研究低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗养分吸收的影响机制以及测定杉木幼苗不同部位的光谱特性。[结果]随着缺磷程度的增加,杉木幼苗中SOD活性、CAT活性以及叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均先升后降,根系中POD活性呈现出升高的趋势、MDA含量先降再升后降,叶片中POD活性和MDA含量先降后升。低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗根系和叶片吸收利用营养元素有显著影响。杉木苗根系所含的Mn随着缺磷程度的增加呈上升趋势,而Al和Cu先降后升,Fe和K则有所下降,Ca先升后降。此外,杉木叶片中Fe和Mn的积累量呈降低的趋势,Cu和K先升后降。低磷胁迫对杉木幼苗根系和叶片组织在3 367、2 924、1 736、1 630、1 380、1 150 1 000 cm~(-1)处特征峰吸光值影响不同。[结论]低磷胁迫下,杉木幼苗的根系和叶片会通过改变保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性抑制MDA形成,降低膜脂过氧化对细胞膜系统的破坏,通过增加对其他养分元素的吸收来规避损伤以及通过改变不同部位糖类、氨基酸和蛋白质等物质含量来适应低磷环境。 相似文献