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1.
Powdery mildew infection of barley with the mlo5 barley powdery mildew resistance gene was examined, using near-isogenic barley lines, with and without mlo5 resistance, and two near-isogenic powdery mildew isolates, HL3/5 and GE3 with high (virulent) or low (avirulent) penetration efficiency on the resistant barley line. In all isolate–host combinations (except GE3 on the resistant barley line), frequency of haustorium formation increased significantly from zero at 11 h after inoculation to a maximum by 13 h, and there was no subsequent increase up to 24 h. In the susceptible barley line, 27% of appressoria from both isolates formed haustoria. Although this was significantly higher than the frequency of haustorium formation (18%) of HL3/5 on the resistant barley line, HL3/5 was much more successful than GE3 (frequency of haustorium formation less than 1%). The fact that HL3/5 did not possess a generally higher ability to penetrate successfully to form haustoria on the susceptible barley line, indicates that HL3/5 did not overcome the mlo5 resistance by being generally more vigorous. In the resistant barley line, papillae were larger than in the susceptible line; however, both isolates were associated with papillae of the same diameter at the time of penetration. We suggest that the mlo5 resistant barley line confers two different forms of resistance: isolate-specific and isolate-nonspecific.  相似文献   

2.
Glasshouse and field experiments showed that the pathogenicity and disease type on potato varied between different anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia solani. For example, severe stem and stolon disease developed in plants inoculated with a single isolate of AG3PT and AG5. Severe root disease was observed with single isolates of AG8 and to a lesser extent AG3PT, but rarely with single isolates of the other AGs tested. In both field and glasshouse experiments the AG2‐1 isolate (X81) produced only small lesions (<5 mm). However, this was not representative of two other AG2‐1 isolates. When AG2‐1 isolates of the three different rDNA IGS1 types were tested in a glasshouse trial, one caused more severe stem and stolon infection than AG3PT. In the field experiment, the yield of tubers, by weight, was significantly less (P < 0·05) in all inoculated plants than for uninoculated (control) plants. Yield losses were greatest and tuber numbers smallest in plots inoculated with an AG8 isolate, suggesting that root infection is important in determining quantitative yield loss. The incidence of black scurf was greatest in the progeny tubers in plots inoculated with AG3PT (83·9%), whereas only very small amounts of black scurf developed on tubers from plants infected with AG2‐1 (510 bp) or AG5 isolates. This is supported by laboratory tests, where isolates of AG3PT produced significantly more sclerotia on potato dextrose agar than isolates of AGs 2‐1, 4, 5 and 8.  相似文献   

3.
 关于玉米小斑病菌的寄主范围,国际上曾发表不同看法的文章。为了澄清这一问题,我们在温室人工接种条件下,分别用小斑病菌O与T小种接在14个属的24个种或品种的禾本科植物上,以玉米作对照寄主。试验结果表明,除了草地早熟禾、法兰西黍外,均能产生病斑。病斑平均面积不超过1平方毫米。在大多数供试植物上,O小种病斑的数量和面积均比T小种为多而大。其中白茅、虎尾草、升马唐、纤毛鹅冠草、稗子是过去没有报道过的。  相似文献   

4.
为明确南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita效应蛋白MiV901在其寄生过程中的生物学功能,通过构建MiV901基因的植物表达载体,利用根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens介导的花序浸染法将其转化拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana,并采用室内人工接种法测定转基因植株对灰葡萄孢 Botrytis cinerea侵染及南方根结线虫寄生的影响。结果显示：经Southern blot检测,MiV901基因以不同的拷贝数插入到转基因拟南芥株系901-6、901-8和901-12的基因组中,且qPCR检测结果证实 MiV901基因能够正常表达。3个转基因拟南芥株系901-6、901-8和901-12叶部接种灰葡萄孢3 d后,叶片上形成的病斑平均直径分别为1.00、1.06、1.05 cm,比野生型对照扩大了9.9%~16.5%。相比野生型对照,转基因拟南芥株系901-12、901-6和901-8接种南方根结线虫2龄幼虫后根系上产生了更多的雌虫和卵块,雌虫数分别显著增加了45.4%、34.4%和23.7%,卵块数分别显著增加了51.2%、 46.3%和31.7%。表明异源表达MiV901基因能够抑制植物免疫,增加拟南芥对灰葡萄孢和南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性。  相似文献   

5.
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6.
Serial passage experiments (SPE) of a Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) isolate were performed on Zhong ZH and TC14 wheat lines to evaluate the durability of their resistance to BYDV. At different passage numbers (from the 2nd to the 114th), biological properties of the produced isolates were recorded either by monitoring infection percentages and virus titers of the first 3 weeks of viral infection or by measuring their impact on yield components. Statistical analyses using the area under pathogen progress curves and the area under concentration progress curves demonstrated that these two resistant lines induce, after only a few passages, a selection of variant(s) with significantly modified infection abilities. Isolates resulting from SPE performed on these lines induced important decreases of yield components. These results indicate that the use of Zhong ZH and TC14 lines in BYDV-resistant breeding programmes should be approached with caution.  相似文献   

7.
Yu JB  Bai GH  Zhou WC  Dong YH  Kolb FL 《Phytopathology》2008,98(1):87-94
Use of diverse sources of Fusarium head blight (FHB)-resistant germplasm in breeding may significantly improve wheat resistance to FHB. Wangshuibai is an FHB-resistant Chinese landrace unrelated to cv. Sumai 3, the most commonly used FHB-resistant source. In all, 139 F(6) recombinant inbred lines were developed from a cross between Wangshuibai and an FHB-susceptible cultivar, Wheaton, to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for wheat resistance to initial infection (type I resistance), spread of FHB symptoms within a spike (type II resistance), and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation (type III resistance) in infected grain. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Manhattan, KS from 2003 to 2005. More than 1,300 simple-sequence repeat and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers were analyzed in this population. Five QTL for type I resistance were detected on chromosomes 3AS, 3BS, 4B, 5AS, and 5DL after spray inoculation; seven QTL for type II resistance were identified on chromosomes 1A, 3BS, 3DL, 5AS, 5DL, and 7AL after point inoculation; and seven QTL for type III resistance were detected on chromosomes 1A, 1BL, 3BS, 5AS, 5DL, and 7AL with the data from both inoculation methods. These QTL jointly explained up to 31.7, 64, and 52.8% of the phenotypic variation for the three types of FHB resistance, respectively. The narrow-sense heritabilities were low for type I resistance (0.37 to 0.41) but moderately high for type II resistance (0.45 to 0.61) and type III resistance (0.44 to 0.67). The QTL on the distal end of 3BS, 5AS, and 5DL contributed to all three types of resistance. Two QTL, on 7AL and 1A, as well as one QTL near the centromere of 3BS (3BSc), showed effects on both type II and type III resistance. Selection for type II resistance may simultaneously improve type I and type III resistance as well. The QTL for FHB resistance identified in Wangshuibai have potential to be used to pyramid FHB-resistance QTL from different sources.  相似文献   

8.
用胚挽救法创建甘蓝×大白菜抗根肿病新材料   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为改良甘蓝Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata的根肿病抗性,以2个甘蓝品种D2、B1为母本和2个抗根肿病大白菜品种CR-英雄、CR-春美杂交,比较4个远缘杂交组合的亲和性,运用胚挽救技术获得试管苗并对远缘杂交种进行真假杂种鉴定、育性研究以及根肿病抗性鉴定来创建和筛选根肿病抗性新种质。结果表明,杂交组合D2×CR-春美的结荚率为86.08%,高于其它组合,而成活的幼胚数/授粉花蕾数和试管苗数/授粉花蕾数以组合D2×CR-英雄最高,分别达15.96%和8.16%,4个组合D2×CR-英雄、D2×CR-春美、B1×CR-英雄、B1×CR-春美分别获得23、8、2、2株试管苗。细胞学鉴定发现杂种茎尖的染色体是19条,结合形态学鉴定确定为真杂种。组合D2×CR-英雄获得的试管苗只有1个株系有花粉,花粉萌发率为0.90%,极显著低于母本对照的40.58%;对该组合的试管苗进行苗期抗根肿病鉴定,有8个株系抗11号生理小种,3个株系抗4号生理小种。表明通过胚挽救技术可筛选到杂交效率较高的远缘杂交组合以及抗根肿病材料。  相似文献   

9.
A reservoir of infection of Tapesia yallundae may exist after harvest in bases of cereal stems due to the presence of apothecia capable of discharging infective ascospores. Apothecia of T. yallundae developed in a seasonal pattern on winter barley inoculated with the pathogen, with maximum numbers of apothecia produced on stubble 5–7 months after harvest. A similar pattern of development was observed on infected winter wheat. However, the peak in numbers of mature apothecia was observed 2 months later than in winter barley. Apothecia capable of discharging ascospores were present for up to 6 months on stubble. Apothecia of T. acuformis were not detected on spring or winter barley, or spring or winter wheat stubble, despite inoculation of growing crops with isolates of compatible mating type.  相似文献   

10.
It has been proposed that susceptibility of potato to Phytophthora infestans would be a consequence of suppression and /or delaying of defense reactions by a soluble glucan which is released by compatible races of the fungus. In this report, the reaction of potato tuber slices (Solanum tuberosum cv. Huinkul) infected with either race I (1,4,7,8,10,11) or C (1,4,10,11) of Phytophthora infestans was studied. Race C grew better on slices than race I. Glucans from both races were isolated and their effect on the accumulation of phytoalexins and glucanases in tuber slices was studied. The glucans from the less virulent race (I) did not affect the accumulation of phytoalexins and glucanases in tuber slices infected or elicited with eicosapentaenoic acid, whereas the glucans from race C produced 70% inhibition of phytoalexin accumulation and reduced by 50% the induction of glucanase activities. Purified glucanases from potato degraded the glucans from race C but not from race I. The results reported here show that, at least on this cultivar, glucans from both races affected defense responses in a different manner, which could reflect structural differences between these glucans.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
ABSTRACT The first reported U.S. isolate of Beet black scorch necrovirus (BBSV) was obtained and characterized. Host range of the virus for localized and occasionally systemic infection included the Chenopodiaceae and Tetragonia expansa; Nicotiana benthamiana supported symptomless systemic infection by the virus. The complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of the virus, designated BBSV-Co, exhibits 93% similarity to the genome of the 'Ningxia' isolate of BBSV from China. Amino acid sequence similarity in predicted genes ranged from 95% in the p4 gene to 97% in the p82 and coat protein genes. A potential additional gene exists within the U.S. isolate of BBSV that is absent from Chinese isolates of BBSV due to nucleotide differences between these isolates within the coat protein gene. Coat protein analysis by isoelectric focusing and by mass spectroscopy indicated the presence of phosphorylated residues. Using primer extension analysis of the 5' end of the genome and site-directed mutants of genomic clones of BBSV-Co from which infectious RNA was produced, the native 5' end of the BBSV-Co genome was determined to be 5'-GAAACCTAACC...3', lacking the two terminal adenosine nucleotides in the published sequences of BBSV from China.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTL) for partial resistance to Puccinia sorghi and investigated consistency across different European flint maize populations. Four independent populations, containing 280 F(3) lines (AxB(I)), 120 F(5) lines (AxB(II)), 131 F(4) lines (AxC), and 133 F(4) lines (CxD) were produced from four European elite flint inbreds (A, B, C, and D) and genotyped at 89, 151, 104, and 122 restriction fragment length polymorphism marker loci, respectively. All F(n) lines were evaluated in field trials with two replications in three or five (AxB(I)) environments. Genotypic variance was highly significant for rust ratings in all populations, and heritabilities exceeded 0.64. Between 4 and 13 QTL were detected in individual populations using composite interval mapping, explaining between 33 and 71% of the phenotypic variance. Twenty QTL were distributed over all ten chromosomes, without preference to chromosomes 3, 4, 6, and 10, which harbor qualitatively acting Rp loci. In most cases, gene action was additive or partially dominant. Four pairs of QTL displayed significant digenic epistatic interactions, and QTL-environment interactions were observed frequently. Approximately half of the QTL were consistent between AxB(I) and AxB(II) or AxC and CxD; fewer were consistent between AxB(I) and AxC or CxD. In European flint maize germ plasm, conventional selection for partial rust resistance seems to be more promising than marker-assisted selection.  相似文献   

14.
Isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi from the UK and overseas were categorized into six races on the basis of their reactions to a range of differential pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars. Race 2 was predominant among the isolates examined and this probably reflects its relative international importance. A previously uncharacterized race (race 6) was virulent on all cultivars tested. Resistance to races 1-5 was widespread in commercial cultivars and breeding lines with more than 75% showing resistance to one or more races. A preliminary study of the inheritance of resistance indicated that for races 1, 2 and 3, resistance was controlled by different dominant genes. The genetic basis for the relationship between races of P. syringae pv. pisi and pea cultivars was explained in terms of a gene-for-gene relationship involving five matching gene pairs. With further clarification of the genetics of resistance this host-pathogen association will meet most of the requirements of a model system for the study of the genetic and molecular basis of pathogenicity and host specificity.  相似文献   

15.
小麦慢白粉品种的抗性组分研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
 2003~2004年度和2004~2005年度在田间测定了16个小麦品种(系)对小麦白粉菌E20菌株的抗性组分,包括潜育期、侵染几率、产孢量、病斑扩展和传染期。结果表明,小麦慢白粉品种(系)与高感对照品种相比,表现为潜育期长、侵染几率低、产孢量低、病斑扩展慢的特点,且这4个抗性组分与对照的差异都达到了显著和极显著水平,但慢白粉品种的传染期变化无一定规律。参试慢白粉品种的抗性组分参数与病情曲线下面积(AUDPC)的相关分析表明,潜育期与AUDPC呈负相关,但相关性不显著;产孢量和病斑扩展与AUDPC呈正相关,两年数据相关性均达到显著水平;侵染几率与AUDPC呈正相关,但2003-2004年度相关性不显著,而2004~2005年度相关性显著;传染期与AUDPC相关关系不明显。由此可见,在慢白粉品种的病害流行中起主要作用的是产孢量、病斑扩展,而侵染几率、潜育期和传染期作用相对较小。  相似文献   

16.
 近年来,甘肃省白银市靖远县的一些砂田西瓜中出现了严重的叶疫病,严重田块病株率超过70%。2018年7月,从靖远县高湾乡罹病西瓜叶片上分离得到拟多隔孢属Stagonosporopsis真菌,病叶检出率达100%。采用离体叶片和植株接种法评价单孢分离菌株XG-3对西瓜和甜瓜的致病性,所有接种处理在24 h内均发病显症而对照未发病,其中发病叶片原接种菌的检出率为100%。菌株XG-3在PDA和OA平板培养基上20和25 ℃培养20 d,未见产孢。在自然感病的西瓜叶片上观察到少量分生孢子器,在人工接种发病的西瓜和甜瓜茎、叶上产生大量分生孢子器和分生孢子:分生孢子器球形至亚球形,大小为(82.4~243.3) μm×(82.4~188.4)μm,分生孢子器具1~2个孔口,孔口直径15.7~27.5 μm;分生孢子无色,0~3个隔膜,杆状、柱状、长椭圆形、花生形及不规则形,直或稍弯曲,分隔处不缢缩或缢缩,大小为(5.2~28.3)μm×(2.2~6.0)μm,分生孢子形态和大小依基质和环境条件的不同而有较大差异。BLASTn分析结果显示,菌株XG-3(GenBank登录号:MW282128)的rDNA-ITS序列与瓜拟多隔孢Sta. cucurbitacearum分离物287ITS(GenBank登录号:AY293804.1)的序列相似性达99.80%。在基于rDNA-ITS构建的系统发育树中,菌株XG-3与Sta. cucurbitacearum聚为一组,与西瓜拟多隔孢Sta. citrulli和木瓜拟多隔孢Sta. caricae区分开来。依据病菌形态学和分子生物学特征,将菌株XG-3鉴定为瓜拟多隔孢Sta. cucurbitacearum [Basionym: Sphaeria cucurbitacearum]。  相似文献   

17.
Six Salix clones were inoculated with urediniospores of four isolates of Melampsora larici-epitea at five inoculum levels using a leaf-disc method. Disease reactions were recorded using a digital camera; the number and size of uredinia were examined using image analysis software; and spore yield per leaf disc was measured. In three Salix / Melampsora combinations, S.  ×  mollissima 'Q83'/Q1 (LET4); S. viminalis '78183'/V1 (LET1); and S.  ×  stipularis /V1, pustule numbers increased as inoculum density became higher. In the remainder, S. viminalis 'Mullatin'/V1; S.  ×  calodendron /DB (LET3); and S. burjatica 'Korso'/K (LR1), pustule numbers initially increased, then decreased as inoculum densities exceeded 140–360 spores per disc. Calculated infection efficiency ranged from 0·11 to 0·20 on the three willows inoculated with V1: 0·16–0·68 for S.  ×  calodendron /DB; 0·20–0·55 for 'Q83'/Q1; and 0·07–0·48 for Korso/K. In single-spore inoculations, up to 10% of spores produced single uredinia. Infection efficiency increased sharply between inoculum densities of 1–40 spores per leaf disc. Spore yield was more closely correlated to pustule area (accounting for 61·2% variance for the combined data) than to the number of pustules (42·7% variance). For spore yields in relation to pustule numbers, clone-specific individual lines having different intercepts and slopes fitted significantly better than either a single line for all the tested willows, or parallel lines fitted to each clone ( P  < 0·001). For spore yields in relation to pustule area, clone-specific individual parallel lines were significantly better than a single line ( P  < 0·001).  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT Race 3 of the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, causal agent of tan spot, induces differential symptoms in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat, causing necrosis and chlorosis, respectively. This study was conducted to examine the genetic control of resistance to necrosis induced by P. tritici-repentis race 3 and to map resistance genes identified in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum). A mapping population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from a cross between the resistant genotype T. tur-gidum no. 283 (PI 352519) and the susceptible durum cv. Coulter. Based on the reactions of the Langdon-T. dicoccoides (LDN[DIC]) disomic substitution lines, chromosomal location of the resistance genes was determined and further molecular mapping of the resistance genes for race 3 was conducted in 80 RILs of the cross T. turgidum no. 283/Coulter. Plants were inoculated at the two-leaf stage and disease reaction was assessed 8 days after inoculation based on lesion type. Disease reaction of the LDN(DIC) lines and molecular mapping on the T. turgidum no. 283/Coulter population indicated that the gene, designated tsn2, conditioning resistance to race 3 is located on the long arm of chromosome 3B. Genetic analysis of the F(2) generation and of the F(4:5) and F(6:7) families indicated that a single recessive gene controlled resistance to necrosis induced by race 3 in the cross studied.  相似文献   

19.
The effects of single and mixed artificial infections by artichoke latent virus (ALV) and broad bean wilt virus isolate FA (BBWV-FA) on components of growth and yield of three globe artichoke lines were evaluated in an aphid-free glasshouse. Virus infections reduced plant vigour (length of leaves and height of the ramifications) and dry weight, increased dry matter percentage, lengthened harvest period, and induced significant losses in the number of harvested buds, which resulted from reduced production of ramifications. However, the magnitude of affected parameters depended on inherent line differences and the type of virus infection. The greatest reductions occurred with the ALV + BBWV-FA infection. In single infections ALV led to the more severe effects, especially on components of yield. The level of ALV coat protein, as determined by ELISA, indicated differences in titre between plants of three lines. Can line, which exhibited greater yield reduction than Cada or CBT lines, had the higher ALV virus titre. Conversely Cari was less susceptible to BBWV-FA infection than Cada. The detrimental effects of virus infection emphasize the need for virus control, and differences in responses among lines indicate the possibility of control by plant breeding.  相似文献   

20.
L. MOL  K. SCHOLTE  J. VOS 《Plant pathology》1995,44(6):1070-1074
Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae are produced in large numbers on senescing parts of host plants and remain viable in the soil for many years. Changes in the population density, i.e. density of microsclerotia, in the soil were measured in micro-plots using two isolates of V. dahtiae , specific to either field bean or potato, several crop sequences comprising potato, field beans and barley, and either the removal of aerial debris of the crops or incorporation into soil.
Potato was more susceptible to the potato isolate and field bean more susceptible to the field bean isolate. Removal of debris of potato and field bean reduced numbers of microsclerotia in the soil in the subsequent years, but removal of barley straw had no effect. Initially non-infested control micro-plots became infested, probably by the growth of potato roots into the naturally infested subsoil. The rate of increase of the microsclerotial population in the non-infested control micro-plots was larger than in the initially infested treatments, because more colonized debris was produced. It is concluded that removal of aerial debris of host crops is important to reduce the soil population of V. dahtiae.  相似文献   

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