共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2010,70(2):209-212
An internet-based Google® Maps application, pestMapper, is developed for sharing biological events such as invasive species and pest distribution over large geographical areas. This data gathering and mapping tool facilitates reporting, viewing, and providing alerts about important pest occurrences and research activities both regionally and globally.This Google® application provides reported events dynamically to a Google® Maps interface with detailed information displayed for each event. Users can make use of various built-in options such as region, event, pest, country, or time to display the map selectively. Alerts can be automatically sent to interested parties when system-specified types of events, such as pest outbreaks, occur. The system also generates web-based alerts for certain pre-defined events. A time slider is available for users to view temporal distributions of a biological event.Data are entered using an online data report component. The software can be modified for many other applications, such as species regional or global distribution mapping. 相似文献
2.
Sensors for detecting and logging spatial distribution of urine patches of grazing female sheep and cattle 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Keith Betteridge Coby Hoogendoorn Mark Carter 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2010,73(1):66-73
Urine excreted in patches by grazing livestock accounts for much of the nitrogen (N) loss to the environment in grazing systems. These losses arise mainly through N leaching to ground water and gaseous losses to the atmosphere. Models of grazing systems ideally require data on urination frequency, N load in each urination event and spatial distribution patterns of urine. To date there has been a lack of suitable equipment for obtaining information on urination characteristics of grazing animals. This paper describes a urine sensor that detects and logs each urination event of female sheep and cattle. A thermistor suspended below the vulva continuously measures ambient temperature except when urine passes over it, causing the temperature to rise to near body temperature. Field validation showed 85% and 78% of sensor-detected urination events by sheep and cattle sensors, respectively, were seen by the observer. Some of the urination events identified by the sensor but not seen by the observer were confirmed by video footage. For cattle, only one observed urination event was not detected by the urine sensor, giving a 4% error rate of detection. Daily urination frequencies (ewes: 13-23 events day−1; cows: 11-26 events day−1) were similar to published data for these species. A custom-made GPS unit worn on the rump of the ewe and on the collar of the cow logged animal position continuously so that urine patch position could be determined. Examples of urine distribution patterns by ewes and beef cows in large, hilly paddocks clearly show campsite locations where a disproportionate number of urination events occurred. For sheep, the correlation between time spent in an area and the number of urination events in the same area was r = 0.82, but this correlation was weaker for cattle (r = 0.54). 相似文献
3.
Caroline Lejars Pierre-Yves Le Gal Sandrine Auzoux 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2008,60(2):239-249
Increased competition between agri-food supply chains has strained relationships between farmers and processing factories while reducing individual profit margins. Decisions at different levels of the supply chain can no longer be considered independently, since they may influence profitability throughout the supply chain. This paper presents a decision support approach based on the MAGI® simulation tool, which aims to facilitate discussion and negotiation between stakeholders while collectively exploring satisfactory solutions.The simulation tool helps sugarcane growers and millers in designing and assessing new ways of organizing cane supply management within a mill area. It addresses key issues such as restructuring mill areas or changing cane delivery allocation rules in order to increase total sugar production and total net revenue at the mill area level. This approach has been implemented for two mills in Réunion and one mill in South Africa. Simulations showed that sugar gains may be obtained by rearranging supply scheduling according to quality-based zoning within a mill area. Discussions led to further studies regarding the practicality of the best scenarios. MAGI® is now available as freeware for testing in different settings. 相似文献
4.
Luis O. Solis-Sánchez Rodrigo Castañeda-Miranda Juan J. García-EscalanteIrineo Torres-Pacheco Ramón G. Guevara-GonzálezCelina L. Castañeda-Miranda Pedro D. Alaniz-Lumbreras 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2011,75(1):92-99
One of the main problems in greenhouse crop production is the presence of pests. In order to address this problem, the implementation of a Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system involving the detection and classification of insects (pests) is essential for intensive production systems. Traditionally, this has been done by placing hunting traps in fields or greenhouses and later manually counting and identifying the insects found. This is a very time-consuming and expensive process. To facilitate this process, it is possible to use machine vision techniques. This work describes an application of the machine vision system LOSS V2 algorithm, an expanded version of the LOSS algorithm discussed in a previous work by the same authors. This expanded version demonstrated improved potential and was used to detect and identify the following pest species: Diabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Lacewings (Lacewings spp.), Aphids (Aphis gossypii Genn.), Glassy (Empoasca spp.), Thrips (Thrips tabaci L.), and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.). The algorithm identifies pest presence in the crop and makes it possible for the greenhouse manager to take the appropriate preventive or corrective measures. The LOSS V2 involves the application of the LOSS algorithm for initial pest identification, followed by the application of the image processing technique known as scale invariant feature transform (SIFT). This allows for more accurate pest detection because it is possible to discriminate and identify different types of insects. Therefore, when compared to manual pest counting, the newly developed LOSS V2 algorithm showed more precision in identifying different pest varieties, and also, a much higher determination coefficient, R2 = 0.99. 相似文献
5.
Huan LIU Dong-ju ZHANG Yi-juan XU Lei WANG Dai-feng CHENG Yi-xiang QI Ling ZENG Yongyue LU 《农业科学学报》2019,18(4):771-787
The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is among the most destructive fruit/vegetable-eating agricultural pests in the word, particularly in Asian countries such as China. Because of its widespread distribution, invasive ability, pest status, and economic losses to fruit and vegetable crops, this insect species is viewed as an organism warranting severe quarantine restrictions by many countries in the world. To understand the characteristics and potential for expansion of this pest, this article assembled current knowledge on the occurrence and comprehensive control of the Oriental fruit fly in China concerning the following key aspects: invasion and expansion process, biological and ecological characteristics, dynamic monitoring, chemical ecology, function of symbionts, mechanism of insecticide resistance, control index, and comprehensive control and countermeasures. Some suggestions for the further control and study of this pest are also proposed. 相似文献
6.
Natural enemies can effectively reduce pest populations when they coincide spatially and temporally with those populations. Therefore, along with temporal synchronization, the spatial association of pests and natural enemies is also necessary to increase the efficiency of biological control. The aims of this review were to assess the current state of knowledge concerning the spatial association of pests and their natural enemies in agro-ecosystems, evaluate its application in precision pest management programs and highlight the relevant gaps in the existing literature. Spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and geostatistics are adequate sets of statistical tools used to study spatial patchiness and association of pests and natural enemies, especially in field crops. Spatial association between pests and natural enemies is dynamic and many biotic and abiotic factors can influence it. According to the literature, there are important gaps in the research about the spatial association of pests and natural enemies in orchards and stored products, as well as about the effects of environmental factors on the spatial association between these organisms. Mapping the spatial distribution and association of pests and natural enemies’ populations has not been used in precision biological control until recently. Precision applications focus on the targeted application of agricultural inputs in management zones rather than whole-field treatments. Information about spatial distribution and association of pests and natural enemies can be used to improve pest management practices through precision or site-specific applications of chemical and biological control measures.
相似文献7.
M. Meron J. Tsipris Valerie Orlov V. Alchanatis Yafit Cohen 《Precision Agriculture》2010,11(2):148-162
Variable-rate irrigation by machines or solid set systems has become technically feasible, however mapping crop water status
is necessary to match irrigation quantities to site-specific crop water demands. Remote thermal sensing can provide such maps
in sufficient detail and in a timely way. In a set of aerial and ground scans at the Hula Valley, Israel, digital crop water
stress maps were generated using geo-referenced high-resolution thermal imagery and artificial reference surfaces. Canopy-related
pixels were separated from those of the soil by upper and lower thresholds related to air temperature, and canopy temperatures
were calculated from the coldest 33% of the pixel histogram. Artificial surfaces that had been wetted provided reference temperatures
for the crop water stress index (CWSI) normalized to ambient conditions. Leaf water potentials of cotton were related linearly
to CWSI values with R
2 = 0.816. Maps of crop stress level generated from aerial scans of cotton, process tomatoes and peanut fields corresponded
well with both ground-based observations by the farm operators and irrigation history. Numeric quantification of stress levels
was provided to support decisions to divide fields into sections for spatially variable irrigation scheduling. 相似文献
8.
溶杆菌属细菌鉴定及生防机制概况 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
溶杆菌属的大部分细菌具有重要的生防前景,因而受到了高度关注。为了明确目前溶杆菌属细菌的研究现状,分析了已报道的26种溶杆菌属细菌的分布环境及典型的生化特征,基于16SrDNA序列相似性和脂肪酸组成构建了26种溶杆菌属细菌的系统进化树,并辅以DNA-DNA杂交结果进行佐证,阐述了溶杆菌属细菌对病原菌、线虫病害的生物防治物质及其作用机理,并对其生物安全和应用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
9.
金钱松为松科金钱松属、落叶乔木,是中国特有的孑遗单种属裸子植物,属于国家二级珍稀濒危植物,更是四大植物活化石之一,被誉为世界五大公园树种之一,是重要的珍贵用材与较高药用价值的树种。在研究裸子植物松科的系统发育和古地理、古气候等方面都有重要科学价值。本文介绍了金钱松的生物学特征、自然分布及生态习性,总结了金钱松播种、扦插、嫁接等繁育技术要点、应用价值及病虫害防治方法,可为金钱松的保护和利用提供参考。 相似文献
10.
Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers’ pest
management decision making in rural Honduras 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates
have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and
context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest
management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural
communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history,
and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop
losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from
action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall,
temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance
by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’
knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of
their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable
predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest
management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including
conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control
and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were
familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local
knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological
knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs
to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base.
Kris
A. G. Wyckhuys is a Belgian bio-science engineer and entomologist currently employed as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota.
For his PhD research at Purdue University he quantified social and ecological contributions to farmers’ adoption of insect
pest management technologies in Honduran subsistence maize. He has a keen interest in the ecological facets of IPM and biological
control, as well as in technological innovation in smallholder production systems, ethno-entomology and traditional pest management.
Robert J. O’Neil is a Professor of Entomology specializing in biological control, predator–prey dynamics, and implementing biological control
in IPM systems. His current work focuses on the ecology and management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an
invasive pest of soybeans in North America. 相似文献
11.
虫害对刨花楠和闽楠叶片非结构性物质含量及酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】近年来受全球气候变暖等环境影响,我国亚热带区域森林虫害呈加剧态势,开展叶片生理性状与虫害程度关系研究具有重要意义。【方法】采用典型样地调查,对刨花楠Machilus pauhoi和闽楠Phoebe bournei人工混交林受害植株健康叶片的非结构性物质含量、酶活性等主要生理性状与虫害等级关系进行研究。【结果】虫害导致刨花楠和闽楠受害植株健康叶片的相对含水量显著上升,但对叶片干物质质量分数的影响并不明显。刨花楠和闽楠健康叶片可溶性糖质量分数在中度虫害时最低。刨花楠健康叶片可溶性蛋白质量分数随虫害等级的提高而降低,闽楠健康叶片可溶性蛋白质量分数在轻度虫害时最高。健康叶片总氨基酸质量分数最高出现在刨花楠轻度虫害和闽楠中度虫害时。二者可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖质量分数的比值均在中度虫害时达到最大值,但二者可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖质量分数比值的最小值出现在不同虫害等级。轻度和中度虫害的闽楠健康叶片可溶性蛋白与可溶性糖质量分数比值差异显著。2种楠树健康叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体呈先降后升的趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则均以中度虫害时最高,重度虫害时最低,各等级间差异不显著。【结论】2种楠树受相同虫害等级的影响并不总是具有一致性;2种楠树叶片酶活性对同等虫害的响应具有一致性。2种楠树的受害叶片和健康叶片具有相互补偿和自我调节作用,且2种楠树均具有自我愈伤能力和防御机制。研究结果可为进一步探讨未来环境变化下植物叶片对虫害的响应机制,开展人工林虫害防治技术研究等提供理论依据。 相似文献
12.
系统总结了绿叶挥发物的释放规律、代谢途径和对不同生物群落的生态调控功能,包括能诱导植物生成相关防御基因和防御化合物,自身及其诱导生成的虫害诱导植物挥发物和花外蜜露能够在植株间传递预警信号、吸引和驱避植食性昆虫、协同或抑制昆虫信息素、招引寄生蜂,还能影响病原微生物的生长。指出了在田间条件下天敌因受到背景气味、气象条件、害虫种群分布和数量等诸多因素的影响,很难达到理想的生物防治效果。因此仍需对植食性昆虫与天敌的化学遗传学和生态学、不同植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三重营养间的互作关系,以及不同植食性昆虫虫口密度对田间防效的影响等诸多方面进行深入研究,以明确虫害诱导挥发物中关键物质的多重生态功能,并确定虫害诱导挥发物的田间应用技术。 相似文献
13.
文章对胡蜂亚科昆虫的劳动分工、飞行节律、捕食行为、筑巢、交配与生殖分工、越冬习性、年生活史、天敌与微生物病害等生物学特性及其在农林业上控害效果等方面的研究进展进行综述,并结合目前的研究现状及其在生产实践中的应用提出建议:平衡对胡蜂亚科各属种生物学特性的研究,实时与国外有关机构进行信息分享,及时更新我国在胡蜂亚科昆虫研究方面的理论和方法;对利用胡蜂在农林业上进行控害的应用,应以胡蜂的生物学特性等多方面的科学理论为基础,加强研究和更新胡蜂饲养管理技术和改进现有技术缺陷,同时在实际应用中应合理安排田间及林区内不同作物的种植模式,加强对胡蜂蜂群的合理管控与控害效果评价,从而促进利用胡蜂进行生物防治在生产实践中的推广应用,为今后发展农业生态新环境提供技术支持. 相似文献
14.
15.
Relationships of soil physical and microbial properties with nitrous oxide emission affected by freeze-thaw event 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Lianfeng Wang Xin Sun Yanjiang Cai Hongtu Xie Xudong Zhang 《Frontiers of Agriculture in China》2008,2(3):290-295
Freeze-thaw event often occurs in regions at mid-high latitude and high altitude. This event can affect soil physical and
biological properties, such as soil water status, aggregate stability, and microbial biomass and community structure. Under
its effects, the bio-indicators of soil microbes including the kinds and quantities of some specific amino sugars may vary,
and the process and intensity of soil nitrogen transformation may change, which can result in an increase in nitrous oxide
(N2O) production and emission, making the soil as the major source of N2O emission. This paper summarizes the research progress on the aspects mentioned above, and suggests further research directions
on the theoretical problems of soil N2O production and emission under the effects of freeze-thaw event.
__________
Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(10): 2361–2366 [译自: 应用生态学报] 相似文献
16.
Core soil sampling followed by laboratory analysis is the traditional method used to map soil pH prior to variable rate application (VRA) of lime on cropland. A recently developed automated soil sampling system capable of measuring soil pH on-the-go has significantly increased sampling resolution. However, adoption of such systems must be justified economically. This paper presents a method for assessing the economic benefit from automated mapping of soil pH prior to variable rate lime application. In this work, geostatistical, agronomic, and economic methods were used to generate a comprehensive numerical model for quantitative assessment of the net return over cost of liming for different lime management strategies. The strategies included: automated pH mapping, manual grid soil sampling, and whole field sampling used in combination with either variable or fixed rate liming. The model was demonstrated using a simulated field with known average pH and semivariogram model. The analysis showed the largest benefit ($6.13ha–1year–1) from using VRA with automated soil pH mapping versus VRA based on 1ha (2.5acres) manual grid point sampling for the selected simulated field conditions. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that for a wide range of field conditions and crop prices, VRA plus automated mapping promises higher relative benefits than VRA based on either manual grid point or grid cell sampling. 相似文献
17.
蜘蛛作为农业生态系统中主要天敌经常用来作为其害虫防治预警系统的指示生物,越冬蜘蛛的相关研究可为来年农业生产方式的选择与综合生物防治等决策提供参考,越冬蜘蛛种群分布和群落特征等也具有地质或岛屿等大尺度生态景观时空变化的指示作用。通过对江西柘林湖景区岛屿与周边景观中越冬蜘蛛资源的种群分布、群落结构特征、越冬蛛态、性偏离比率和行为等进行的初步研究,发现该詈区共有越冬蜘蛛20科35属43种,其中,有5种江西新记录种和19种未确定种;蜘蛛科属数量较多,种类相对较少;岛屿特色蜘蛛类群丰富且集中,库区周边多见灌丛草甸、果园、湿地和园林类群等,越冬蛛态、行为和性偏离比率受蜘蛛生活史与气候生态因子影响明显。另外,结合现代生态学和保护生物学原理,初步探明了柘林湖景区岛屿隔离与地质作用对越冬蜘蛛多样性形成及动态变化所产生的影响,提出了该景区生态旅游规划与资源保护利用的新思路。 相似文献
18.
Kevin J. Sibley Tessema Astatkie Gordon Brewster Paul C. Struik John F. Adsett Kris Pruski 《Precision Agriculture》2009,10(2):162-174
One of the many gaps that needs to be solved by precision agriculture technologies is the availability of an economic, automated,
on-the-go mapping system that can be used to obtain intensive and accurate ‘real-time’ data on the levels of nitrate nitrogen
(NO3–N) in the soil. A soil nitrate mapping system (SNMS) has been developed to provide a way to collect such data. This study
was done to provide extensive field-scale validation testing of the system’s nitrate extraction and measurement sub-unit (NEMS)
in two crop (wheat and carrot) production systems. Field conditions included conventional tillage (CT) versus no tillage (NT),
inorganic versus organic fertilizer application, four soil groups and three points in time throughout the season. Detailed
data analysis showed that: (i) the level of agreement, as measured by root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error
(MAE) and coefficient of efficiency (CE), between NEMS soil NO3–N and standard laboratory soil NO3–N measurements was excellent; (ii) at the field-scale, there was little practical difference when using either integer or
real number data processing; (iii) regression equations can be used to enable field measurements of soil NO3–N using the NEMS to be obtained with laboratory accuracy; (iv) future designs of the SNMS’s control system can continue to
use cheaper integer chip technology for processing the nitrate ion-selective electrode (NO3
−–ISE) readings; and (v) future designs of the SNMS would not need a soil moisture sensor, ultimately saving on manufacturing
costs of a more simple system. 相似文献
19.
JI Xiong-hui ZHENG Sheng-xian LUYan-hong LIAO Yu-lin 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2007,6(2):189-199
The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season. 相似文献
20.
Roghaiyeh Karimzadeh Mir Jalil Hejazi Hossein Helali Shahzad Iranipour Seyed Abolghasem Mohammadi 《Precision Agriculture》2011,12(4):576-593
Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton is a key pest of wheat and barley in Iran. In this study, the impact of site-specific spraying on control of sunn pest
damage and densities of the natural enemies was compared with the whole-field spraying method in 2009 and 2010. Three plots
were assigned to each spraying method and two others were left untreated as control. The plots were divided into 11 × 11 m
grids. Adults of E. integriceps were sampled using the distance-walk method. Coccinellids, Chrysoperla carnea and nymphs of sunn pest were sampled using a sweep net. Spatial analysis of datasets was done using Geostatistical Analyst
extension of ArcGIS 9.3. The spatial analysis indicated that the adults and nymphs of E. integriceps had aggregated distribution in space and that site-specific spraying was applicable. Whole-field spraying was carried out
when the mean density of E. integriceps in plots exceeded the economic threshold. In the site-specific spraying method, decamethrin ([cyano-[3-(phenoxy) phenyl]
methyl] 3-(2,2-dibromoethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate) was applied to the grid cells with densities above
the economic threshold. Site-specific application reduced the insecticide input by ca. 40–50%. The numbers of C. carnea and coccinellids were higher in site-specifically sprayed plots compared with whole-sprayed plots after treatment. The mean
numbers of nymphs were not significantly different (P < 0.01) in whole-field and site-specifically sprayed plots. Percent damaged grain was below the economic damage threshold
in all treated plots. It can be concluded that site-specific spraying has the potential to control E. integriceps at an acceptable level along with reducing the amount of insecticide used. It also conserved natural enemies in untreated
refuges. 相似文献