共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
黄土丘陵区四种人工灌木植被生态经济效益分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以定西地区常见人工灌木树种柠条、沙棘、红柳、紫穗槐为研究对象,利用生态经济学原理提出其生态经济效益评价的指标体系和评价方法,通过农村社会调查和市场分析并结合影子价格法、机会成本法和影子工程法等方法．分别计算四种灌木的生态经济效益。综合效益分析表明,四种灌木树种生态效益大小顺序为沙棘＞红柳＞柠条＞紫穗槐,经济效益大小顺序为紫穗槐＞沙棘＞红柳＞柠条。从总净收益来看,四种灌木生态经济效益总和大小顺序为沙棘＞紫穗槐＞红柳＞柠条。表明沙棘是该区优良的植被恢复灌木树种,适宜在定西地区大面积推广。 相似文献
2.
水土保持林草措施生态服务功能价值化研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
本研究以水土保持学、生态学、生态经济学理论为指导,认为水土保持林草措施生态服务功能是指该措施对维持、改良和保护人类及人类社会赖以生存的自然环境条件的综合效用,包括保持和涵养水源、保持和改良土壤、维持生物多样性、固碳供氧、净化空气和防风固沙等6项功能。利用费用支出法、市场价值法、边际机会成本法等多种方法估算出了水土保持林草措施每年为全国带来的生态服务价值总量为2394.83亿元,其中保持与改良土壤价值为2098.80亿元,保水与涵养水源价值为47.78亿元,防风固沙价值为81.91亿元,固碳供氧价值为40.67亿元,维持生物多样性价值为74.83亿元,净化空气价值为50.84亿元。 相似文献
3.
利用TM/ETM影像数据、统计年鉴数据及第二次土地利用调查数据,采用相关分析和经济学中的协整理论以及Granger因果关系法研究近20a库尔勒城市化进程对土地利用格局的影响。结果表明:库尔勒城市化与耕地、园地、林地、居民及工矿用地、交通用地、水利用地比例的二阶差分存在长期稳定的均衡关系。城市化是耕地、林地、居民及工矿用地、交通用地比例变化Granger原因,其中城市化与耕地比例变化的Granger关系显著,城市化与园地、水利用地不存在Granger关系。Granger因果关系法是验证城市化与土地利用格局变化关系的有力方法,同时库尔勒城市化所带来一系列对土地的影响不容忽视。 相似文献
4.
农户实施亲环境行为是改善生态环境,促进农业可持续发展的重要途径,而动机作为行为的先导,会直接影响行为轨迹.文中以行为经济学为切入点,结合认知评价理论、自我决定理论、动机拥挤理论分析农户亲环境行为的内外动机及其交互作用机理,采用分层回归和Bootstrap法对云南省1050份调查数据进行检验.结果 表明:外部动机与内部动... 相似文献
5.
新疆博斯腾湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
采用资源经济学和生态经济学的理论和方法,针对新疆博斯腾湖湿地生态系统的直接利用价值(物质生产、休闲旅游功能)和间接利用价值(涵养水源、调蓄洪水、降解污染、生物栖息地、文化科研功能)进行了货币化的评估,结果表明:博斯腾湖湿地的主要作用是为塔里木盆地生态系统和社会经济发展涵养水源.在制定博斯腾湖湿地建设与发展规划时,要重视其生态服务功能价值的持续性,要均衡考虑区域内各项生态系统服务功能.提出了博斯腾湖湿地生态系统持续利用的思路,以期为博斯腾湖湿地的可持续发展提供参考依据. 相似文献
6.
呼和浩特市城市可持续发展综合评价研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文在参考国内外城市可持续发展及其综合评价研究的基础上 ,以呼和浩特市城市为研究对象 ,从可持续发展思想和区域开发理论入手 ,运用城市经济学和地理学的相关理论和方法 ,遵循定性与定量相结合的原则 ,借助 GIS和社会科学统计软件工具 ,对呼和浩特市城市可持续发展进行了综合评价。 相似文献
7.
基于实验经济学的养殖企业污染治理政策选择行为分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
潘丹 《干旱区资源与环境》2017,31(3):70-75
基于实验经济学的视角,以全国5省238个生猪养殖企业为调查对象,设置了技术支持、排污费、技术标准、沼气补贴和粪肥交易市场五项畜禽污染治理政策属性,运用选择实验方法分析了养殖企业畜禽污染治理政策的选择行为,并引入廉价磋商方法降低选择实验方法的假设偏误。研究表明:全面技术支持、排污费、技术标准、沼气补贴和粪肥交易市场等五种畜禽污染治理政策对养殖企业的选择行为有显著影响,一般技术支持政策对养殖企业的选择行为没有影响;养殖企业对粪肥交易市场政策的偏好最高,其次为沼气补贴政策和技术标准政策,再次为排污费政策,最后为全面技术支持政策;廉价磋商法在畜禽污染治理政策边际价值较高时,可以缩小假设偏误,当畜禽污染治理政策边际价值较低时,无法发挥纠正向上偏误的作用。 相似文献
8.
水资源是一种准公共产品,具有商品属性和稀缺性,本文通过分析水资源的外部性属性,研究水资源外部性的经济学原因,从水资源持续利用的角度出发,提出在一定的约束条件之下如何内部化水资源外部性问题的制度建议和市场方法,并针对黄河流域水资源管理提出对策。 相似文献
9.
宁夏黄河灌区农业非点源污染损失估算 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以宁夏黄河灌区为研究区,在充分利用JOHNES输出系数法计算灌区非点源污染负荷的基础上,应用环境经济学中的恢复防护费用法对灌区农业非点源污染产生的负荷转化为经济损失进行估算.结果表明:宁夏黄河灌区禽畜养殖产生的污染负荷最高,占灌区污染负荷的41.27%,其中全氮排放占整个区域污染负荷的37.25%,全磷排放占整个区域污... 相似文献
10.
流域上下游间水生态环境保护成本与收益的区域错配问题严重影响我国流域整体发展的效率与公平,对流域上游因保护水生态环境而提供的生态服务价值如何补偿,即如何在补偿主体之间进行补偿份额的分摊直接影响社会整体效用最大化的实现。文中基于福利经济学与环境经济学的原理,依据各补偿主体所享有的流域生态服务价值份额,确定补偿的分摊机制。通过运用层次分析法与结构熵权法,测算各补偿主体因享有上游供给的生态服务价值而应分摊的权重。以渭河流域为例,测算得到中央政府、下游地方政府、下游居民对流域生态服务价值的分摊权重分别为32.65%、36.92%、30.43%,从而得到能使社会效用提高的各补偿主体的补偿份额。 相似文献
11.
12.
促进农作物病虫害绿色防控技术推广应用——2011至2017年全国农作物重大病虫害防控技术方案要点评述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文介绍并评述了2011-2017年全国农作物重大病虫害防控技术方案要点。这些技术方案主要从贯彻病虫害综合治理原则, 实施重大病虫分区治理、实施联防联控策略, 遵循“节本增效”技术路线, 促进绿色防控技术措施与专业化统防统治融合等方面, 来促进农作物病虫害防控方式的转变和绿色防控技术的推广应用。特别是从增强农田生物多样性入手, 组装配套生态调控措施, 在采用非药剂预防的基础上大力推广保护利用天敌, 减少农药的使用, 实现绿色生态工程控制。 相似文献
13.
L. Brader 《EPPO Bulletin》1976,6(4):249-263
Many currently existing agricultural production techniques have been developed in total reliance on effective chemical pest control. Today, however, it is becoming clear that chemical pest control has a number of limitations, and its ever increasing costs may well make it a limiting factor in agricultural production. This has already occurred in a number of cotton growing areas. The need for increased world food production will require improved pest control methods. If no special precautions are taken, we will undoubtedly end up in many other crops with a situation similar to that of cotton. In view of the reduced availability of new pesticides, those currently available should be used in the optimal way. At the present time, the integrated pest control approach is the best means of accomplishing this. The introduction of such programs will require official support through legislation or technical assistance. In the future, various new developments in pest control are to be expected. Greater reliance will be placed on the use of computer science. Further effort will be needed in areas such as crop loss assessment, stored product pests, technical assistance to farmers and pesticide selectivity. Closer international collaboration on plant quarantine matters and pesticide registration are essential for the future of pest control. 相似文献
14.
15.
Coffee in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) is an important cash and export crop for small-scale farmers. The crop suffers heavy yield losses due to damage caused by a wide range of indigenous pests (insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds). Current recommended pest control measures include a combination of cultural, resistant/tolerant cultivars and the use of broad spectrum chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticides are far more popular at the farm level than any of the other recommended pest control measures. Coffee pest control strategies are often aimed at individual pests with little consideration of the implications for the total coffee pest complex and its agro-ecosystem. This unilateral approach has resulted in increased pest pressure on coffee and some of its companion crops, outbreak of new pests of coffee, development of pest strains resistant to the cheap and commonly available chemical pesticides, increased environmental problems, increased health risks to man and livestock and an overall increase in the costs of coffee production, thus forcing many farmers to neglect their coffee plantations. Measures to alleviate the above problems, particularly the high production costs, are needed to improve coffee production and increase the cash return to the small-scale farmer. Integrated pest management (IPM) offers the best prospects for solving the above problems. However, lack of national IPM policies, poor extension systems, inefficient research-extension-farmer linkage and the lack of a holistic approach will delay the development and implementation of appropriate, acceptable and sustainable IPM practices. 相似文献
16.
S. CHEEK 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):37-43
The protected crop environment has long been recognized as offering particularly good opportunities for the application of biological control and this is reflected in the predominance of integrated pest management programmes and the wide range of biological control agents available. The introduction of new pest species of quarantine concern can often occur in glasshouse crops, as a result of international trade in plant material, and can have a highly disruptive impact upon well established, integrated pest management programmes. The use of biological control agents against quarantine pests is discussed, including both the use of exotic species and those established in the UK. The relevant legislation in the UK is outlined in relation to the introduction of non-native species, including both plant protection and conservation interests. Environmental safety aspects such as the impact of such introductions on non-target species and issues of quality control to prevent the introduction of contaminants are noted as of particular plant health interest. 相似文献
17.
The pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the key pest in cotton (Gossypium spp.) production areas in the southwestern United States and in many other cotton-producing areas of the world. The high costs of chemical control, continuing economic losses, secondary pest problems and environmental considerations suggest the need for ecologically oriented PBW management strategies. Extensive research has resulted in a broad array of monitoring, biological control, cultural, behavioural, genetic and host plant resistance methods that can serve as a base for the formulation of integrated PBW management systems. The life history characteristics of the PBW, in particular the high mobility of adults, indicate the need for combinations of selected integrated pest management (IPM) components implemented over large geographical areas. The areas involved present a wide range of PBW population densities, differences in cotton production methods and social and environmental considerations. The best option is tailor-made systems for targeted management areas with the selection of IPM components based on the PBW population density, crop production methods and economic feasibility. The unlikelihood of eradication indicates the need for long-term monitoring and programme maintenance following successful area-wide management. The success of area-wide PBW management is highly dependent on participation in the planning, site selection, implementation and assessment phases of the programme by all segments of the agricultural community. A highly effective extension--education communication programme is an essential component. Local uncoordinated efforts have not reduced the economic status of this pest in any area where it is an established pest. The potential long-term benefits of PBW population suppression on an area-wide basis appear to justify area-wide efforts in terms of reduced costs, more effective control, less environmental contamination and other peripheral problems associated with conventional control approaches. 相似文献
18.
Ewa Matyjaszczyk 《Pest management science》2015,71(4):485-491
Prevention methods can still be a cost‐effective and efficient tool for pest control. Rational use of prevention methods is a feasible way to reduce dependency on chemical protection in agriculture. Costs, workload and farmers' awareness are key issues, however. In Poland, crop rotation is used as a method for pest control only to a limited extent owing to the high share of cereals in the crop structure. The choice of resistant varieties is satisfactory, but farmers should make use of qualified seed material more often. Liming is recommended on the majority of farms on account of widespread soil acidity. Favourable aspects as regards the prevention of pest development are biodiversity and the popularity of prevention cultivation techniques. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
19.
20.
农药环境影响指数(EIQ)在农作物病虫害防治工作中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
贯彻绿色植保理念,必须科学地监测和最大限度地减少农药对人类健康和生态环境的负面影响。本文介绍了农药环境影响指数(EIQ),讨论了其在农作物病虫害防治工作中应用与局限性。 相似文献