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1.
Fenbendazole and albendazole, given at a dose rate of 150 mg/kg for 3 days, produced a 90 per cent reduction in the numbers of second stage larvae of Toxocara canis present in the tissues of dogs although no reduction in the number of larvae found in the brains of infected dogs occurred with this treatment. The results suggest that a course of 3 day therapy with these anthelmintics should prevent prenatal infections in puppies. However, if infection is acquired by bitches during late pregnancy or early lactation, the transmammary route of infection becomes important. Therefore, anthelmintic treatment of the bitch prior to pregnancy will not prevent transmission of infection to her puppies should the bitch acquire a new infection of T. canis during pregnancy or early lactation. Alternatively, infection with T. canis can be controlled through the treatment of neonatal puppies for migrating larvae of T. canis. Treatment of newborn puppies with fenbendazole, albendazole or oxfendazole at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 2–3 days produced a 91–99 per cent reduction in the number of adult parasites found. In addition, a single dose of fenbendazole, given at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg, eliminated 93–96 per cent of adult T. canis from the intestines of 4–5-week-old puppies. These latter treatments would need to be repeated to eliminate completely the infection from puppies. 相似文献
2.
Imizol* (imidocarb diproprionate 12 per cent w/v) at 5 mg/kg body weight was found to be highly effective in the treatment of canine babesiosis, mixed infections of Babesia canis, Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis, but slightly less effective against uncomplicated Ehrlichia canis infections. 相似文献
3.
Bodil Str?m Holst Karin L?fqvist Linda Ernholm Karin Eld Maria Cedersmyg Gunilla Hallgren 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2012,54(1):18
Infection with Brucella canis has been diagnosed in Sweden for the first time. It was diagnosed in a three-year-old breeding bitch with reproductive disturbances. Fifteen in-contact dogs were tested repeatedly and all of them were negative for B. canis. The source of infection could not be defined. The present article describes the case and the measures undertaken and gives a short review over B. canis. Recommendations on how to avoid the infection in non-endemic countries are given. 相似文献
4.
Streptococcus canis (S. canis), a lancefield group G streptococcus, is an opportunistic pathogen mainly found in dogs and cats. The study on pathogenesis
and protective immune mechanism of S. canis is not clear. A new streptococcal protective antigen (SPA) was first identified from a genomic library of S. canis. SPA of S. canis (SPASc) contained a 1224-bp open reading frame which encoded a 407aa protein and a 34-aa signal sequence with a deduced molecular
mass of 46.368 kDa. Protein analysis and BLAST result showed that SPASc was homologous to the SPA of Streptococcus. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, M protein Streptococcus. equi., and SPA of Streptococcus pyogenes. The protective response of SPASc antiserum was demonstrated by passive mouse protection. These studies suggested that SPASc
might be an important component of vaccines to prevent S. canis infections. 相似文献
5.
W. S. Krueger N. E. Lucero A. Brower G. L. Heil G. C. Gray 《Zoonoses and public health》2014,61(7):509-518
Human serological assays designed to detect brucellosis will miss infections caused by Brucella canis, and low levels of periodic bacteremia limit diagnosis by blood culture. Recent B. canis outbreaks in dogs and concomitant illnesses in caretakers suggest that unapparent human infections may be occurring. With more than a quarter of a million persons in occupations involving dogs, and nearly 80 million dog owners in the United States, this pathogen is an under‐recognized human health threat. To investigate occupational exposure to B. canis, we adapted a commercial canine serological assay and present the first controlled seroepidemiological study of human B. canis infections in recent years. 306 adults with occupational exposure to dogs and 101 non‐matched, non‐canine‐exposed subjects were enrolled. Antibodies were detected using the canine D‐Tec® CB rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) kit with a secondary 2‐mercaptoethanol (ME)‐RSAT. Results were validated on a blinded subset of sera with an additional RSAT and indirect enzyme‐linked immunoassay at the National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes (ANLIS) in Argentina. Seroprevalence ranged from 10.8% (RSAT) to 3.6% (ME‐RSAT) among canine‐exposed subjects. Kennel employees were more likely to test RSAT seropositive compared with other canine exposures (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–5.8); however, low seroprevalence limited meaningful occupational risk factor analyses. Two seropositive participants reported experiencing symptoms consistent with brucellosis and having exposure to B. canis‐infected dogs; however, temporality of symptom onset with reported exposure could not be determined. D‐Tec® CB results had substantial agreement with ANLIS assays (Cohen's kappa = 0.60–0.68). These data add to a growing body of literature suggesting that people occupationally exposed to dogs may be at risk of unapparent B. canis infection. It seems prudent to consider B. canis as an occupational public health concern and encourage the development of serological assays to detect human B. canis infections. 相似文献
6.
Maria Zoraida Daltro de Oliveira Vera Vale Lara Keid Songeli Menezes Freire Roberto Meyer Ricardo Wagner Portela Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo 《Research in veterinary science》2011,90(3):425-431
In the present study, the validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of canine brucellosis is described. Two different antigenic extracts, obtained by heat or ultrasonic homogenization of microbial antigens from a wild isolate of Brucella canis bacteria, were compared by ELISA and Western blot (WB). A total of 145 canine sera were used to define sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the ELISA as follows: (1) sera from 34 animals with natural B. canis infection, confirmed by blood culture and PCR, as well as 51 sera samples from healthy dogs with negative results by the agar–gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test for canine brucellosis, were used as the control panel for B. canis infection; and (2) to scrutinize the possibility of cross reactions with other common dog infections in the same geographical area in Brazil, 60 sera samples from dogs harboring known infections by Leptospira sp., Ehrlichia canis, canine distemper virus (CDV), Neospora caninum, Babesia canis and Leishmania chagasi (10 in each group) were included in the study. The ELISA using heat soluble bacterial extract (HE-antigen) as antigen showed the best values of sensitivity (91.18%), specificity (100%) and accuracy (96.47%). In the WB analyses, the HE-antigen showed no cross-reactivity with sera from dogs with different infections, while the B. canis sonicate had various protein bands identified by those sera. The performance of the ELISA standardized with the heat soluble B. canis antigen indicates that this assay can be used as a reliable and practical method to confirm infection by this microorganism, as well as a tool for seroepidemiological studies. 相似文献
7.
Human Brucella canis Infection and Subsequent Laboratory Exposures Associated with a Puppy,New York City, 2012 
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下载免费PDF全文 C. M. Dentinger K. Jacob L. V. Lee H. A. Mendez K. Chotikanatis P. L. McDonough D. M. Chico B. K. De R. V. Tiller R. M. Traxler E. R. Campagnolo D. Schmitt M. A. Guerra S. A. Slavinski 《Zoonoses and public health》2015,62(5):407-414
Human Brucella canis infection incidence is unknown. Most identified cases are associated with pet dogs. Laboratory‐acquired infections can occur following contact with Brucella spp. We identified a paediatric B. canis case, the source and other exposed persons. A 3‐year‐old New York City child with fever and dyspnoea was hospitalized for 48 h for bronchiolitis. After her admission, blood culture grew B. canis, she was prescribed anti‐microbials and recovered. B. canis was also isolated from blood of the child's pet dog; these isolates were genetically similar. The dog originated from an Iowa breeding facility which was quarantined after identification of the dog's infection. Additionally, 31 laboratory workers were exposed and subsequently monitored for symptoms; 15 completed post‐exposure prophylaxis. To our knowledge, this is the first report strongly suggesting B. canis zoonotic transmission to a child in the United States, and highlights the need for coordinated control policies to minimize human illness. 相似文献
8.
SUMMARY The results of a survey investigating the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis and other helminth and protozoan infections in urban dogs in north-eastern Victoria are presented. D. immitis was detected in 2.7% of the general population (8.3% of dogs older than 2 years). Microfilariae of D. immitis were not detected in the peripheral circulation of 30% of dogs infected with the adult parasites. The most prevalent gastro-intestinal parasites were Dipylidium caninum 57%; Trichuris vulpis 41%; Toxocara canis 38%; and Uncinaria stenocephala 26%. The prevalence of T. canis in dogs less than one year of age was 73% and this decreased with increasing age. No Echinococcus granulosus adults were detected. Sarcocystis spp and Isospora ohioensis were the most commonly seen coccidians. 相似文献
9.
Brucella canis is a small intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that frequently leads to chronic infections highly resistant to antibiotic therapy in dogs. Also, it causes mild human brucellosis compared to other zoonotic Brucella spp. Herein we characterize the cellular immune response elicited by B. canis by analysing human and canine CD4+ T cells after stimulation with autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Human and canine B. canis-primed MoDCs stimulated autologous CD4+ T cells; however, a Th1 response was triggered by human MoDCs, whereas canine MoDCs induced Th1/Th17 responses, with increased CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17A simultaneously. Each pattern of cellular response may contribute to host susceptibility, helping to understand the differences in B. canis virulence between these two hosts. In addition, other aspects of canine immunology are unveiled by highlighting the participation of IL-17A-producing canine MoDCs and CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17A. 相似文献
10.
An immunofluorescent (IF) test for the serodiagnosis of Toxocara canis infections in puppies is described. Frozen sections of male adult T. canis worms were used as antigen.A group of seven puppies, 6 weeks of age, was infected orally with 10 000 embryonated T. canis eggs each. In the sera of all animals IF antibodies could be detected from approximately 4 weeks after infection onwards. Titers were detectable until the end of the observation period (22 weeks).Two puppies of the same age were infected with 30 000 or 50 000 embryonated T. canis eggs respectively. Positive IF results were also obtained in the sera of these pups from week 4 post infection (p.i.) onwards. No correlation between titer and initial number of egges administered was observed. Furthermore, no correlation was noticed between titer and number of adult worms recovered from the dogs. For comparison all sera were tested with the complement fixation (CF) test, using cuticle material of adult worms as antigen. Complement fixing antibodies could be detected in none of the serum samples. 相似文献
11.
CC Kneipp AM Rose J Robson R Malik AT Deutscher AK Wiethoelter SM Mor 《Australian veterinary journal》2023,101(4):133-141
Brucella suis is an emerging, zoonotic disease predominantly affecting dogs and humans that engage in feral pig hunting in Australia and other countries. Although B. suis infection in dogs shares some clinical similarities to the host-adapted species (B. canis), B. suis remains an incompletely understood pathogen in dogs with limited published data on its pathogenesis and clinical features. This case series describes the presentations, diagnosis, and clinical management of B. suis infection in three dogs: (1) a bitch with dystocia, abortion and mastitis; (2) an entire male dog with septic arthritis and presumptive osteomyelitis; and (3) a castrated male dog with lymphadenitis. Unique features of these cases are reported including the first documented detection of B. suis from milk and isolation from lymph nodes of canine patients, as well as the follow-up of pups born to a B. suis-infected bitch. Consistent with previous reports, all three dogs showed a favourable clinical response to combination antibiotic therapy with rifampicin and doxycycline. Individually tailored drug regimens were required based on the clinical presentation and other factors, including owner expectations and compliance with therapy as well as a zoonotic risk assessment (generally considered low, except around time of whelping). The authors include their recommendations for the clinical management of dogs that are at-risk or seropositive for B. suis with or without clinical signs or laboratory-confirmed infection. 相似文献
12.
Natalia Sastre Ivan Ravera Sergio Villanueva Laura Altet Mar Bardagí Armand Sánchez Olga Francino Lluís Ferrer 《Veterinary dermatology》2012,23(6):509-e101
Background – The historical classification of Demodex mites has been based on their hosts and morphological features. Genome sequencing has proved to be a very effective taxonomic tool in phylogenetic studies and has been applied in the classification of Demodex. Mitochondrial 16S rDNA has been demonstrated to be an especially useful marker to establish phylogenetic relationships. Hypothesis/Objectives – To amplify and sequence a segment of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA from Demodex canis and Demodex injai, as well as from the short‐bodied mite called, unofficially, D. cornei and to determine their genetic proximity. Methods – Demodex mites were examined microscopically and classified as Demodex folliculorum (one sample), D. canis (four samples), D. injai (two samples) or the short‐bodied species D. cornei (three samples). DNA was extracted, and a 338 bp fragment of the 16S rDNA was amplified and sequenced. Results – The sequences of the four D. canis mites were identical and shared 99.6 and 97.3% identity with two D. canis sequences available at GenBank. The sequences of the D. cornei isolates were identical and showed 97.8, 98.2 and 99.6% identity with the D. canis isolates. The sequences of the two D. injai isolates were also identical and showed 76.6% identity with the D. canis sequence. Conclusion – Demodex canis and D. injai are two different species, with a genetic distance of 23.3%. It would seem that the short‐bodied Demodex mite D. cornei is a morphological variant of D. canis. 相似文献
13.
Changes in the milk antibody levels against Staphylococcus aureus were measured at the start of an experimental intramammary instillation of either S. aureus (Study I) or Staphylococcus hyicus (Study II). A commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay system was used. Twenty‐one Holstein cows were enrolled in Study I and 15 Holstein cows were used in Study II. Pathogen instillation began 21 days before the start of the non‐lactating period. Cows received intramammary antibiotic treatment in all quarters immediately after the last milking, the start of the non‐lactating period. Lacteal secretions were collected before the start of the non‐lactating period, and during the immediate postpartum period in both studies, and during the non‐lactating period in Study I. Milk was cultured for mastitis pathogens and S. aureus antibody levels and somatic cell counts were determined from all samples. There was an approximate 2‐week delay in the elevation in antibody levels in response to the instillation of S. aureus. Antibody levels remained elevated in cows with S. aureus intramammary infections postpartum, but were below threshold in cows where intramammary infections were cured during the non‐lactating period. Antibody levels were elevated by S. hyicus intramammary infections, remained elevated for the first 12 days postpartum, but were below threshold by day 21 postpartum. Cows with incipient intramammary S. aureus infections might be misclassified as false negatives by the antibody test. However, results suggest that cows with S. hyicus intramammary infections that were not cured would not be misclassified if milk is withheld from test for the first 30 days postpartum, as recommended by the manufacturer of the test. 相似文献
14.
The effects of protein supply and reproductive status on circulating antibody responses and local inflammatory cell counts were investigated in parasitized sheep, with local immune responses assessed through a recently refined abomasal cannulation methodology. We hypothesized that if breakdown of immunity has a nutritional basis, then protein scarcity would result in a breakdown of immunity to Teladorsagia circumcincta in both periparturient and non-reproducing (barren) ewes. Twin-bearing and barren, abomasally cannulated ewes were fed at either 0.8 or 1.3 times protein requirements from 3 weeks before until 6 weeks after parturition (n = 6). All sheep were trickle infected at a rate of 10,000 infective larvae (L3) per day, for 3 days per week throughout the experiment. Faecal egg counts remained virtually zero in all barren ewes, whilst protein supplementation reduced faecal egg counts in the periparturient ewes during most of the periparturient period. Final worm burdens, taken at 6 weeks into lactation, were lower for the barren ewes than for the lactating ewes, whilst protein supplementation reduced worm burdens in the latter. Protein supply did not affect mucosal mast cell counts, which were consistently higher for the barren ewes than the periparturient ewes, but were temporarily decreased around parturition. Barren ewes and protein supplemented lactating ewes had higher globule leukocyte counts than the unsupplemented lactating ewes. Protein supplementation increased eosinophil counts in the lactating ewes though only during the later part of the lactation period. Plasma IgA anti-L3 antibody was similar for all ewes, but IgE anti-L3 antibody was higher for the protein supplemented periparturient ewes compared to the unsupplemented periparturient ewes and all barren ewes. It is likely that the combination of low protein requirements and large body protein reserves did not result in breakdown of immunity to T. circumcincta for the barren ewes. These results suggest that changes in mucosal mast cell and eosinophil counts are not necessarily associated with changes in host resistance to T. circumcincta. However, the data support the view that increased globule leukocyte counts and plasma IgE anti-L3 antibody may be associated with nutritionally improved expression of immunity in periparturient ewes. 相似文献
15.
T. KOTNIK 《Zoonoses and public health》2002,49(3):120-122
Cats represent a primary source of Microsporum canis infections in humans. Terbinafine hydrochloride (Lamisil®) is commonly used in the treatment of microsporosis in humans as its fungicidal action permits short periods of treatment. The aim of the present study was to estimate the efficacy of the drug in cats. Nine cats were experimentally infected with M. canis and treated with terbinafine hydrochloride at a dose of 10–20 mg/kg (once daily, SID; low‐dose group, LDG). Another nine cats were similarly infected and treated with 30–40 mg/kg SID (high‐dose group, HDG) and a further nine cats were also infected and left untreated (control group, CG). The general condition of the cats was observed daily and their clinical symptoms evaluated weekly. The cats recovery was monitored using the Wood's lamp illumination test and microscopic and fungal culture examinations. The general condition of the cats during the study was good. The cure rates of the LDG were not significantly different from the CG at any period during the treatment. However, the HDG cure rates differed significantly from the other two groups. After 109 days of treatment, when all nine cats of the HDG were healed, seven cats of the LDG and all the cats in the CG were still M. canis‐positive. This study shows that dosages of 10–20 mg/kg SID of terbinafine hydrochloride are not sufficient to terminate an experimental M. canis infection in cats within an acceptable period of time. Terbinafine hydrochloride can be used to treat dermatophytosis in cats, but a higher dosage, 30–40 mg/kg SID, should be used to achieve a cure. 相似文献
16.
Abstract— An experimental infection model was used to assess induction of specific immunity against Microsporum canis in cats with an M. canis cell wall vaccine preparation. Kittens 8–9 weeks old (n= 12) received five doses of either vaccine or placebo at biweekly intervals. Specific immunity was monitored via plasma anti-dermatophyte antibody titers and lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) to dermatophyte antigens. After vaccination, cats were challenged with viable M. canis spores, and lesion development was monitored. Vaccinated cats developed higher anti-dermatophyte IgG, but not IgM, titers than controls, beginning after the second dose of vaccine (P < 0.001). During the vaccination period, specific cellular immunity as measured by LB was absent in control cats, but developed to a limited degree in vaccinated cats (P < 0.05). After challenge with 105 fungal spores per cat, both control and vaccinated cats developed active infections. The vaccine appeared to induce an antibody titer quantitatively similar to that produced by infection, but less measured cellular immunity than was seen with infection and recovery. These results suggest that induction of high titers of serum IgG or IgM antibody against Microsporum canis is not protective against challenge exposure. 相似文献
17.
S. Schfer‐Somi J. Spergser J. Breitenfellner J. E. Aurich 《Zoonoses and public health》2003,50(7):343-346
Results of the bacteriological examination of milk samples from 46 bitches were evaluated retrospectively, and correlated with findings of the bacteriological examination of organs from dead, septicaemic puppies in their litters (n = 33). The aim of this study was to investigate, in how many cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis of the bitches, the same bacteria can be detected in their septicaemic neonates. One group of lactating bitches was clinically healthy (group I, n = 38), whereas in eight bitches different puerperal disorders were found (group II). Twenty‐five septicaemic puppies were from group I, eight from group II. Out of a broad spectrum of bacteria isolated from the milk of clinically healthy and diseased bitches, only Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and/or ß‐haemolytic (haem.) Streptococcus sp. could be isolated from organs of their septicaemic puppies. This was the case in three bitches with mastitis and in one clinically healthy bitch only. Staphylococcus intermedius, although frequently isolated from canine milk, does not seem to be a cause of septicaemia in neonates. It is assumed that in most cases of neonate septicaemia, bacteria from the bitches’ milk are not the primary cause. 相似文献
18.
D. E. JACOBS J. G. PILKINGTON J. F. S. REID 《The Journal of small animal practice》1988,29(8):525-530
The efficacy of oxfendazole, given at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg for three consecutive days, against adult and larval Toxascaris leonina was determined in four litters of naturally infected adolescent greyhounds. When administered to five dogs 10 weeks after exposure to infectiori, oxfendazole gave an efficacy value of 100 per cent as determined by comparison of the numbers of adult worms expelled and the numbers remaining at subsequent post mortem examination. When medication was given only five weeks after exposure to infection, the number of immature T. leonina in 10 treated pups was found to be reduced by 92-1 per cent as compared with 10 matched, untreated controls. Incidental infections of Toxocara canis and Uncinaria stenocephala were adequately controlled but the treatment was less effective against Trichuris vulpis and Strongyloides species. 相似文献
19.
D. E. JACOBS G. GOWLING J. FOSTER J. F. S. REID 《The Journal of small animal practice》1986,27(11):783-786
The efficacy of oxfendazole given at a dose-rate of 10 mg kg-1 for 3 consecutive days against adult and larval Toxocara canis was determined in four litters of naturally infected unweaned greyhound pups. Comparison of the worm-burdens of four pups treated on days 30–32 post partum with four matched litter-mate untreated controls gave an apparent efficacy value of 98-5 per cent, the numbers of adult T. canis at post mortem examination being 3 and 202, respectively. A similar comparison involving 10 pups treated on the 5th to 7th days of life, when the T. canis would have been in various stages of larval development, gave an overall efficacy value of 75.8 per cent, with worm-counts of 1,325 and 321 for control and treatment groups. However, a greater reduction (84.1–91.7 per cent) was observed in worms achieving a length of 40 mm by the time of post mortem examination (Day 21 post partum) than in shorter worms. In the latter case, no demonstrable anthelmintic activity was detected. 相似文献
20.
S. Jenkins J.K. Ketzis J. Dundas D. Scorpio 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2018,32(1):217-221