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为了验证螯合肥料在水稻上的应用效果,为新型肥料推广提供理论依据,在辽宁盘锦大洼县西安镇上口子村进行田间水稻小区试验。采用田间对比试验方法,并采用方差分析方法对试验数据进行分析。试验结果表明:施用螯合肥对水稻的株高、每穴穗数、穗粒数、秕粒数、结实率、千粒重都有明显影响。其中施用螯合肥的水稻比施用复合肥和对照处理穴穗数分别增加2.67株和4株,穗粒数分别增加5.67粒和13.67粒,结实率分别增加1.10%和5.03%,千粒重分别增加3.4%和5.2%。小区平均产量分别增加23 kg/667 m~2和49 kg/667 m~2,增产率分别为3.15%和6.95%,增产效果明显。 相似文献
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沼液是有机物质经发酵后形成的,含有多种作物生长所需的有机和无机养分,其循环利用具有重要的生态及经济意义。选择湘南红壤丘陵区,通过田间小区试验,探究沼液叶面喷施和沼液还田对玉米和水稻产量及其部分构成因素的影响,并评估其经济生态效益。结果表明:与喷施尿素溶液和磷酸二氢钾溶液处理相比,喷施沼液处理玉米产量和千粒重平均增加8. 4%和1. 2%,净增收平均提高1213. 6元/hm2;与施用猪粪、猪粪堆肥处理相比,施用沼液处理水稻产量和千粒重平均增加4. 3%和5. 4%,净增收平均提高904. 8元/hm2;与化肥、猪粪堆肥+化肥、猪粪+化肥处理相比,沼液+化肥处理水稻产量和千粒重平均增加5. 7%和5. 7%,净增收平均提高1888. 2元/hm2;与沼液处理相比,沼液+化肥处理水稻产量和千粒重增加18. 9%和8. 1%,净增收提高3372. 1元/hm2。相关分析表明,不同施肥处理间玉米和水稻千粒重均与籽粒产量呈线性正相关。总之,玉米地和稻田合理施用沼液具有较好的经济和环境效益。 相似文献
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甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)是以收获茎秆为主的重要糖料作物,分蘖是增加有效茎进而提高甘蔗单产和产糖量的关键。本研究以强分蘖甘蔗品种‘B9’为试验材料,设置4个不同种植密度(P1:4000芽/667 m^2、P2:6000芽/667 m^2、P3:8000芽/667 m^2和P4:10 000芽/667 m^2),通过1年新植和1年宿根的田间小区试验,探讨种植密度对强分蘖甘蔗品种性状及产量形成的影响,并分析它们之间的相关关系。结果表明:增加种植密度,新植和宿根甘蔗分蘖盛期的总苗数呈上升趋势,但新植与宿根甘蔗总苗数的差异却在缩小,平均分别为25.55%、14.11%、-8.18%和-10.57%;宿根蔗株高显著大于新植蔗的株高,平均增幅分别为17.31%、10.54%、19.44%、14.88%,但茎径几乎不受种植密度的影响;新植蔗有效茎和产量随种植密度增加而增加(P2的除外),且多于宿根蔗的,但其产量却表现相反的结果,即宿根蔗总体表现增产;低密度(P1)和高密度(P4)间的锤度差异显著,并表现降低趋势。在试验条件下甘蔗产量形成过程中,种植密度与甘蔗分蘖盛期的总苗数、株高、有效茎和产量呈正相关,与茎径和田间锤度为负相关,且株高与有效茎对产量的贡献最为显著,但过多的有效茎明显不利于田间锤度提高。因此,这意味着合理密植对强分蘖甘蔗品种的产量和品质形成极其重要。 相似文献
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[目的]探索鸡粪堆肥在水稻育苗基质配制过程中的应用效果。[方法]采用室内苗盘育苗的方式,以餐厨堆肥、泥炭及蛭石为原料,按照体积比重分别配制50%泥炭+50%蛭石（CK）、10%鸡粪堆肥+40%泥炭+50%蛭石（T1）、20%鸡粪堆肥+30%泥炭+50%蛭石（T2）、30%鸡粪堆肥+20%泥炭+50%蛭石（T3）、40%鸡粪堆肥+10%泥炭+50%蛭石（T4）及50%鸡粪堆肥+50%蛭石（T5）等6种育苗基质,以水稻为靶标作物开展育苗试验。参照苏州市农业地方标准《DB3205/T 212-2014水稻工厂化基质育秧技术规程》中规定的技术指标对不同处理水稻育苗基质的育苗效果进行分析,并运用隶属函数法与壮苗指数进行综合评价。[结果]随着鸡粪堆肥替代量的提升,育苗基质的理化性质及水稻幼苗的生长指标均出现明显的变化。T1处理的水稻育苗基质的理化性质及水稻幼苗的生长指标均能够完全符合《DB3205/T 212-2014》中的要求。随着鸡粪堆肥用量的提升,各处理水稻育苗基质的p H、EC值、容重、通气孔隙度等关键理化指标呈现逐步上升的态势,出苗率、株高、茎粗等生长指标呈现逐步下降的态势。[结论]结合... 相似文献
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为探索餐厨废弃物作堆肥应用于水稻生产过程中的适宜性，设置3组餐厨堆肥用量梯度（15.00 t/hm2、30.00 t/hm2和45.00 t/hm2），并以当地常用的复合肥（0.38 t/hm2）及鸡粪堆肥（13.49 t/hm2）作为施肥对照进行田间小区试验，对不同处理水稻产量、稻米品质、土壤安全性以及经济效益等指标进行测定评价。结果表明，餐厨堆肥处理的水稻产量高于化肥处理，并有效改善了稻米品质;餐厨堆肥处理显著提升了土壤中有机质及速效钾含量，且土壤重金属含量远低于国家标准规定的上限值，属于安全范围;施用15 t/hm2餐厨堆肥处理能够为水稻生产带来正向的经济效益。结果可为餐厨废弃物堆肥化利用提供技术理论支撑。 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
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Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
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Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
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Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献