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1.
Ester Zulberti 《Agroforestry Systems》1990,12(1):13-40
Agroforestry has been incorporated in education and training programs at an unprecedented level since 1982. A survey of educational
institutions conducted by ICRAF in 1987 revealed that agroforestry is found as an option for specialization in undergraduate
as well as in postgraduate M.Sc, diploma programs in forestry, agriculture, natural resources, and others. Courses and special
seminars in agroforestry are organized in degree programs. Full undergraduate and postgraduate programs in agroforestry are
being formulated and implementation started in quite a few universities, and many students are choosing agroforestry-oriented
research projects for their dissertations. A good setting for higher degree training in agroforestry requires, however, staffing
from combined faculties of at least agriculture, animal science and forestry; faculty commitment to a farming systems approach;
and inter-departmental cooperation in teaching and research. It was difficult to asses whether these and other elements are
present in existing programs where agroforestry has been incorporated. Emerging trends indicate that traditional forestry
programs are broadening the scope of the discipline (from forests to integrated land-use systems) while agriculturists are
recognizing that trees play important roles as soil improvers and protectors, fodder, food, fuel and other domestic and commercial
purposes. New institutional structures are evolving to allow for educational programs with coursework and research projects
spanning many disciplines. Nondegree training in agroforestry has seen an upsurge of activities equal, if not larger, to that
in education. Attempts are being made by different institutions worldwide to inventory training opportunities; still the collection
and dissemination of information is difficult. Efforts are needed at the international, regional, and national levels, to
address training issues that if addressed collectively can improve the quality and effectiveness of human resource development
efforts. ICRAF's approach to promote agroforestry research through education and training is an example of an action program
currently under application. 相似文献
2.
Filemon Torres 《Agroforestry Systems》1987,5(3):395-417
At present ICRAF international cooperation channels the Council's contribution to efforts by national and international research institutions in both the generation of agroforestry technologies and person-power development. This paper attempts a critical evaluation of the evolutionary process that led ICRAF collaborative activities from their initial role of creating opportunities for testing methodologies to the on-going networking stage.Two stages are distinguished in the initial development phase; the one contributing to the building of an institutional capability (more in-house cooperation), and the follow-up stage where activities were aimed at establishing a basis for continuous collaboration with partner institutions.The present networking phase, with an African focus, is based on the assumption that institutional complementarity is the appropriate scheme to overcome the effect of constraints prevailing in the continenta on the generation of appropriate agroforestry technologies. In this context, an ecozone scope, integrated planning and a network organizational structure are proposed as pillars of an ICRAF strategy to achieve complementarity in agroforestry research for development.Head, Collaborative Programmers Division, ICRAF 相似文献
3.
Anthony Young 《Agroforestry Systems》1987,5(3):277-291
ICRAF's main contributions to research related to soils have been a symposium, Soils Research in Agroforestry; a review of soil productivity aspects of agroforestry; a further review of the potential of agroforestry for soil conservation, covering both erosion control and maintenance of fertility; the construction of a computerized model to predict soil changes under agroforestry systems; and a handbook of practical methods of agroforestry for soil and water conservation in dryland Africa. In research on land evaluation, an environmental data base has been established, leading to a capacity to obtain information, for environmental conditions similar to those of a given site or area, on publications, multipurpose trees, crops, existing agroforestry systems and current experimental work. Land evaluation for agroforestry cannot be achieved merely by synthesis of methods from agriculture and forestry, but will require more data on the performance of agroforestry land utilization types. Recognition of problems of environmental degradation has become an integral part of planning for agroforestry research. By means of a partial synthesis between land evaluation and diagnosis and design, a procedure of site selection for agroforestry research and development has been established.Principal Scientist, ICRAF 相似文献
4.
5.
The state of the art of agroforestry diagnosis and design 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
John B. Raintree 《Agroforestry Systems》1987,5(3):219-250
Seven years ago the International Council for Research in Agroforestry set out to develop a methodology for the diagnosis of land management problems and design of agroforestry systems. Since then over 60 documents (articles, conference papers and manuals) relating to the D & D methodology have been published by ICRAF and the methodology has been used to develop agroforestry plans and identify research priorities for a wide range of ecological and cultural conditions throughout the tropical regions of Africa, Latin America and Asia. This article reviews the evolution of the D & D methodology and suggests directions for its future development.Ecological Anthropologist, ICRAF 相似文献
6.
P. K. R. Nair 《Agroforestry Systems》1987,5(3):383-393
ICRAF has a Field Station at Machakos, 70 km south-east of Nairobi on a 40-ha site. It provides a good collection of a large number of multipurpose trees and shrubs useful in agroforestry, experimental designs, agroforestry technologie,, demonstration oof some agroforestry practices and interventions such as alley cropping, soil conservation technologies, etc. These demonstration-and trial-plots that are conducted by the Council's multidisciplinary team of scientists are also used to a limited extent for obtaining scientific information on the performance of the various species involved and of their response to management as well as interactions. The Station is visited regularly by an average of 350 individuals of various types per year, and is used for different kinds of training and field demonstrations.Principal Scientist, ICRAF 相似文献
7.
Multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs for agroforestry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
These are various ways in which farmers deliberately incorporate trees and shrubs on farm production fields. Many of the species so incorporated are legumes. The role of such woody perennials in agroforestry systems can be productive and/or protective. Legumes offer by far the maximum range of choice of woody species for agroforestry in terms of their economic uses as well as ecological adaptibility. In addition to the several leguminous woody species that are well known in agroforestry, there are many more whose potentials have not yet been fully understood. An evaluation is presented of the agroforestry potentials of a few leguminous species from the point of view of their growth characteristics, ecological adaptability, combining ability with other species and uses/functions. The science of agroforestry is still in its infancy. There exists no research data on the various management aspects of these potentially promising group of plants. ICRAF, in its capacity as an international research council, has assembled several multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs of agroforestry potential at the Council's recently-established Field Station in Machakos, Kenya, primarily for demonstration and training purposes. Initial results from these trials are presented in the paper.Adapted from a paper presented at the International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixing trees in the Tropics, 19–24 September, 1983 Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil. 相似文献
8.
Peter A. Huxley 《Agroforestry Systems》1987,5(3):251-275
ICRAF has evolved and evaluated experimental approaches to agroforestry problems which will help resercchers reach practical conclusions most cost-effectively in the shortest possible time, and with only limited resources. This has meant looking into the experimental phases needed, developing the conceptual background to research problems which involve the complex spatial/temporal features of agroforestry systems, suggesting and initiating simplified field experimental designs and/or assessment methodologies, and establishing source and reference design materials about agroforestry research for distribution.These four sets of activities are outlined and briefly discussed in relation to some of the key research issues which have emerged.Suitable methods for many areas of experimental agroforestry are rapidly being defined, although some of the more complex issues (e.g. multistrata systems, on-farm research with multipurpose trees and tree/crop mixtures) still need a focused attempt to develop appropriate research methodologies.Head, Research Development Division, ICRAF 相似文献
9.
Because of the relative dearth of scientific information in agroforestry, monitoring and evaluation of agroforestry technologies in development projects plays an important role in the development and improvement of technical extension recommendations. To identify appropriate methodologies, ICRAF conducted in 1988–89 a review of agroforestry technology monitoring and evaluation in 166 projects worldwide, of which 108 responded. Almost 80% of these were involved in technology evaluation. Many extension projects were conducting research to test technologies on-farm or on research plots. Technology evaluation by projects focused on the biological of trees, often with inadequate consideration of the technology context. Few projects seemed to use farmer assessment in evaluation. Recommendations are made for an effective evaluation process and selection of appropriate methods and variables to be assessed by projects. Methods should be selected according to the availability of resources and should favour collaborative or collegial interaction between farmers and project staff. 相似文献
10.
Planning technical interventions in agroforestry projects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
11.
Peter G. von Carlowitz 《Agroforestry Systems》1986,4(4):291-314
Agroforestry is not likely to be accepted, particularly by small-holders, unless it is proved superior to other forms of land use not only on ecological but also on economic grounds. It is therefore argued that economic parameters concerning the quantitative productivity of all agroforestry systems components have to be a matter of concern to both research and development in agroforestry.In the process of screening selected relevant literature and as a result of a search of ICRAF's Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Data Case, the yawning gap between the high level of knowledge on agricultural crops on the one hand and the low level on woody perennials on the other is exposed as a serious obstacle to the analysis of agroforestry systems and to the further development of agroforestry. The lack of knowledge on woody perennials, as substantiated in this paper, concerns particularly quantitative production data on trees and shrubs used in agroforestry systems.It is also argued in support of the views cited from other authors that what little there is by way of yield data on woody perennials is scattered and distributed over a vast amount of literature, and thus often difficult to access and to retrieve, and often difficult if not impossible to compare owing to different methods and parameters employed in attaining the data.Although the difficulties of yield assessment are appreciated, increased efforts to obtain more — and more comparable — data on te productivity of woody perennials are advocated. In support of this call for stepping up appropriate activities some preliminary suggestions are presented on how to standardize parameter of yield assessments to achieve better comparability and how to increase accessibility of yield data and promote retrieval of data by the establishment of supplementary data bases. 相似文献
12.
F. Owino 《Agroforestry Systems》1992,19(2):131-137
With the aid of an example of ICRAF's tree improvement research programme for the highlands of Eastern and Central Africa, a logical approach to selection and breeding of multipurpose trees and shrubs in agroforestry context is proposed. Criteria for selection of high priority species are proposed. Some species of high potential for agroforestry development in Sub Sahara Africa are proposed. The necessary sequential research steps are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Dirk A. Hoekstra 《Agroforestry Systems》1987,5(3):293-300
Although from the start ICRAF recognized the importance of the socio-economic dimensions of agroforestry land-use systems, it was only five years after its official commencement that an economist was added to the staff. During the last five years no attempt has been made to create a separate Economics Department with its own programme. Rather, the emphasis has been on supporting on-going ICRAF activities by trying to make “economics’ an integral part of eachof these activities.
- Nevertheless, in summarizing these efforts, five major areas of work can be identified:
- Economic concepts;
- Methods and tools for economic assessment;
- Economic information gathering;
- Economic analysis proper;
- Training and dissemination.
14.
Agroforestry Tree Seed Production and Supply Systems in Malawi 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Betserai I. Nyoka Simon A. Mng��omba Festus K. Akinnifesi Oluyede C. Ajayi Gudeta Sileshi Ramni Jamnadass 《Small-Scale Forestry》2011,10(4):419-434
A sustainable agroforestry tree germplasm supply system is vital to resource-constrained smallholder farmers who depend on
agroforestry to improve the productivity of their farm enterprises. Successful adoption of agroforestry hinges on the development
of a sustainable agroforestry tree germplasm supply system. This paper reviews the agroforestry tree seed supply system in
Malawi, with a view to determining its sustainability and quality. Currently, more than 90% of the documented agroforestry
tree seed distributed to farmers is produced by smallholder farmers collected mainly from scattered farmland trees, the remainder
being produced from seed orchards and seed stands owned or controlled by research organizations. Three organizations—namely
the Land Resources Centre (LRC), National Tree Seed Centre (NTSC) of the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM) and
the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)—were identified as major procurers of agroforestry tree seed produced by smallholder
farmers. Agroforestry germplasm is distributed to farmers by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government agricultural
and forestry extension departments. The procurement and distribution of germplasm to farmers is in general effective. The
major challenge to sustainability of agroforestry tree germplasm distribution in Malawi is dependence on donor funding. The
agroforestry tree seed system is, to some extent, sustainable with regards to production, although the genetic quality of
the germplasm is low. Germplasm storage facilities at national level are available and possibly adequate, but knowledge and
information on effective low-cost tree germplasm storage systems at household level are limited. Sustainability could be enhanced
by strengthening of grass-root organizations involved in tree seed production to institutionalize the distribution through
farmer–farmer exchange. There is also a need to support the development, promotion and adoption of low-cost tree germplasm
storage facilities by smallholder farmers. 相似文献
15.
Peter G. Von Carlowitz 《Agroforestry Systems》1987,5(3):319-338
Woody perennials are vital components of agroforestry systems. However, the state of knowledge about most of the large number of useful species is inferior to that about other components in such systems. In order to close this gap and expedite research, ICRAF has built up a multipurpose tree and shrub information system. The recommendations of an international workshop on multipurpose tree germplasm, organized by ICRAF in collaboration with CFI and IBPGR, have been instrumental in either encouraging the pursuance of activities already started or initiating new projects. In its endeavour to serve those institutions and individual scientists who require information on multipurpose trees, ICRAF has established a Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Data Base and compiled and published a Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Seed Directory. As by-products of these two core activities, a number of related projects have been carried out, including the development of a rapid appraisal methodology for selecting priority species for further development, the preparation of multipurpose tree and shrub crop sheets, and an inventory of MPT-related data bases. In a considerable number of publications the concepts and objectives of these activities have been explained. More than 140 information requests in multipurpose trees have been answered with the help of the Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Data Base and the information gap concerning germplasm availability has been closed by the publication of the Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Seed Directory.Senior Research Scientist, ICRAF 相似文献
16.
The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) coordinates a research network in the Semi-arid Lowlands of
West Africa (SALWA) in four countries: Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali and Senegal. Prosopis africana, an important agroforestry
tree species is seriously threatened in this eco-region. ICRAF organized seed collections of this species for long-term conservation
and subsequent utilization by small-scale farmers in the West African Sahel. Prior to the collection, ICRAF, the International
Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) organized
a planning workshop with collaborating national research institutes. Out of this workshop came a consensus on the strategy,
logistics and choice of collection sites. To collect as much genetic diversity of P. africana in the SALWA region as possible,
34 collection sites were selected: 15 in Niger, eight in Mali, seven in Burkina Faso and four in Senegal. The main aim of
the collection was to capture the genetic diversity within P. africana before the valuable genetic resources are lost. This
paper reviews the methodology and results of the germplasm collection.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
The development of agroforestry education and training is hampered by a shortage of information on agroforestry practices
and systems and by institutional constraints which limit effective transfer of existing knowledge. Generation of knowledge
through research and the effective sharing of information on agroforestry are critical to the building of a solid resource
base for agroforestry education. Networks of individuals and institutions can accelerate the development of resources for
agroforestry education. Primary activities of an agroforestry network would include the development and dissemination of training
materials on agroforestry, curriculum development and training of teaching staff. Critical considerations for the successful
establishment and operation of a network include: (1) focusing the network on a problem and identifying sufficient interest,
(2) personnel requirements such as an institution with a strong commitment, and (3) other resource requirements such as funds
for network meetings, publications and research. 相似文献
18.
State-of-the-art of agroforestry research and education 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
P. K. R. Nair 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,23(2-3):95-119
19.
Kirti Singh 《Agroforestry Systems》1990,12(1):97-102
India is perhaps the world leader in development of agroforestry education, training and research. The Indian Council of Agricultural
Research sanctioned an All-India Coordinated Research Project on agroforestry in 1983, to be headquartered in Delhi but with
research centers in 20 other locations countrywide. The agricultural universities in India have a major role to play, with
all institutions having agroforestry teaching programs by 1990. At this point there is a great shortage of faculty trained
in agroforestry. Demand for qualified graduates with this training is only going to increase. 相似文献
20.
CATIE has been involved in agroforestry training at the MS level, short courses for professionals, and in-service training since 1976. Approximately one hundred MS degrees with theses in agroforestry subjects have been awarded during this period, and well over one hundred professionals have participated in short courses. Almost all of these activities have been funded by various short-term projects. Although CATIE has maintained a staff with experience in agroforestry research and training throughout this period, the dependence on short-term funding has resulted in changes in the personnel available to give courses. These changes have, however, to some degree reflected changes in the concepts of what areas within agroforestry should receive the greatest emphasis. The training program at CATIE has always maintained a strong on-farm orientation, but long-term experiments established at CATIE over the past twenty years are employed to give more basic training in research methodology. 相似文献