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Maternal recognition of pregnancy refers to the requirement for the conceptus（embryo and its associated extraembryonic membranes） to produce a hormone that acts on the uterus and/or corpus luteum（CL） to ensure maintenance of a functional CL for production of progesterone;the hormone required for pregnancy in most mammals.The pregnancy recognition signal in primates is chorionic gonadotrophin which acts directly on the CL via luteinizing hormone receptors to ensure maintenance of functional CL during pregnancy.In ruminants,interferon tau（IFNT） is the pregnancy recognition signal.IFNT is secreted during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy and acts on uterine epithelia to silence expression of estrogen receptor alpha and oxytocin receptor which abrogates the oxytocin-dependent release of luteolytic pulses of prostaglandin F2-alpha（PGF） by uterine epithelia;therefore,the CL continues to produce progesterone required for pregnancy.Pig conceptuses secrete interferon delta and interferon gamma during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy,but there is no evidence that they are involved in pregnancy recognition signaling.Rather,pig conceptuses secrete abundant amounts of estrogens between Days 11 to 15 of pregnancy required for maternal recognition of pregnancy.Estrogen,likely in concert with prolactin,prevents secretion of PGF into the uterine venous drainage（endocrine secretion）,but maintains secretion of PGF into the uterine lumen（exocrine secretion） where it is metabolized to a form that is not luteolytic.Since PGF is sequestered within the uterine lumen and unavailable to induce luteolysis,functional CL are maintained for production of progesterone.In addition to effects of chorionic gonadotrophin,IFNT and estrogens to signal pregnancy recognition,these hormones act on uterine epithelia to enhance expression of genes critical for growth and development of the conceptus. 相似文献
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Osteopontin(OPN; also known as Secreted Phosphoprotein 1, SPP1) is a secreted extra-cellular matrix(ECM) protein that binds to a variety of cell surface integrins to stimulate cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion and communication. It is generally accepted that OPN interacts with apically expressed integrin receptors on the uterine luminal epithelium(LE)and conceptus trophectoderm to attach the conceptus to the uterus for implantation. Research conducted with pigs and sheep has significantly advanced understanding of the role(s) of OPN during implantation through exploitation of the prolonged peri-implantation period of pregnancy when elongating conceptuses are free within the uterine lumen requiring extensive paracrine signaling between conceptus and endometrium. This is followed by a protracted and incremental attachment cascade of trophectoderm to uterine LE during implantation, and development of a true epitheliochorial or synepitheliochorial placenta exhibited by pigs and sheep, respectively. In pigs, implanting conceptuses secrete estrogens which induce the synthesis and secretion of OPN in adjacent uterine LE. OPN then binds to αvβ6 integrin receptors on trophectoderm, and the αvβ3 integrin receptors on uterine LE to bridge conceptus attachment to uterine LE for implantation. In sheep, implanting conceptuses secrete interferon tau that prolongs the lifespan of CL. Progesterone released by CL then induces OPN synthesis and secretion from the endometrial GE into the uterine lumen where OPN binds integrins expressed on trophectoderm(αvβ3) and uterine LE(identity of specific integrins unknown) to adhere the conceptus to the uterus for implantation. OPN binding to the αvβ3 integrin receptor on ovine trophectoderm cells induces in vitro focal adhesion assembly, a prerequisite for adhesion and migration of trophectoderm, through activation of: 1) P70S6 K via crosstalk between FRAP1/MTOR and MAPK pathways; 2) MTOR,PI3 K, MAPK3/MAPK1(Erk1/2) and MAPK14(p38) signaling to stimulate trohectoderm cell migration; and 3) focal adhesion assembly and myosin II motor activity to induce migration of trophectoderm cells. Further large in vivo focal adhesions assemble at the uterine-placental interface of both pigs and sheep and identify the involvement of sizable mechanical forces at this interface during discrete periods of trophoblast migration, attachment and placentation in both species. 相似文献
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Uteroferrin, also known as type 5 tartrate resistant acid phosphatase （ ACP5 ） or TRAP, is an iron-containing glycoprotein secreted by uterine gland epithelium （GE） in response to progesterone and transported across the placental areoalae into the fetal circulation and aUantoic fluid to deliver iron and to stimulate hematopoeisis in pigs. This study deter- mined if ACP5 was expressed in the ovine uterus in response to pregnancy, progesterone, interferon tau, placental lactogen, and placental growth hormone. ACP5 protein was present in uterine GE of cyclic and early pregnant ewes,particularly between days 18 and 120 of pregnancy. ACP5 mRNA was expressed in uterine GE of cyclic and pregnant ewes in the same temporal and cell-specific manner. ACP5 was present in secretions from uterine glands, i. e. , uterine milk,and allantoic fluid from days 40 to 80 of pregnancy, and in uterine flushings from cyclic and early pregnant ewes. Progesterone induced expression of ACP5 mR- NA and intrauterine infusion of recombinant ovine interferon tau further stimulated ACP5 expression in uterine GE of ewes,but intrauterine injections of ovine placental lactogen and ovine growth hormone had no effect on ACP5 expression in uterine GE. These re- sults indicate that ACP5 is：1 ） expressed only in GE in response to progesterone ;2） secreted into the uterine lumen and transported into the conceptus via placental areolae during pregnancy;and 3） present in secretions from uterine GE and in allantoic fluid. The roles of ACP5 in the ovine uterus may include transport of iron across the placenta and stimulation of hematopoiesis. 相似文献
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《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2016,(2)
Early equine pregnancy shares many features with that of more intensively assessed domestic animals species, but there are also characteristic differences. Some of those are poorly understood. Descent of the equine conceptus into the uterine lumen occurs at day 5 to 6 after ovulation but is only possible when the embryo secretes prostaglandin E2. Although maintenance of equine pregnancy probably involves secretion of a conceptus derived anti-luteolytic factor, this agent has not been identified. Rapid growth, conceptus mobility and presence of an acellular capsule at the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy, i.e. between days 12 and 14, are prerequisites to avoid pregnancy loss. Progesterone together with 5α-pregnanes is secreted by the corpus luteum and induces the production of endometrial histotroph which is responsible for conceptus nutrition until placention. A stable contact between the outer trophoblast layer of the allantochorion and the luminal epithelium of the endometrium is not established before days 40 to 42 of pregnancy. 相似文献
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《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2021,(3)
Background: Administration of progesterone(P4) to ewes during the first 9 to 12 days of pregnancy accelerates blastocyst development by day 12 of pregnancy, likely due to P4-induced up-regulation of key genes in uterine epithelia responsible for secretion and transport of components of histotroph into the uterine lumen. This study determined if acceleration of blastocyst development induced by exogenous P4 during the pre-implantation period affects fetal-placental development on day 125 of pregnancy. Suffolk ewes(n = 35) were mated to fertile rams and assigned randomly to receive daily intramuscular injections of either corn oil vehicle(CO, n = 18) or 25 mg progesterone in CO(P4, n = 17) for the first 8 days of pregnancy. All ewes were hysterectomized on day 125 of pregnancy and: 1) fetal and placental weights and measurements were recorded; 2) endometrial and placental tissues were analyzed for the expression of candidate mRNAs involved in nutrient transport and arginine metabolism; and 3) maternal plasma, fetal plasma, allantoic fluid, and amniotic fluid were analyzed for amino acids,agmatine, polyamines, glucose, and fructose.Results: Treatment of ewes with exogenous P4 did not alter fetal or placental growth, but increased amounts of aspartate and arginine in allantoic fluid and amniotic fluid, respectively. Ewes that received exogenous P4 had greater expression of mRNAs for SLC7 A1, SLC7 A2, SLC2 A1, AGMAT, and ODC1 in endometria, as well as SLC1 A4, SLC2 A5, SLC2 A8 and ODC1 in placentomes. In addition, AZIN2 protein was immunolocalized to uterine luminal and glandular epithelia in P4-treated ewes, whereas AZIN2 localized only to uterine luminal epithelia in CO-treated ewes.Conclusions: This study revealed that exogenous P4 administered in early pregnancy influenced expression of selected genes for nutrient transporters and the expression of a protein involved in polyamine synthesis on day 125 of pregnancy, suggesting a ‘programming' effect of P4 on gene expression that affected the composition of nutrients in fetal-placental fluids. 相似文献
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Fuller W Bazer Gwonhwa Song Jinyoung Kim Kathrin A Dunlap Michael Carey Satterfield Gregory A Johnson Robert C Burghardt 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2012,3(3):109-129
There is a dialogue between the developing conceptus (embryo-fetus and associated placental membranes) and maternal uterus which must be established during the peri-implantation period for pregnancy recognition signaling, implantation, regulation of gene expression by uterine epithelial and stromal cells, placentation and exchange of nutrients and gases. The uterus provide a microenvironment in which molecules secreted by uterine epithelia or transported into the uterine lumen represent histotroph required for growth and development of the conceptus and receptivity of the uterus to implantation. Pregnancy recognition signaling mechanisms sustain the functional lifespan of the corpora lutea (CL) which produce progesterone, the hormone of pregnancy essential for uterine functions that support implantation and placentation required for a successful outcome of pregnancy. It is within the peri-implantation period that most embryonic deaths occur due to deficiencies attributed to uterine functions or failure of the conceptus to develop appropriately, signal pregnancy recognition and/or undergo implantation and placentation. With proper placentation, the fetal fluids and fetal membranes each have unique functions to ensure hematotrophic and histotrophic nutrition in support of growth and development of the fetus. The endocrine status of the pregnant female and her nutritional status are critical for successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. This review addresses the complexity of key mechanisms that are characteristic of successful reproduction in sheep and pigs and gaps in knowledge that must be the subject of research in order to enhance fertility and reproductive health of livestock species. 相似文献
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The majority of pregnancy loss in ruminants occurs during the first three weeks after conception, particularly during the period of conceptus elongation that occurs prior to pregnancy recognition and implantation. This review integrates established and new information on the biological role of ovarian progesterone(P4), prostaglandins(PGs),interferon tau(IFNT) and cortisol in endometrial function and conceptus elongation. Progesterone is secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum(CL) and is the unequivocal hormone of pregnancy. Prostaglandins(PGs) and cortisol are produced by both the epithelial cells of the endometrium and the trophectoderm of the elongating conceptus. In contrast, IFNT is produced solely by the conceptus trophectoderm and is the maternal recognition of pregnancy signal that inhibits production of luteolytic pulses of PGF2αby the endometrium to maintain the CL and thus production of P4. Available results in sheep support the idea that the individual, interactive, and coordinated actions of P4, PGs, IFNT and cortisol regulate conceptus elongation and implantation by controlling expression of genes in the endometrium and/or trophectoderm. An increased knowledge of conceptus-endometrial interactions during early pregnancy in ruminants is necessary to understand and elucidate the causes of infertility and recurrent early pregnancy loss and provide new strategies to improve fertility and thus reproductive efficiency. 相似文献
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Monika Ruszkowska Anna Nynca Lukasz Paukszto Agnieszka Sadowska Sylwia Swigonska Karina Orlowska Tomasz Molcan Jan P.Jastrzebski Renata E.Ciereszko 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2019,(1)
Background: Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs) may regulate gene expression in numerous biological processes including cellular response to xenobiotics.The exposure of living organisms to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD),a persistent environmental contaminant,results in reproductive defects in many species including pigs.The aims of the study were to identify and characterize lncRNAs in porcine granulosa cells as well as to examine the effects of TCDD on the lncRNA expression profile in the cells.Results: One thousand six hundred sixty-six lncRNAs were identified and characterized in porcine granulosa cells.The identified lncRNAs were found to be shorter than mRNAs.In addition,the number of exons was lower in lncRNAs than in m RNAs and their exons were longer.TCDD affected the expression of 22 lncRNAs(differentially expressed lncRNAs [DELs]; log2 fold change ≥ 1,P-adjusted 0.05) in the examined cells.Potential functions of DELs were indirectly predicted via searching their target cis-and trans-regulated protein-coding genes.The coexpression analysis revealed that DELs may influence the expression of numerous genes,including those involved in cellular response to xenobiotics,dioxin metabolism,endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell proliferation.Aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR) and cytochrome P450 1 A1(CYP1 A1) were found among the trans-regulated genes.Conclusions: These findings indicate that the identified lncRNAs may constitute a part of the regulatory mechanism of TCDD action in granulosa cells.To our knowledge,this is the first study describing lncRNAs in porcine granulosa cells as well as TCDD effects on the lncRNA expression profile.These results may trigger new research directions leading to better understanding of molecular processes induced by xenobiotics in the ovary. 相似文献
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Synchronization of development between the embryo and uterus is required for successful pregnancy establishment.Transfer of early embryos requires synchrony with the recipient uterus of 2 days or less in sheep,because asynchrony of 3 days or more results in failure of pregnancy recognition signaling for maintenance of corpus luteum (CL) and progesterone (P4) production and/or uterine support of the embryo.The objective was to determine if P4 treatment of recipient ewes would obviate the need for pregnancy recognition signaling and maintain a uterine environment conducive to embryo survival after asynchronous transfer,thereby establishing a universal recipient.Embryos (morulae/blastocysts) were recovered on day 6 from super-ovulated donor ewes.Recipient ewes received 25 mg P4 daily from day 6 post-estrus until 60 days after embryo transfer.Embryos were transferred into recipients on day 6,9,12,18,or 30 post-estrus.The pregnancy rate on day 22 post-transfer was 60% for synchronous transfers to day 6 ewes,44% and 22% for asynchronous transfers to day 9 and 12 ewes,and 0% for asynchronous transfers to day 18 and 30 ewes.On day 39 post-transfer,pregnancy rates remained 60% for day 6 ewes,33% for day 9 ewes,and 0% for day 12,18,and 30 ewes.The P4 treatment did extend the window of uterine receptivity to early embryos in ewes by one day,but did not create a universal recipient.Available results support the idea that a window of uterine receptivity to the conceptus exists in sheep that is independent of pregnancy recognition signaling. 相似文献
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《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2016,(4)
Background: The objective of this study was to characterize the m RNA expression profile related to rumen epithelial inflammation through the in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiment, rumen papillae were col ected from four dairy cows adapted to either a 40 %(LC) or 70 %(HC) concentrate feeds for microarray analysis.Results: Results showed that 245 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were detected in the cows fed the HC relative to the LC diet. The DEGs were first annotated, and results revealed that the expression of inflammationrelated genes, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-22, CCL19, CCL8, CX3CR1, CXCL6, INHBE, LEPR, PRL, and TNFRSF9 found in the cytokine-cytokine receptor pathway were up-regulated in the HC-fed cows, indicating local inflammation in the rumen epithelium was triggered. The expression of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6 was further validated by q RT-PCR. To demonstrate whether there were relationships between cytokine m RNA expression and ruminal factors(p H and LPS),the isolated ruminal epithelial cells were cultured in vitro. Results showed that the m RNA expression of IL-1β, IL-2,IL-6, and IL-8 increased after the LPS treatment, while low-p H treatment elevated the m RNA expression of TNF-α,suggesting that low-p H coupled with higher levels of LPS in rumen of cows fed the HC may be mainly responsible for the triggered local ruminal inflammation.Conclusions: Our results indicate that ruminal local inflammation response might be triggered during HC feeding,and these findings also enhance the knowledge of rumen epithelial adaptation to HC at the molecular level. 相似文献
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Qingwei Meng Tao Guo Gaoqiang Li Shishuai Sun Shiqi He Baojing Cheng Baoming Shi Anshan Shan 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2018,(3)
Background: Resveratrol, a plant phenol, affords protection against inflammation and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary resveratrol supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the antioxidant status of sows and piglets and on antioxidant gene expression and pathway in placenta.Methods: Forty sows were allotted to 2 dietary treatments 20 d after breeding. Sows were fed a control diet and a control diet with 300 mg/kg resveratrol. Oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes were measured in the placenta, milk, and plasma of sows and piglets. Antioxidant gene expression and protein expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Keap1-Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa B-p65(NFκB-p65) and sirtuin1(Sirt1) were quantified in the placenta.Results: Dietary resveratrol increased the litter and piglets weaning weights. Antioxidant status in the milk, placenta and plasma of sows and piglets was partially improved by dietary resveratrol. In placenta, Nrf2 protein expression was increased and Keap1 protein expression was decreased by dietary resveratrol. The m RNA expression of antioxidant genes including catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase 1(GPX1), GPX4, superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)and heme oxygenase 1(HO1), and phase 2 detoxification genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier(GCLM), microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1(MGST1) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1(UGT1 A1), was increased by dietary resveratrol. Dietary resveratrol also increased Sirt1 and phosphorylated NFκB-p65 protein expression in the placenta. We failed to observe any influences of dietary resveratrol on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, including those of interleukin 1β(IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α). However, we observed that the m RNA expression of IL-8 in placenta was reduced by maternal resveratrol. In addition, dietary resveratrol showed interactive effects with day of lactation on activities of SOD and CAT and levels of malonaldehyde(MDA) and hydrogen peroxide(H2 O2) in milk.Conclusions: Dietary resveratrol supplementation during pregnancy and lactation improves the antioxidant status of sows and piglets, which is beneficial to the reproductive performance of sows. Dietary resveratrol regulates placental antioxidant gene expression by the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and Sirt1 in placenta. 相似文献
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Manoel Francisco de Sá Filho Angela Maria Gonella-Diaza Mariana Sponchiado Marcio Ferreira Mendanha Guilherme Pugliesi Roney dos Santos Ramos Sónia Cristina da Silva Andrade Gustavo Gasparin Luiz Lehmann Coutinho Marcelo Demarchi Goissis Fernando Silveira Mesquita Pietro Sampaio Baruselli Mario Binelli 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2018,(1)
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Background: Liver has important immune function during fetal development and after birth. However, the effect of maternal malnutrition on immune function of the fetal liver is rarely reported. In this study, twelve pregnant goats(Xiangdong black goat, at d 45 of gestation) were assigned to the control group(fed 100% of nutritional requirements) and the restriction group(fed 60% of the intake of the control group) during gestation from d 55 to100. Fetal goats were harvested at d 100 of gestation and immune indexes and amino acid profiles of the umbilical cord blood and liver Toll-like receptors(TLRs) signaling pathways were measured.Results: Maternal body weight in the restriction group was lower than the control group(P 0.05). Maternal feed intake restriction decreased(P 0.05) heart weight, heart index, alkaline phosphatase and serum amyloid protein A in the umbilical cord blood(UCB). Moreover, only histidine was decreased in the restricted group(P = 0.084), and there were no differences in other amino acids contents in the UCB between the two groups(P 0.05). The TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression in the fetal liver in the restriction group was greater(P 0.05) than that in the control group. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of myeloid differentiation primary response 88(MyD88), TNF receptor associated factor 6, nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1, NFKB inhibitor alpha, IFN-β, TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-1β in the restricted group were upregulated(P 0.05), and the expression of TLR3(P = 0.099) tended to be higher in the restricted group. However, protein levels of TLR2, TLR4, IκBα, phosphorylated IκBα, phosphorylated IκBα/total IκBα,TRIF and MyD88 were not affected(P 0.05) by maternal intake restriction.Conclusions: These results revealed that the restriction of maternal feed intake influenced the development of heart and hepatic protein synthesis at the acute phase of fetal goats and upregulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in MyD88-dependent signaling pathways and of target cytokines. 相似文献
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Kwangwook Kim Peng Ji Minho Song Tung M.Che David Bravo James E.Pettigrew Yanhong Liu 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2021,(1):372-385
Background: Our previous study showed that 3 plant extracts enhanced the immune responses and growth efficiency of weaned pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), which is one of the most economically important disease in swine industry. However, each plant extract differently effected on growth efficiency and immune responses. Therefore, the objective of this study was conducted to characterize the effects and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of 3 plant extracts on gene expression of alveolar macrophages in weaned pigs experimentally infected with PRRSV.Results: PRRSV infection altered(P < 0.05) the expression of 1,352 genes in pigs fed the control(CON;755 up, 597 down). Compared with the infected CON, feeding capsicum(CAP), garlic botanical(GAR), or turmeric oleoresin(TUR) altered the expression of 46 genes(24 up, 22 down), 134 genes(59 up, 75 down), or 98 genes(55 up, 43 down) in alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs, respectively. PRRSV infection up-regulated(P < 0.05) the expression of genes related to cell apoptosis, immune system process, and response to stimulus, but downregulated(P < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in signaling transduction and innate immune response.Compared with the infected CON, feeding TUR or GAR reduced(P < 0.05) the expression of genes associated with antigen processing and presentation, feeding CAP up-regulated(P < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation. Supplementation of CAP, GAR, or TUR also enhanced(P < 0.05) the expression of several genes related to amino acid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, or RNA degradation, respectively.Conclusions: The results suggest that 3 plant extracts differently regulated the expression of genes in alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs, especially altering genes involved in immunity. 相似文献
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