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1.
The relative accuracies of various commercially available detection procedures in the evaluation of pregnancy status were evaluated in 51 sows of mixed parity. Sows were mated 1 to 3 times during estrus to one or more boars. A blood sample was obtained from each sow between 19 and 23 days after estrus (first day of estrus = day 1) and again between 26 and 30 days and was analyzed by radioimmunoassay for content of progesterone and estrone sulfate, respectively. Sows were considered pregnant if progesterone concentrations were greater than 5 ng/ml and if estrone sulfate concentrations were greater than 0.5 ng/ml. At daily intervals, sows were exposed to mature, sexually aggressive boars and observed for signs of estrus. Between 31 and 35 days of gestation, sows were evaluated for pregnancy by use of the following mechanical devices: a Doppler ultrasound pregnancy detector fitted with an abdominal probe, the Doppler detector with a rectal probe, an amplitude-depth ultrasound pregnancy detector (diode ruler), and another amplitude-depth ultrasound detector from a different manufacturer (oscilloscope). Relative to the proportion of sows that farrowed, the overall accuracies of the techniques were returns to estrus, 98%; estrone sulfate, 92%; progesterone, 92%; Doppler with rectal probe, 86%; Doppler with abdominal probe, 86%; diode ruler amplitude-depth ultrasound, 73%; and oscilloscope amplitude-depth ultrasound, 86%. Estrus detection resulted in the lowest prevalence of sows that were predicted to farrow, but did not subsequently farrow (false-positive diagnoses) and the lowest prevalence of sows that were not predicted to farrow, but subsequently did farrow (false-negative diagnoses).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
Assessing the reasons for death in pig breeding units is the first step in understanding and controlling the factors influencing sow losses due to mortality. From October 1997 to October 2001 in forty-nine indoor (2876 sows died) and sixty-five outdoor breeding units (3451 sows died) sow mortality was evaluated. The average annual mortality rate during the four year evaluation period was 5.1 +/- 1.2% in indoor and 12.2 +/- 2.1% in outdoor production units. Swine urogenital disease (SUGD, 32.4%), heart failure (HF, 21.8%) and locomotor problems (LP, 33.1%) caused deaths were markedly higher in outdoor production, while periparturient diseases (mastitis-metritis-agalactia, MMA, 24.5%) and torsion or distension abdominal organs (TDA, 20.5%) revealed markedly higher losses in indoor units. The annual culling rate was 39.1% in the indoor and 45.2% in the outdoor units. In outdoor units 40.1% of all deaths occurred during the periparturient period of the reproductive cycle, in indoor units the majority of mortality happened during lactation (40.2%). Average parity at death was 3.6 in indoor and 2.5 in outdoor production.  相似文献   

3.
Large-colon torsion is a common cause of colic in horses and has a worse prognosis and higher cost than other causes of surgical colic of the large colon. During large-colon torsion, the colon wall becomes thick due to vascular occlusion. Therefore, we hypothesized that detecting increased colon wall thickness during ultrasonography would be an accurate preoperative test for large-colon torsion. The sample population consisted of 42 horses that were admitted for surgical treatment of colic localized to the large colon. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery or necropsy examination. Twelve (29%) of these horses were diagnosed with large-colon torsion. Duplicate ultrasonographic measurements of colon wall thickness were made at six abdominal locations and an average measurement was calculated. For four of these six sites, a significant difference (P < 0.005) was detected between horses with and without large-colon torsion. All four tests were moderately sensitive and highly specific for diagnosing large-colon torsion using five decision criteria. Using a ventral abdominal window, a colon wall thickness > or = 9 mm accurately predicted large-colon torsion in eight of the 12 horses (sensitivity, 67%; confidence interval [CI], 36-98%) and correctly predicted that large-colon torsion was absent in 28/28 horses (specificity 100%; CI, 98-100%). Intraobserver repeatability was assessed by evaluating the difference between the first and second measurements obtained, which was < or = 2 mm. Therefore, detecting increased large-colon wall thickness during ultrasonography is a reproducible and accurate preoperative test for large-colon torsion in horses with surgical colic localized to the large colon.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To report on the outcome of surgical treatment of uterine torsion in preterm mares. DESIGN: Retrospective case series of pregnant mares with uterine torsion presented to the Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals. METHODS: Hospital records of all pregnant mares that underwent ventral midline laparotomy for uterine torsion between 1998 and 2004 were reviewed. The signalment, history, clinical signs, results of diagnostic procedures, direction and degree of the uterine twist, treatment and outcome were retrieved from each case record. RESULTS: This study comprised 19 mares between months 5 and 11 of pregnancy (8.7 +/- 1.9) and suffering from uterine torsion. In all cases ventromedian laparotomy was carried out under general anaesthesia. Gastrointestinal disorders were also present in 52.6% of horses. Postoperative complications included subcutaneous seromas (five mares), peritonitis (one mare) and abortion (two mares). In four mares (21%) the operation was unsuccessful (i.e. these mares had to be euthanased intra- or postoperatively). Of the surviving 15 mares, 13 (86.6%) gave birth to viable foals at full term. The foals developed normally. Only two mares aborted. CONCLUSIONS: Because of its versatility the ventral midline approach should be considered for correction of uterine torsion. The approach has many advantages, including rapid and clear access to the abdominal cavity, safety, visual assessment of uterine wall viability, correction of concomitant gastrointestinal tract problems, and performance of hysterotomy or hysterectomy, if indicated. In this study, managing uterine torsion in this way resulted in a high percentage of cases (86.6%) in which pregnancy was maintained, with the birth of a viable, mature foal.  相似文献   

5.
Colonic torsion is a life‐threatening condition in dogs and radiographic findings for this condition have not been well described. The purpose of this retrospective case series was to describe radiographic findings and clinical signs in a group of dogs with colonic torsion. Inclusion criteria were dogs presenting during the period of 2006 and 2016, and that had abdominal radiography and a surgically confirmed or presumed diagnosis of colonic torsion. For each dog, clinical data were recorded from medical records and imaging findings were recorded from retrieved plain radiographs and positive contrast radiographs in which barium enema was performed. Fourteen dogs met inclusion criteria. Of these, nine dogs had colonic torsion confirmed at surgery, with five dogs having surgical confirmation of colonic congestion or mesenteric torsion. Radiographic findings included segmental distention of the colon (14/14), focal narrowing of the colon (11/14), displacement of cecum (11/14), displacement of descending colon (14/14), and mild to no small intestinal distention (14/14). In cases where barium enema was performed, focal narrowing of the colon and longitudinal striations that course in a helical pattern were identified, termed the “torsion sign.” Vomiting was the most common clinical sign observed (12/14), followed by abdominal pain in a small majority of cases (8/14). Severe abdominal pain and hypovolemic shock were uncommon in the patients reported (3/14). Colonic torsion should be considered as a differential diagnosis for dogs with radiographic segmental colonic distention with displacement of the descending colon and cecum. Barium enema is recommended for more definitive diagnosis.  相似文献   

6.
Delaying the onset of estrus after weaning and adding fat to the postweaning diet were studied for their effects on estrus and fertility in 232 crossbred primiparous sows on a commercial swine farm. Sows were assigned randomly to the following treatments after weaning in June, July, August, or September, 1983: 1) altrenogest (20 mg/d) was fed for 7 d after weaning (n = 76), 2) altrenogest was fed for 7 d plus .53 kg dried animal and vegetable fat product (.45 kg actual fat/d) for 14 d after weaning (n = 78), or 3) no treatment (controls, n = 78). While a similar proportion of sows came into heat after weaning (lactation length = 4 wk), sows fed altrenogest (14.4 +/- .2 d) returned to estrus about 9 d later (P less than .01) than controls (5.6 +/- .2 d). Serum progesterone concentration was assayed in blood samples collected from a subgroup (74%) of the cows not observed in estrus by 3 wk after weaning to determine possible causes of anestrus. If serum progesterone (greater than 5 ng/ml) was elevated, we assumed that sows had ovulated without expressing estrus (behavioral anestrus) or ovulated with undetected estrus (less overt estrus or error in estrous detection), whereas low progesterone (less than or equal to 5 ng/ml) indicated that sows were anovulatory. About 53% of the sows not observed in estrus across all treatments had luteal function, probably resulting from post-weaning ovulation. Incidence of anovulation without estrus was 47%. Farrowing rate was higher (P less than .05) for sows fed only altrenogest (64%) compared with controls (46%), but similar to fat supplemented, altrenogest-treated sows (52%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
The farrowing rates resulting from matings on different days of the week were determined for a 2800-sow intensive piggery in both 1983 and 1984. The results showed that sows mated early in the week achieved a significantly higher farrowing rate than sows mated late in the week (P less than 0.0001). During the seasonal (summer to autumn) infertility period, Wednesday matings resulted in a poor farrowing rate whereas for the rest of the year farrowing rates following Wednesday matings were similar to those for Sunday Monday and Tuesday matings. Consistent results were obtained for data from both years. It is proposed that the stress of regrouping unmated sows on Wednesday to accommodate newly weaned sows is responsible for this decrease in fertility. This study illustrates how detailed analysis of farrowing rates on a day of mating basis can identify a problem which is otherwise masked by weekly data.  相似文献   

8.
A retrospective study of 51 calves less than two months of age showing signs of abdominal pain or presented because of abdominal distension was carried out to evaluate the relationship between etiological, diagnostic, and prognostic characteristics. We found that the age of the calf differed with the type of lesion present. Calves under eight days of age had a 73% incidence of lesions which required surgical therapy. Atresia of part of the intestinal tract was the most frequently diagnosed problem, In eight-day to two-month-old calves, medical causes of colic were more common; only 26% of cases had lesions that required surgical correction. Gaseous distension of the abomasum and intestine was the most frequent cause of colic in older calves. Other abdominal problems observed in this study included abomasal ulceration and abomasal torsion.  相似文献   

9.
Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 504 deer from 1970 to 1983. It was first isolated from feral red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand in 1970, and from farmed deer in 1978. Cervine tuberculosis has emerged as a significant problem in farmed deer and in 1983 M.bovis was found on 40 different farms. Thirty-five isolates of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare have been cultured from deer but were associated with clinical disease in only four cases. Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium diernhoferi, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium chelonei, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium vaccae were isolated from deer but were not considered to be pathogenic.  相似文献   

10.
213 caesarean sections and 157 hysterectomies were carried out in gilts and sows with different body weight (table I). The neuroleptic Azaperone and the hypnotic Metomidate were used for anaesthesia with different administration (table II). Local analgesia and premedication with Atropine. The duration of the anaesthesia was 45 minutes and where prolongation was necessary, Metomidate, Azaperone or barbiturates were used alone or in combinations once or more. The indications (table III) for caesarean section were retarded birth in 70 sows, dislocation of uterus in 74 sows and in 69 sows by other indications. Hysterectomy was indicated by retarded birth in 93 sows, dislocations of uterus in 40 cases and in 24 cases by other indications. In 183 operations (table IV) 1006 living piglets were delivered, and 703 were alive at discharge (70%). The chances of survival depends on the composition of the litter, in litters of piglets alive only, 76% survived at discharge; in litters consisting of both alive and stillborn 69% survived and 59% survived in litters consisting of piglets alive and post mortem piglets. The total survival of the sows was 78%, 80% after caesarean section and 76% after hysterectomy. It is pointed out that most of the patients operated were in a very late phase of birth.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of present study was post-mortem examination of ovaries, uterus and plasma oestradiol-17beta (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations in the blood of sows with reproductive disturbances and the distribution of oestradiol receptor (ERalpha), as well as progesterone (PR-A) in the anoestrous sows uteri. Reproductive organs of 150 crossbred sows (Lithuanian White x Danish Landrace) culled for the reasons of reproductive disturbances, were collected in local abattoir over a period of 3 months (September-November). Organs were assessed to determine the stage of the oestrous cycle or anoestrus and their development. Blood samples were collected for E2 and P4 analysis from the jugular vein 1 h prior to slaughter. For this study uterine samples only from pathological anoestrous sows were subjected to immunohistochemical staining to assess the distribution of ERalpha and PR-A in surface epithelium, subepithelial connective tissue, glandular epithelium and myometrium. Macroscopic examination of the ovaries showed that 68.7% sows had active cycling ovaries, 26.6% sows were anoestrus, ovaries were small without CL, and 4.7% of sows had multiple follicular cysts. In anoestrous sows (n = 27) the number and intensity of the nuclear staining of ERalpha varied between different uterine tissue compartments. The highest number (>80%) and the strongest intensity (+++) of positively stained cells for ERalpha was seen in myometrium and glandular epithelium. In other uterine wall compartments the number and intensity of positively stained for ERalpha nuclei was lower (+/++). The PR-A was absent from all tissue compartments. The intensity of the nuclear staining for ERalpha varied not only between the different uterine compartments but also between the sows. The 11.1% of the sows presented ERalpha in surface epithelium, 74.1% of the sows in glandular epithelium and 63.0% of sows in the myometrium.  相似文献   

12.
In 2 pig farms, 102 sows kept in single ranging on plain concrete floor, 168 sows kept in single ranging on cast-iron grates and 27 fattening pigs kept in group penning on concrete slatted floors were repeatedly examined for the incidence of auxiliary synovial bursae (ASB). The clinical examination was completed by radiological, patho-anatomical and histological examinations of the rear legs. In sows, ASB were found on two prominences of the bones: on the latero-plantar area of the calcaneum and the fourth tarsal bone as well as on the plantar tarsal sesamoid bone. ASB on the rear legs were found in 41.2% of the sows kept on plain concrete floor and in 59.5% of the sows kept on cast-iron grates. The ASB of the sows kept on cast-iron grates were larger than those of the sows kept on plain concrete floor. In 49% of the sows kept on plain concrete floor the skin covering the ASB was reddened, in 45% of the sows kept on cast-iron grates it was covered with scab. Injury and necrosis of the skin as well as injury of the ASB themselves were found only in animals kept on cast-iron grates and made up 5% of the cases. In 30% of the cases, palpation of the ASB induced defensive movement. The palpation of ball-shaped, soft bursae more often caused defensive movement than did the palpation of flat-shaped, hard bursae. The occurrence of ASB was combined with kyphosis of the spine, false posture of the rear legs, dystasia, hyperextension of the fetlock, arthrosis of the ankle joint, and anomalies of the claws. In fattening pigs, the ASB were localized at the lateroplantar area of the calcaneum and the fourth tarsal bone as well as at the posterior surface of the calcaneum. At the end of the fattening period, ASB were detected in 26 out of 27 fattening pigs. All of the 48 ASB that were examined histologically showed signs of inflammation. In 30 cases the inflammation was chronic, in 18 cases it turned out to be florid. The results indicate that ASB cause pain during the developing phase and also in the chronic stage.  相似文献   

13.
Aerosol exposure of eight pregnant sows to cell-culture- propagated Lelystad virus resulted in clinical signs characteristic of so-called mystery swine disease. After an incubation of 4-7 days, all sows were inappetant and listless for 6-9 days. Two sows developed a transient red-blue discolouration of the ears ('abortus blauw' or blue ear disease) accompanied by abdominal respiration, and two had a fever for one day only. One sow aborted at 109 days of gestation. The other seven sows, farrowing between 113 and 117 days of gestation, gave birth to numerous mummified, dead, and weak piglets. Of these seven, the mean number of piglets born dead to each sow was 4.6 and the mean number born alive was 7.7; 3.1 piglets per sow (40%) died within the first week. Lelystad virus was isolated from 31 piglets, which were born dead or died shortly after birth. Antibody was detected in precolostral blood samples or ascitic fluids of 23 piglets, a finding which demonstrated transplacental passage of the virus in six out of eight litters. We conclude that Lelystad virus is the causal agent of mystery swine disease. Since its aetiology is no longer a mystery, we propose the more appropriate name 'porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS)'.  相似文献   

14.
Objective: To describe the diagnosis and treatment of 2 cases of severe thrombocytopenia associated with splenic torsion and to discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the thrombocytopenia. Summary: We report 2 cases of severe thrombocytopenia associated with splenic torsion. Each dog presented with non‐specific clinical signs, radiographic evidence of an intra‐abdominal mass, and platelet counts of less than 25,000 platelets/μL. The diagnosis of splenic torsion was made with abdominal ultrasonography and was confirmed during exploratory laparotomy. Both dogs recovered rapidly following splenectomy. The cause of thrombocytopenia associated with splenic torsion is not fully elucidated, but may be because of either platelet sequestration within the torsed spleen, platelet consumption in disseminated intravascular coagulation, or a combination of both. New information provided: This report provides previously unreported evidence that the degree of thrombocytopenia associated with splenic torsion may be of a severity at which primary hemostasis is compromised, and resolution of thrombocytopenia occurs after splenectomy.  相似文献   

15.
A prospective study of sow mortality in breeding herds.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
This investigation was conducted to study the incidence and the causes of sow mortality in breeding herds. Data were obtained from 24 swine breeding herds with an average inventory of 3755 sows and served gilts for the total sample. Producers were involved for 12 consecutive months and agreed to submit to the diagnostic laboratory every dead or moribund sow and served gilt. The average herd death rate was 3.3% +/- 0.5 (SEM), but varied considerably among herds, ranging from 0% to 9.2%. A total of 137 sows and mated gilts died during the year, and these females had produced an average of 4.2 litters +/- 0.2 (SEM). The number of deaths was significantly higher during the months of July, August and October. The peripartum period appeared to be when sows were most at risk, with 42% of all deaths occurring during this short period of the reproductive cycle. The three major causes of death were heart failure (31.4%), torsions and accidents of abdominal organs (15.3%) and cystitis-pyelonephritis (8.0%). Other causes included endometritis (6.6%), uterine prolapses (6.6%), pneumonia (3.6%), gastric ulcers (3.6%), downer sow syndrome (2.2%), miscellaneous (8.0%) and unknown (14.6%).  相似文献   

16.
The effect of L-carnitine supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on performance parameters of sows was studied. The trial comprised a total of 127 sows (40 gilts, 87 mature sows) which were divided into a control and a treatment group. All animals were fed individually and received basic feed mixtures for pregnancy and lactation with low carnitine concentrations (gestation diet: 4.7 mg/kg feed, lactation diet: 12.5 mg/kg feed). The rations of the sows in the treated group were supplemented with 125 mg L -carnitine per head and day during pregnancy and 250 mg L -carnitine per head and day during lactation. The animals of the control group received identical feed mixtures in identical amounts, but without the L -carnitine supplement. L -carnitine supplementation resulted in higher sow liveweight gains between day 1 and day 85 of pregnancy. The number of piglets per litter and the number born alive did not differ between the control sows and those treated with L -carnitine. However, the L -carnitine-supplemented sows produced only half as many non-viable piglets as the control animals. Moreover, litter weight and mean birth weight of piglets from L -carnitine-treated sows were higher than in the control sows. This effect was more marked in gilts (+8% higher litter weight, +9% higher piglet weight) than in sows (+7% and +6%, respectively). Piglets from sows whose ration was supplemented with L -carnitine showed higher liveweight gains during the suckling period (+12% for gilts, +4% for sows), which is why litter weights post weaning were also higher among the sows treated with L -carnitine than in the control sows (+14% for gilts, +10% for sows). Overall, the study shows that dietary supplementation with L -carnitine during pregnancy and lactation improves the reproductive performance of sows.  相似文献   

17.
A cross sectional study of the prevalence and intensity of Balantidium coli in pigs was carried out on a Danish research farm. The prevalence of B. coli infection increased from 57% in suckling piglets to 100% in most pig groups > or = 4 weeks old. The mean number of cysts per gram faeces (CPG) of pigs aged 12 weeks and younger were < or = 206, whereas pigs aged 28 weeks and > 52 weeks had significantly higher counts of > or = 865 CPG. Although some lactating sows had very high CPG's, no significant differences in CPG could be detected between the intensities of pregnant sows, lactating sows and empty and dry sows. No human cases of B. coli infection have been published in Denmark though it is zoonotic.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical signs, diagnostic evaluation and surgical management of an alpaca with splenic torsion. ANIMALS: Six-year-old female alpaca. RESULTS: Splenic torsion and uterine torsion were the inciting cause for persistent abdominal discomfort in this alpaca. Rectal examination, abdominocentesis, and transabdominal ultrasonographic findings were suggestive of a splenic lesion. Surgical management involved splenectomy of a necrotized spleen. CONCLUSIONS: Although rare in occurrence, splenic torsion should be considered as a potential cause of abdominal discomfort in alpacas. Splenectomy is a reasonable and successful method of treatment for a devitalized spleen secondary to splenic torsion in alpacas. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Splenic torsion causes persistent abdominal discomfort in camelids and may be associated with uterine torsion. Rectal examination, transabdominal ultrasound and abdominocentesis are useful diagnostic tools to differentiate splenic torsion from other causes of abdominal discomfort. Splenectomy is an uncomplicated procedure in camelids and has a favorable prognosis.  相似文献   

19.
In long-term clinical and bacteriological controlled breeding sows of 15 stocks with a high rate of urinary tract infections in 41 sows (= 8.97%) of 457 chronic infected sows a spontaneous change of the causative microorganism was seen. In clinical trials to test the effectiveness of new chemotherapeutics in sows suffering from urogenital infections changes of bacteria were noticed during and after therapy. In selected cases the proceeding of change using a quinoxaline-di-N-oxide-derivative and an aminoglycoside-antibiotic is demonstrated. After parenteral application of the quinoxaline-di-N-oxide-derivative in 3 of 6 cases a change of the causative agent happened. Treating the sows with the aminoglycoside-antibiotic there was a change in 18.2% of urinary tract infections and in 25.0% of genital tract infections. The causes of changes of the causative microorganisms are discussed and conclusions are drawn for diagnosis and therapy of urinary and genital tract infections in the sow.  相似文献   

20.
Some observations on cardiac failure in sows   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文
Data pertaining to factors associated with cardiac failure were collected as part of a study on sow mortality in which cardiac failure was the major cause of death. A total of 116 sows from 24 herds was used and divided into two groups: group 1 comprised sows dead of cardiac failure (n = 43), and group 2, sows dead of other causes (n = 73). Individual sow records, clinical history, backfat thickness, body weight, heart weight, selenium content in liver, and urea concentration in aqueous humor were obtained for each sow. Results from the groups were compared using Student's t-test. Maximum and minimum outside daily temperatures were obtained for the study period. A stressful or demanding event for the cardiovascular system of sows was identified in 84% of the cases of cardiac failure: nearly two-thirds of the cases occurred during the peripartum period, and other stressful events included heat, fighting, mating, and transport. More than 40% of the cardiac failures occurred during the months of July and August. Sows dead of cardiac failure were heavier and fatter than sows dead of other causes. The former group also had a significantly smaller heart weight to body weight ratio; this difference was attributed to a greater body weight since the heart weights were similar in the two groups. The hepatic selenium contents and urea concentrations in aqueous humor were not significantly different between the two groups.  相似文献   

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