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1.
紫外线对大豆疫霉菌的诱导变异作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确紫外线对大豆疫霉菌的诱导突变作用,研究了紫外线诱变的突变菌株的菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、菌丝形态、卵孢子形态、产孢能力、同宗配合能力、致病力和抗药性的变异情况.结果表明,大豆疫霉菌突变菌株菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、菌丝和卵孢子形态以及同宗配合能力都发生显著变异,游动孢子产孢量和致病性明显降低.虽未发现对甲霜灵产生抗性的突变菌株,但出现了对甲霜灵敏感性增强的突变菌株.说明紫外线辐射可导致大豆疫霉菌控制生物学性状和致病性的基因发生变异,紫外线可能是引致大豆疫霉菌变异的因素之一. 相似文献
2.
大豆疫霉菌引起的大豆疫病是大豆上危害严重的毁灭性病害之一.采用经典遗传学方法研究大豆疫霉菌单孢后代的菌丝生长速率、菌落形态、产孢量以及同宗配合性状的遗传变异,以期为有效控制大豆疫病的发展和蔓延奠定基础.结果表明,菌落形态、生长速率和同宗配合性状在单孢后代可稳定遗传,控制上述性状的遗传因子是纯合的;大豆疫霉菌的游动孢子产生能力在单孢后代发生连续性变异,表明这种性状可能是数量遗传性状,也可能控制这种性状的基因为杂合基因或细胞质遗传因子.研究结果初步揭示了大豆疫霉的遗传特征、遗传多样性及多样性产生的遗传学基础. 相似文献
3.
稻瘟病菌nit突变体的诱导及其生物学性状 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
将6个稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe grisea）菌株分别在含60 g/L氯酸钾的MM培养基上培养40 d后,共得到11个硝酸盐利用缺陷突变体（Nitrate nonutilizing mutants,简称nit突变体）,频率为1.42 %。比较了各nit突变体与亲本之间在无性和有性阶段的主要生物学性状,结果表明,所有的nit突变体均对氯酸钾产生了抗性。在YPSA平板上的生长速率、在TPSA平板上的产孢量和致病能力等重要的生物学性状都与亲本没有显著差异,交配型没有发生改变,但可交配菌株产子囊壳的能力与亲本有显著差异。因此,可以用nit作为遗传标记研究稻瘟病菌有关性状的遗传学。 相似文献
4.
“发花”散茶中“金花”菌的分离鉴定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从湖南益阳茶厂2008年生产的金湘益砖茶中分离纯化得到一株"金花"菌,接种至2008年一品茯茶的原料上,控制环境条件让它"发花"。从发花散茶中分离到一类"金花"菌,经过继代纯化,选取一株长势较好的"金花"菌作为供试菌株。在光学显微镜下观察菌株的有性型和无性型形态,并在扫描电镜下观察菌株的子囊孢子(有性阶段)和分子孢子(无性阶段),同时结合DNA测序,在分子水平上对分离菌株进行鉴定。根据菌株的表观形态、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和DNA序列分析,确认该菌株为冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum)。 相似文献
5.
采用大豆幼苗下胚轴伤口接种法测定了7个大豆疫霉菌的68个1代单游动孢株的毒力，并对其中的45个1代单游动孢株毒力进行聚类分析，结果表明，1代单游动孢株中已无与其出发菌株毒力相同的个体，变异率高达100%。与出发菌株相比，子代单游动孢株个体毒力总体表现为减弱。但来源于同一个出发菌株的无性繁殖后代之间的毒力基本保持一致。 相似文献
6.
采用国外一套鉴别寄主对2009～2012年黑龙省大豆产区的疫霉菌毒性变异及毒力结构进行了系统测定.结果表明:黑龙江省大豆疫霉菌含有目前已知的全部致病基因,能克服所有已知的主效抗性基因.供试的300个疫霉菌株可分为28种毒力结构,毒力类型1a,7;6,7;7;1a,1c,6,7;1a,3c,4,6,7;1a,1d,3c,5,7;1b,1k,4,6,7是黑龙江大豆疫霉的主要组成类型,分别占测定菌株数的17％ 、21％、9％、7％、4％、5％、6％,前3种毒力类型在黑龙江省东部、中部和北部大豆主产区内均有分布.黑龙江大豆产区中的大豆疫霉毒力结构比较复杂,种类最多的哈尔滨和齐齐哈尔地区达到了15种.rps1k基因是重要的抗病基因,目前已经存在对它具有毒性的病原菌,并且所占比例为10.3％,表明黑龙江大豆生产区存在着疫霉菌的强毒性菌株.因此,亟需挖掘新的抗病基因和培育新的抗病资源. 相似文献
7.
航天诱变后代遗传变异评价和表型鉴定对航天诱变育种材料的筛选具有重要意义。为了从小麦品种兰天15和郑麦9023的航天诱变后代中筛选出抗条锈病突变体,采用21对核心引物对其航天诱变后代与亲本的遗传相似性进行评估,用条锈菌菌株CYR32、CYR33和V26/G22对航天诱变后代进行苗期和成株期抗病性鉴定。结果表明,兰天15的航天诱变衍生系与亲本间差异标记数量较多,且抗条锈性和芒的有无等性状发生了遗传分离,推测可能存在异花授粉导致的遗传重组;郑麦9023的航天诱变衍生系与亲本差异标记数量均不超过2个,且苗期抗病性等绝大部分性状均与亲本相同,仅成株期抗病性较其亲本有明显提高,推测成株期抗病性变异可能来自航天诱变。结果表明,郑麦9023部分具有成株期抗病性的优良选系,可用于小麦抗条锈育种。 相似文献
8.
为明确我国东北地区大豆根瘤菌的系统发育地位及主要类群的分布情况,采用BOX-PCR、IGS PCR-RFLP、16SrDNA PCR-RFLP和16S rDNA基因序列分析法对分离自我国东北地区14个地点18个大豆品种的312株大豆根瘤菌及部分参比菌株进行了遗传多样性和系统发育分析。结果表明:供试菌株均为大豆慢生根瘤菌,以Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum为优势种;在IGS PCR-RFLP 72%和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP 76%相似性水平上,供试菌株可分别被分为6和4个群;在BOX-PCR 90%相似性水平上,可将供试菌株分为31个群,表明东北地区慢生大豆根瘤菌具有丰富的遗传多样性。综合考察各种分析结果发现,供试菌株的遗传多样性与其地理来源有一定的相关性,而与大豆品种间相关性不明显。 相似文献
9.
等离子注入诱变对菜用大豆品种出苗及遗传变异的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探索不同剂量N~+注入对菜用大豆出苗率及后代遗传变异的影响.以12个菜用大豆品种为材料,用等离子注入法以3种不同剂量的氮离子(N~+)处理后研究不同品种的出苗率差异以及后代的遗传变异.结果表明:N~+在6×10~(16)、8×10~(16).、1×10~(17)3个剂量下均显著降低了菜用大豆种子的出苗率,但F测验的结果显示3个剂量处理间差异不显著,而不同品种间的出苗率差异达到极显著水平.后代的遗传变异研究表明有些植株虽在诱变当代产生变异,出现叶片增大,植株变高,豆荚变长变宽等变异,但在变异株的后代中没有表现出来;另外发现有些植株虽在诱变处理当代没有表型变异,但在后代中出现丁株高、花色与叶形等方面的分离. 相似文献
10.
大豆疫霉菌遗传多样性的RAPD分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
利用随机扩增DNA (RAPD)技术分析了15个大豆疫霉菌( Phytophthora sojae)的遗传多样性,并同其它7 个疫霉种的8个菌株进行了比较。运用筛选出的12个引物共获得152个RAPD标记,其中84. 2%具有多态性。通 过聚类分析结果表明,疫霉属种间的遗传相似系数的变化幅度为0. 533～0. 783,大豆疫霉菌与其它几种疫霉的遗 传距离相对较远,用引物OPB06扩增到P. sojae种特有的一个RAPD标记; P. sojae种内菌株间遗传相似系数的变化 幅度为0. 855～0. 967,亦存在较丰富的遗传多样性,该遗传多样性与菌株毒力之间有一定相关性,而与菌株地理来 源没有相关性。 相似文献
11.
12.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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16.
Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
20.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献