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1.
《干旱区研究》2021,38(3):882-891
高立式沙障在线性工程风沙灾害防护中被广泛应用,布置模式直接影响工程防风阻沙效率和成本效益。在乌兰布和沙漠穿沙公路迎风侧,选择上疏下密式尼龙阻沙网分别设计4种高度单行、4种高度3种间距双行沙障来模拟风沙灾害防治观测场,使用阶梯式集沙仪与HOBO风速采集仪对不同风速下防风阻沙效率参数进行观测。结果表明:(1)低风速(12 m·s-1)背景下,高立式尼龙阻沙网沙障障后有效防护距离单行为3H(相同沙障高度的距离)以内,双行为12H。(2)单行高立式尼龙阻沙网沙障的障后3H沙障截留率平均为85.14%,障后5H平均为91.23%;双行障后3H平均为93.53%。(3)在中低风能地区线性工程防护中配置尼龙阻沙网时,不建议使用0.6 m及以下高度沙障;8 m·s~(-1)风速及以下可配置1 m高度单行尼龙阻沙网沙障;8~12 m·s~(-1)风速可配置间距8H、高度0.8~1.0 m双行尼龙阻沙网;在大风速区(12 m·s~(-1))选择拓宽间距至10H、高度1.2 m尼龙网沙障多条带复式配置。此模式可优化治沙工程设计,完善线路工程沙害防治体系。  相似文献   

2.
塔克拉玛干沙漠4种结构尼龙阻沙网的防风阻沙效益对比   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
常用尼龙阻沙网的孔隙度为均匀分布,而风沙流结构在垂直方向上是非均匀分布的。通过设计4种孔隙度非均匀分布的尼龙阻沙网:大条带上疏下密式(A)、大条带上密下疏式(B)、小条带疏密相间式(C),将其布设在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的垄间平地,以均匀结构阻沙网为对照(CK)。对4种阻沙网前后的风速变化、防风效能、积沙形态、积沙量进行对比。结果表明:① B阻沙网有效防护距离最短,仅为6H(H为阻沙网的高度),其余3种结构有效防护距离差别不大,均为15H;在网后10H处0.15 m、0.3 m和0.5 m 3个观测高度,风速削弱程度的平均值存在明显差异,呈C>A>B>CK。② 在风季后期,4种结构阻沙网前后积沙量B最小,其余3种类型差别不大。③ 综合考虑防风和阻沙效益,C阻沙网提供了一个较好的结构模式,防护效益最好,B阻沙网最差,A和CK阻沙网效益相差不大。研究结果为高立式沙障结构优化设计提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

3.
以新疆S214省道沙害防治区段为背景,应用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)数值模拟方法分析了高立式芦苇沙障周围的风沙流场,结果表明:高立式芦苇沙障周围流场可分为迎风侧减速区,上方加速区和背风侧恢复区,背风侧无明显涡流区生成,沙障间的合理间距与风速呈负相关。现场布置模式对20 m·s~(-1)的风沙流有较好防护效果,低于此风速时,第二道沙障背风侧基本无恢复区生成,后两道沙障迎风侧积沙较多且紧贴沙障分布,压埋沙障速度较快。通过相贴原理优化沙障间距,可以充分发挥各道沙障的防护作用,有效抵御风沙流侵袭,适当延长沙障使用年限。根据前人观测数据、现场调查和数值模拟结果,建议研究区内高立式芦苇沙障间距宜为20~25 m。该研究结果可为研究区内高立式芦苇沙障的合理布置提供理论依据,也可为其他风沙防护工程的建设提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
塔里木沙漠公路防沙体系建设几个问题的探讨   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
沙害主要取决于两个系统因素的共同作用 :动力系统—风力和响应系统—下垫面状况。塔里木沙漠公路沿线风沙地貌形态类型复杂多样 ,沙源充足 ;起沙风频数高 ,作用时间长 ,防沙难度极大。已建成的高立式芦苇阻沙栅栏和 1 m× 1 m半隐蔽芦苇草方格固沙沙障结合的“阻固”体系 ,有效控制了沙害 ,但也存在一定问题。定位观测表明 ,沿线起沙风和输沙方向集中于 NE、ENE、E三个方向 ,占 46%~ 68% ,从理论上说 ,应加大风侧 (路东侧 )防护力度 ,而实际上固沙带内部强烈的风蚀与沙埋过程 ,使其有效年限与设置宽度关系不明显 ,宜采取窄宽度勤维修原则 ,上风侧宽度控制在 3 0 m~ 40 m,每 3~ 4年更新一次并及时维修。下风侧可不设置高立式沙障 ,固沙带宽度控制在 1 0 m~ 1 5 m为宜 ;高立式沙障与半隐蔽方格沙障前沿之间空留宽度控制在 8H以内较为适宜。依沙害程度 ,以单一原状芦苇固定沙障、复膜沙袋阻沙体活动沙障及固定沙障与活动沙障有机结合加强前沿阻沙力度 ;不同沙害部位设置不同规格不同高度的半隐蔽方格沙障、固化路肩边坡创造输沙断面等技术 ,形成立体防护体系 ,足以控制沙害。  相似文献   

5.
库布齐沙漠机械防沙措施的防护效益   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
在库布齐沙漠风沙防治试验场,开展了机械防沙措施的防护效益观测。结果表明:防风效益、阻沙效益和表土含水率等随沙障材料、规模和结构发生变化。1 1 m×1 m植物纤维网沙障和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)网沙障风速降低比(K值)分别为58.5%和55.7%,均高于同规格的沙柳沙障的18.3%,说明同一规格下植物纤维网防风效果要优于其他材料;2 1 m×1 m植物纤维网沙障和1 m×1 m HDPE沙障的K值均小于相同材料8 m×8 m沙障的K值,说明小规格低立式沙障防风效应,低于相同材料较大规格高立式沙障;3月积沙量数据分析表明,阻沙栅栏能有效减小积沙量,而固沙沙障内积沙量受风向和局部地形影响较大;4不同材料与不同规格沙障内的表土含水率均高于对照区裸沙地,说明防沙措施对保持土壤水分也起到了一定作用。  相似文献   

6.
两条尼龙阻沙网不同组合间距的积沙量对比分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地垄间平沙地布设了两条尼龙阻沙网4种水平组合间距(2H、5H、10H、15H,H为阻沙网间距)的防沙实验,分析两条尼龙阻沙网的积沙量大小和空间分布,及其与阻沙网组合间距的关系。实验结果表明:1阻沙网积沙量与组合间距呈弱线性负相关,其中2H和5H积沙量最大,但两者差异不大,10H最小,15H居中,与常规认识不同。2不同组合模式的积沙量空间分配格局也明显不同,2H主要堆积在下风侧,而5H、10H、15H则均位于网间和下风侧,上风侧和下风侧积沙量与组合间距呈线性负相关,而网间积沙量与组合间距呈线性正相关。3两条尼龙阻沙网积沙量及其空间分布差异主要与特殊的近地表流场结构有关,但其分异机制还需要深入研究。  相似文献   

7.
毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘水分的时空分布特征   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12  
在2003年4~10月,通过对毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘0~100 cm沙层水分含量的定点观测,结果表明:不同季节水分含量为秋季>春季>夏季,春、秋季节为沙丘水分的积累期,夏季为水分亏缺期;沙丘水分垂直变化小,近地表水分含量低,普遍存在一层干沙层,厚度约为10~20 cm.沙丘各部位水分由高到低依次为丘间>背风坡>迎风坡>丘顶,夏季由于地表出现干沙层,故迎风坡水分高于背风坡.  相似文献   

8.
PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
选取风季和雨季两个典型时期,对铺设不同规格PLA沙障沙丘迎风坡不同坡位0-60cm土层的土壤含水量进行测定,并以裸沙丘为对照,探究PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响.结果表明:1m×1m和2m × 2m沙障在不同时期对沙丘迎风坡整体和坡位间土壤水分影响明显,而菱形沙障作用效果差;1m×1m、2m×2m沙障使风季形成迎风坡浅层(5-20cm)土壤含水量低于裸沙丘的水分特征,雨季形成迎风坡表层(0-10cm)土壤含水量优于裸沙丘的水分特征,从而影响了植物的入侵与定居方式;不同时期1m×1m和2m×2m沙障对迎风坡中部和下部土壤水分的影响均较上部明显,迎风坡中部和下部应为重点关注区域,而在上部应采取相伴措施弥补不足.  相似文献   

9.
固沙网沙障积沙凹曲面特征及其固沙效益分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在塔克拉玛干沙漠垄间平沙地布设了3种固沙网沙障试验,6个风季后对沙障内积沙和破损状况进行了测量和调查.结果表明:在地形平坦、主风向明显的区域,这3种布设模式的固沙网沙障均发挥了良好的固沙效益,在沙障内发育了积沙凹曲面,凹曲面的纵横断面基本呈光滑的抛物线形,积沙厚度和水平距离符合二次函数,蚀积系数k均小于1/12,k值1 m×1 m>2 m×2 m>2 m间距行列式;3种固沙网沙障的固沙能力1 m×1 m>2 m×2 m>2 m间距行列式,固沙成本2m间距行列式<2m×2m<1 m×1 m,破损率2m×2m> m×1 m>2m间距行列式.研究结果可为固沙网沙障在防沙工程中的应用提供科学参考.  相似文献   

10.
沙丘部位对聚乳酸纤维沙袋沙障降解速度的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
掌握聚乳酸纤维沙障的降解速度对于沙障防护效益的发挥具有重要意义。在毛乌素沙地的流动沙丘迎风坡设置聚乳酸沙障,采用测定力学性能、质量损失及观察表面形态等多种手段对毛乌素沙丘迎风坡底部、中部和沙丘顶部铺设5a的聚乳酸纤维沙障的降解速度进行了研究。结果表明:与原始聚乳酸纤维沙障相比,从沙丘迎风坡底、迎风坡中到坡顶,沙障的降解速度逐渐增大。障格内纬向障体(垂直于主风向)的整体降解速度较经向障体(平行于主风向)的严重。单根沙障暴露面障体的降解速度均较贴地面的大,且二者的差异随坡位的上升越来越大。表明沙丘不同部位的风沙活动、光照、土壤水分含量等环境因素分布的差异对于聚乳酸纤维沙障降解速度有着重要的影响,在设置沙障或后期维护时应当注意加强。  相似文献   

11.
挡雪墙是公路风吹雪雪害防治中常用的一项技术,但其设置参数一直缺乏系统研究。基于风洞模拟试验,利用积雪堆积厚度等值线和积雪堆积剖面线分析,对与主害风垂直时两种高度(1.5m/2.0m)的不透风式挡雪墙积雪形态及积雪量进行研究,结果表明:在吹雪30s条件下,不透风式1.5m/2.0m挡雪墙迎风侧积雪量明显大于背风侧,且挡雪墙越高,其挡雪功能越好。两种高度的挡雪墙在其迎风侧积雪堆积厚度(D)与挡雪墙墙高(H)为3阶多项式函数关系,且堆积曲线趋势基本一致;而背风侧则为2阶多项式函数关系,1.5m高挡雪墙在其迎风侧和背风侧风雪流堆积厚度相对较小且趋势线较平缓。综合分析表明,2.0m的挡雪墙其阻雪效果优于1.5m。  相似文献   

12.
Many desert expressways are affected by the deposition of the wind-blown sand,which might block the movement of vehicles or cause accidents.W-beam central guardrails,which are used to improve the safety of desert expressways,are thought to influence the deposition of the wind-blown sand,but this has yet not to be studied adequately.To address this issue,we conducted a wind tunnel test to simulate and explore how the W-beam central guardrails affect the airflow,the wind-blown sand flux and the deposition of the wind-blown sand on desert expressways in sandy regions.The subgrade model is 3.5 cm high and 80.0 cm wide,with a bank slope ratio of 1:3.The W-beam central guardrails model is 3.7 cm high,which included a 1.4-cm-high W-beam and a 2.3-cm-high stand column.The wind velocity was measured by using pitot-static tubes placed at nine different heights(1,2,3,5,7,10,15,30 and 50 cm)above the floor of the chamber.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in the wind tunnel was measured by using the sand sampler,which was sectioned into 20 intervals.In addition,we measured the wind-blown sand flux in the field at K50 of the Bachu-Shache desert expressway in the Taklimakan Desert on 11 May 2016,by using a customized 78-cm-high gradient sand sampler for the sand flux structure test.Obstruction by the subgrade leads to the formation of two weak wind zones located at the foot of the windward slope and at the leeward slope of the subgrade,and the wind velocity on the leeward side weakens significantly.The W-beam central guardrails decrease the leeward wind velocity,whereas the velocity increases through the bottom gaps and over the top of the W-beam central guardrails.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux measured by wind tunnel follows neither a power-law nor an exponential function when affected by either the subgrade or the W-beam central guardrails.At 0.0H and 0.5H(where H=3.5 cm,which is the height of the subgrade),the sand transport is less at the 3 cm height from the subgrade surface than at the 1 and 5 cm heights as a result of obstruction by the W-beam central guardrails,and the maximum sand transportation occurs at the 5 cm height affected by the subgrade surface.The average saltation height in the presence of the W-beam central guardrails is greater than the subgrade height.The field test shows that the sand deposits on the overtaking lane leeward of the W-beam central guardrails and that the thickness of the deposited sand is determined by the difference in the sand mass transported between the inlet and outlet points,which is consistent with the position of the minimum wind velocity in the wind tunnel test.The results of this study could help us to understand the hazards of the wind-blown sand onto subgrade with the W-beam central guardrails.  相似文献   

13.
绿洲边缘积沙带的研究是一个新的科学问题。甘肃河西地区经过半个多世纪的防沙治沙,在绿洲边缘形成了一条积沙带。为了研究积沙带的形成和发育与气候环境因子之间的关系,对河西走廊东端至走廊中西部绿洲边缘的积沙带进行了调查。结果表明:① 年降水量是决定积沙带高度和宽度的关键因子;② 降水量是决定植被盖度的关键因子,降水对天然植被盖度的影响大于对包括人工植被在内的植被总盖度的影响,随着降水增加,背风坡植被盖度增加幅度大于迎风坡;③ 积沙带不同样点之间植被盖度的差异主要是由植株个体大小引起的,亦即降水对植株个体大小的影响大于对植株密度的影响。  相似文献   

14.
塔克拉玛干沙漠的大地貌格局是高大复合沙垄和宽广垄间地相间分布,而垄间地是研究简单沙丘发育过程的良好试验场地。基于Google Earth影像,以分形理论为基础,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄区垄间地上覆沙丘在主导风方向上的分形特征进行了分析,结果表明:① 垄间地沙丘形状指数(面积-周长关系)的标度-频度双对数关系非常显著,分形关系客观存在,并且不受统计时所用标度的影响;② 垄间地各类沙丘的分维值存在差异,其中,饼状沙堆和沙片分维值最大(1.337),新月形沙丘次之(1.170),简单线性沙丘最小(1.087);③ 垄间地沙丘分维值的空间差异较大,在1.187~1.656,其分维数:背风坡脚(1.24)<垄间地中部(1.40)<迎风坡脚(1.50),变异系数为0.106;④ 垄间地沙丘稳定性指数与分维值的空间分布相反,即背风坡脚(0.26)>垄间地中部(0.16)>迎风坡脚(0.10);⑤ 垄间地沙丘分维值空间差异主要与沙丘发育程度有关,其中,风信是动力基础,沙源是物质基础。在流动沙漠,沙丘分形维数可以作为反映其风沙环境特征的定量指标。  相似文献   

15.
青藏铁路沱沱河路段流场特征及沙害形成机理   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过对青藏铁路沱沱河路段路基流场结构、风速廓线特征的风洞模拟实验研究,发现气流在途经铁路路基时,路基断面对近地表流场改变极大,在其两侧形成明显的遇阻抬升区、集流加速区、减速沉降区以及消散恢复区。铁路沙害的形成主要是路基迎风侧气流由于遇阻抬升和集流加速,对路肩和路基中上部产生风蚀;随着气流加速抬升,底层砂粒以跌落沉降的方式堆积在路基迎风坡坡脚,造成路基沙埋;当气流越过路基,在背风侧由于减速沉降和涡旋运动,风沙流处于过饱和状态,将所携带的大量砂粒堆积在背风坡。  相似文献   

16.
Understanding the characteristics of soil seed banks in sand dunes is crucial to stabilize the dune systems and maintain the plant populations in deserts. In this study, we conducted a survey investigation in the field and a seed germination experiment in the laboratory to explore the characteristics of soil seed banks at various geomorphic positions of longitudinal sand dunes in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. Totally, 17 plant species belonging to 17 genera and 9 families were identified in soil seed banks, and 35 plant species belonging to 34 genera and 17 families were identified in aboveground vegetation. Plant species richness in soil seed banks decreased with increasing soil depth. The highest species richness was presented in the upper slope of the windward slope and the lowest species richness was presented in the base of the windward slope. There was no significant difference in seed density of soil seed banks among the examined seven geomorphic positions. The highest seed density occurred in the lower slope of the leeward slope while the lowest occurred in the crest. Moreover, seed density decreased with increasing soil depth, being the highest in the upper soil layer(0–2 cm). For both soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation, there was no significant difference in Simpson's diversity index among the seven geomorphic positions; however, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness index showed significant differences among the seven geomorphic positions. Those results showed that although there was no significant difference in seed density of soil seed banks among the seven geomorphic positions, the geomorphic positions significantly affected the species richness, diversity and distribution of soil seed banks. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of soil seed banks at different geomorphic positions of sand dunes is essential to vegetation restoration or reestablishment. Furthermore, the Jaccard's similarity coefficients of plant species between soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation at the seven geomorphic positions were low, suggesting that vegetation restoration or reestablishment processes should be promoted through adding seeds to surface layers.  相似文献   

17.
塔里木沙漠公路防沙体系的防护效益   总被引:26,自引:7,他引:19  
塔里木沙漠公路全长522km,其中有四百余公里在塔克拉玛干沙漠中穿行,风沙危害十分严重。为了研究适合塔里木沙漠公路的防沙体系和防沙措施,从1991年起在塔里木水公路两公里试验路段开展了公路防沙试验研究,1994年我们对两公里试验路段防沙体系中的各种防沙措施的防护效益进行了调查分析。通过分析可知:a.塔里木沙漠公路尽管风沙害严重,如何采用的防护措施得当,建立起外围阻沙,固沙和边坡防护相结合的防沙体系  相似文献   

18.
Alamusa 《干旱区科学》2023,15(1):52-62
Soil water content is a key controlling factor for vegetation restoration in sand dunes. The deep seepage and lateral migration of water in dunes affect the recharge process of deep soil water and groundwater in sand dune ecosystems. To determine the influence of vegetation on the hydrological regulation function of sand dunes, we examined the deep seepage and lateral migration of dune water with different vegetation coverages during the growing season in the Horqin Sandy Land, China. The results showed that the deep seepage and lateral migration of water decreased with the increase in vegetation coverage on the dunes. The accumulated deep seepage water of mobile dunes (vegetation coverage<5%) and dunes with vegetation coverage of 18.03%, 27.12%, and 50.65% accounted for 56.53%, 51.82%, 18.98%, and 0.26%, respectively, of the rainfall in the same period. The accumulated lateral migration of water in these dunes accounted for 12.39%, 6.33%, 2.23%, and 7.61% of the rainfall in the same period. The direction and position of the dune slope affected the soil water deep seepage and lateral migration process. The amounts of deep seepage and lateral migration of water on the windward slope were lower than those on the leeward slope. The amounts of deep seepage and lateral migration of water showed a decreasing trend from the bottom to the middle and to the top of the dune slope. According to the above results, during the construction of sand-control projects in sandy regions, we suggest that a certain area of mobile dunes (>13.75%) should be retained as a water resource reservoir to maintain the water balance of artificial fixed dune ecosystems. These findings provide reliable evidence for the accurate assessment of water resources within the sand dune ecosystem and guide the construction of desertification control projects.  相似文献   

19.
沙漠公路防护林不同林带位置的风沙流结构   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用BSNE集沙仪对沙漠公路两侧防护林的近地表风沙流结构进行研究,结果表明:(1)随着高度的增加,不同林带位置上部的输沙量趋于一致,各点风沙流输沙量差异主要集中在近地表处,而植被覆盖与否对近地表气流中的输沙量有决定性作用,输沙量表现为:迎风面流沙地林带间背风面林带内。(2)迎风面及流沙地风沙流输沙量主要分布在距地表20 cm高度内,背风面则集中分布在50 cm高度内,均占观测高度输沙总量的74%以上,林带间及林带内风沙流输沙量在各高度层分布较为平均,介于11%~23%之间。(3)护林体系外(迎风面、背风面及流沙地),风沙流输沙垂直分布差异很大,输沙量随高度增加呈幂函数形式降低,而防护林体系内(林带间及林带内),风沙流垂直分布差异趋于减小,输沙量随高度增加呈多项式形式先降低后增加。  相似文献   

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