共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Butenes and butadiene, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of polymers and other compounds, are synthesized traditionally by oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of n-butane over complex metal oxides. Such catalysts require high O2/butane ratios to maintain the activity, which leads to unwanted product oxidation. We show that carbon nanotubes with modified surface functionality efficiently catalyze the oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane to butenes, especially butadiene. For low O2/butane ratios, a high selectivity to alkenes was achieved for periods as long as 100 hours. This process is mildly catalyzed by ketonic CO groups and occurs via a combination of parallel and sequential oxidation steps. A small amount of phosphorus greatly improved the selectivity by suppressing the combustion of hydrocarbons. 相似文献
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Hydrogen rich gas was produced using rice husk as biomass material on the continuous biomass pyrolysis apparatus which consisted of continuous pyrolysis reactor and secondary catalytic cracking reactor. Ni based catalysts of different Ni/Al mass ratio and calcined temperature were prepared by impregnating method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscope (SEM) and FT-IR Spectrometer (FT-IR). Ni based catalyst showed good selectivity for H2 production from biomass. Catalysts prepared under different conditions had little influence on the yields of three states products when used at the same cracking temperature. Ni/Al mass ratio played an important role in products selectivity. However, the content of NiO increased further when Ni/Al mass ratio values reached 0.7 : 10, and the yield of H2 slightly increased. Hydrogen yield was greatly impacted by calcined temperature. Catalyst calcined at 550℃ performed best. When the catalyst was calcined at high temperature, NiO in the catalyst transformed into NiAl2O4, and the acid site also changed, which caused the deactivation of the catalyst. The hydrogen yield increased with the cracking temperature. The highest stable yield of hydrogen was about 30% without increasing with the cracking temperature. 相似文献
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Alkane hydrocarbons (propane, isobutane, and n-butane) from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are present in major quantities throughout Mexico City air because of leakage of the unburned gas from numerous urban sources. These hydrocarbons, together with olefinic minor LPG components, furnish substantial amounts of hydroxyl radical reactivity, a major precursor to formation of the ozone component of urban smog. The combined processes of unburned leakage and incomplete combustion of LPG play a significant role in causing the excessive ozone characteristic of Mexico City. Reductions in ozone levels should be possible through changes in LPG composition and lowered rates of leakage. 相似文献
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采用溶剂热法,以Ni(NO_3)_3·6H_2O、均苯三甲酸以及N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为原料快速合成金属有机骨架材料Ni_3(BTC)_2·12H_2O晶体。以Ni_3(BTC)_2·12H_2O为前体,通过焙烧得到具有(111)面的NiO颗粒用于CO催化氧化反应,并与由硝酸镍热解得到的NiO(R)催化剂进行对比。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N_2物理吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对具有(111)面的NiO颗粒的组成、结构和形貌进行表征。CO催化氧化结果表明,具有(111)面的NiO颗粒的催化活性优于普通NiO催化剂的催化活性。 相似文献
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RA Periana DJ Taube S Gamble H Taube T Satoh H Fujii 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5363):560-564
Platinum catalysts are reported for the direct, low-temperature, oxidative conversion of methane to a methanol derivative at greater than 70 percent one-pass yield based on methane. The catalysts are platinum complexes derived from the bidiazine ligand family that are stable, active, and selective for the oxidation of a carbon-hydrogen bond of methane to produce methyl esters. Mechanistic studies show that platinum(II) is the most active oxidation state of platinum for reaction with methane, and are consistent with reaction proceeding through carbon-hydrogen bond activation of methane to generate a platinum-methyl intermediate that is oxidized to generate the methyl ester product. 相似文献
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[目的]研究钐掺杂TiO2负载型催化剂降解甲基橙的影响因素。[方法]通过Sm^3＋掺杂TiO2负载在ZSM-5上的催化剂,在紫外灯下降解甲基橙溶液的光催化试验,考察了催化剂投加量、甲基橙溶液初始浓度、初始pH值等因素对甲基橙降解效果的影响,并探讨了Sm3＋掺杂光催化反应机理。[结果]Sm^3＋掺杂能提高TiO2-ZSM-5光催化活性;在一定范围内,催化剂投加量的增加,甲基橙溶液初始浓度的减小,溶液初始pH值的降低,光照时间的延长均能提高甲基橙的降解率。[结论]该研究为TiO2的实际工业化应用奠定了基础。 相似文献
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Herzing AA Kiely CJ Carley AF Landon P Hutchings GJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5894):1331-1335
Gold nanocrystals absorbed on metal oxides have exceptional properties in oxidation catalysis, including the oxidation of carbon monoxide at ambient temperatures, but the identification of the active catalytic gold species among the many present on real catalysts is challenging. We have used aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy to analyze several iron oxide-supported catalyst samples, ranging from those with little or no activity to others with high activities. High catalytic activity for carbon monoxide oxidation is correlated with the presence of bilayer clusters that are approximately 0.5 nanometer in diameter and contain only approximately 10 gold atoms. The activity of these bilayer clusters is consistent with that demonstrated previously with the use of model catalyst systems. 相似文献
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In a small-scale reaction, vanadium-dependent nitrogenase has previously been shown to catalyze reductive catenation of carbon monoxide (CO) to ethylene, ethane, propylene, and propane. Here, we report the identification of additional hydrocarbon products [α-butylene, n-butane, and methane (CH(4))] in a scaled-up reaction featuring 20 milligrams of vanadium-iron protein, the catalytic component of vanadium nitrogenase. Additionally, we show that the more common molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase can generate the same hydrocarbons from CO, although CH(4) was not detected. The identification of CO as a substrate for both molybdenum- and vanadium-nitrogenases strengthens the hypothesis that CO reduction is an evolutionary relic of the function of the nitrogenase family. Moreover, the comparison between the CO-reducing capacities of the two nitrogenases suggests that the identity of heterometal at the active cofactor site affects the efficiency and product distribution of this reaction. 相似文献
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通过浸渍法制备了4类主活性组分的负载型催化剂,用于二氧化氯催化湿式氧化(CWCDO)法处理有机农药废水的研究,并确定了催化湿式氧化的条件。结果表明:4元组合MnO2-CuO-CeO2-V2O(5 24∶1∶1∶)催化剂性能较好;当反应在常温常压下,维持pH值为3～5,反应时间为30 min时,COD的去除率大于85%,色度去除率大于90%。 相似文献
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The selective oxidation of alcohols in aqueous phase over supported metal catalysts is facilitated by high-pH conditions. We have studied the mechanism of ethanol and glycerol oxidation to acids over various supported gold and platinum catalysts. Labeling experiments with (18)O(2) and H(2)(18)O demonstrate that oxygen atoms originating from hydroxide ions instead of molecular oxygen are incorporated into the alcohol during the oxidation reaction. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the reaction path involves both solution-mediated and metal-catalyzed elementary steps. Molecular oxygen is proposed to participate in the catalytic cycle not by dissociation to atomic oxygen but by regenerating hydroxide ions formed via the catalytic decomposition of a peroxide intermediate. 相似文献
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以萘系染料中间体中具有代表性的H-酸(1-氨基-8-萘酚-3,6-二磺酸,分子式为C10H9O7S2N)的水溶液为研究对象,分别采用以等体积浸渍法制备的不同负载量的Cu-Zn/ZSM-5催化剂、以共沉淀法制得的Cu-Zn-Al催化剂对H-酸水溶液进行湿空气催化氧化降解。研究结果表明:对于处理H-酸水溶液,Cu-Zn/ZSM-5系列催化剂的COD去除率更高,这主要是由于催化活性中心在分子筛上获得了更优的分散性;最佳的CuO负载量为3.41%,ZnO负载量为1.16%,此时H-酸COD去除率为88.18%。 相似文献
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Schrock RR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,219(4580):13-18
Several well-characterized transition metal catalysts contain a metal-carbon double bond or a metal-carbon triple bond. In other homogeneous (or heterogeneous) catalyst systems in which the metal is likely to be in a relatively high oxidation state, such as molybdenum(VI) or tungsten(VI), metal-carbon multiple bonds may play an important role. Some recent results suggest that even supposedly well understood reactions such as ethylene polymerization may actually involve catalysts that behave as if they contained a metal-carbon double bond instead of a metal-carbon single bond. The chemistry of metal-carbon double and triple bonds should eventually complement and perhaps. overlap the known chemistry of complexes containing metal-oxygen double bonds or metal-nitrogen triple bonds, respectively; unique catalytic reactions involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen ligands multiply bonded to transition metals are therefore possible. 相似文献
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Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels, environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources requires the development of efficient conversion technologies for production of second-generation biofuels from non-food resources. Thermochemical approaches hold great potential for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels. Direct thermochemical processes convert biomass into liquid fuels in one step using heat and catalysts and have many advantages over indirect and biological processes, such as greater feedstock flexibility, integrated conversion of whole biomass, and lower operation costs. Several direct thermochemical processes are employed in the production of liquid biofuels depending on the nature of the feedstock properties: such as fast pyrolysis/liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil, including upgrading methods, such as catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Owing to the substantial amount of liquid fuels consumed by vehicular transport, converting biomass into drop-in liquid fuels may reduce the dependence of the fuel market on petroleumbased fuel products. In this review, we also summarize recent progress in technologies for large-scale equipment for direct thermochemical conversion. We focus on the technical aspects critical to commercialization of the technologies for production of liquid fuels from biomass,including feedstock type, cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, catalytic reactors, and biofuel properties. We also discuss future prospects for direct thermochemical conversion in biorefineries for the production of high grade biofuels. 相似文献
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Periana RA Taube DJ Evitt ER Löffler DG Wentrcek PR Voss G Masuda T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,259(5093):340-343
A homogeneous system for the selective, catalytic oxidation of methane to methanol via methyl bisulfate is reported. The net reaction catalyzed by mercuric ions, Hg(II), is the oxidation of methane by concentrated sulfuric acid to produce methyl bisulfate, water, and sulfur dioxide. The reaction is efficient. At a methane conversion of 50 percent, 85 percent selectivity to methyl bisulfate ( approximately 43 percent yield; the major side product is carbon dioxide) was achieved at a molar productivity of 10(-7) mole per cubic centimeter per second and Hg(II) turnover frequency of 10(-3) per second. Separate hydrolysis of methyl bisulfate and reoxidation of the sulfur dioxide with air provides a potentially practical scheme for the oxidation of methane to methanol with molecular oxygen. The primary steps of the Hg(II)-catalyzed reaction were individually examined and the essential elements of the mechanism were identified. The Hg(II) ion reacts with methane by an electrophilic displacement mechanism to produce an observable species, CH(3)HgOSO(3)H, 1. Under the reaction conditions, 1 readily decomposes to CH(3)OSO(3)H and the reduced mercurous species, Hg(2)(2+) The catalytic cycle is completed by the reoxidation of Hg(2)(2+) with H(2)SO(4) to regenerate Hg(II) and byproducts SO(2) and H(2)O. Thallium(III), palladium(II), and the cations of platinum and gold also oxidize methane to methyl bisulfate in sulfuric acid. 相似文献
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Enzymes and synthetic chiral catalysts have found widespread application to produce single enantiomers, but in situ switching of the chiral preference of a catalytic system is very difficult to achieve. Here, we report on a light-driven molecular motor with integrated catalytic functions in which the stepwise change in configuration during a 360° unidirectional rotary cycle governs the catalyst performance both with respect to activity and absolute stereocontrol in an asymmetric transformation. During one full rotary cycle, catalysts are formed that provide either racemic (R,S) or preferentially the R or the S enantiomer of the chiral product of a conjugate addition reaction. This catalytic system demonstrates how different molecular tasks can be performed in a sequential manner, with the sequence controlled by the directionality of a rotary cycle. 相似文献
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通过偶联反应,用含镁和铁或锰盐作为催化剂,在室温下高效制备出4,4′-联苯并环丁烯。实验考察了多种铁盐催化剂以及不同的金属盐催化性能,并优化选择了催化剂的用量。采用的催化体系及合成方案优于现有的联苯化合物和双苯并环丁烯合成生产工艺。 相似文献
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以乙硫醇、甲硫醚和噻吩为模型硫化物,分析反应前后模型硫化物的变化,探索汽油电化学催化氧化脱硫的机理。推测电化学催化氧化脱硫的机理,在酸性电解体系中为具有催化功能的金属离子Mn+,首先在阳极表面被氧化为金属离子M(n+m)+,后者将硫醇类氧化为二硫化物,将硫醚类氧化为亚砜,将噻吩氧化为噻砜。在碱性电解体系中为阳极表面的OH-离子首先失去电荷生成高活性的氢氧自由基,将硫醇类首先氧化为二硫化物,并进一步氧化为二亚砜;将硫醚类氧化为亚砜或砜,将噻吩类氧化为噻砜类有机硫化物。 相似文献