共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
采集南方几种重金属污染下的水稻土,通过室内培养的方法研究土壤CO2排放的动态变化以及微生物学指标的差异。结果表明,在60d的培养期内,前7d土壤呼吸速率较高,占了整个排放量的30．89％～64．37％,并且这一阶段重金属对土壤呼吸速率的影响最大。重金属对土壤微生物生物量的影响表现出增加、抑制与无显著性差异的结果,而重金属对微生物熵及微生物代谢熵（qCO2）的影响却是极显著的,同时表现出增加与降低的不同结果。这说明土壤呼吸以及不同的微生物学指标,在长期的复合重金属污染条件下,其表现并不一致,微生物熵与代谢熵用于基本性质差异较大的土壤时,对重金属的响应更为灵敏。此外,土壤重金属的累积还能提高土壤中有机碳的含量。 相似文献
2.
岩溶洼地土壤微生物指标对不同土地利用方式的响应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为探索岩溶洼地典型农业土地利用方式对土壤微生物性质的影响,对比分析研究四种不同农业土地利用方式下表层土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量碳氮比、土壤基础呼吸、代谢熵、微生物熵等土壤微生物指标。结果显示,不同利用方式下土壤微生物指标差异显著(P<0.05),土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮变化趋势一致,且与其余四个土壤微生物指标与微生物碳(氮)变化趋势不同,结合土壤的物理化学性质分析发现,土壤微生物碳氮比、土壤微生物代谢熵和微生物熵比其它土壤微生物指标对土地利用方式的响应更加敏感,因此,利用土壤微生物代谢熵、微生物熵衡量土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响比微生物量碳氮等土壤微生物指标更可靠。 相似文献
3.
粤北铅锌矿区土壤生态系统微生物特征及其重金属含量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
粤北大宝山金属矿产资源的开发给生态环境带来了严重危害。对该铅锌矿区土壤的微生物特征进行研究。结果表明:五节芒植物中的元素含量表现为Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd,Zn与土壤元素的相关性最为显著,其次为Pb。与对照土壤相比,矿区土壤的微生物基础呼吸作用增强,但微生物生物量却显著降低,微生物生理生态参数Cmic/Corg、qCO2值明显升高。随着矿区土壤的重金属含量增加,矿区(1#、2#)土壤的生化作用强度明显下降,生化作用表现为与土壤重金属含量呈显著负相关。与非矿区(6#)土壤相比,其中土壤氨化作用、硝化作用、固N作用和纤维素分解作用强度分别下降43.19%～70.01%,70.71%～92.02%,58.54%～87.76%和55.00%～79.60%。生化作用表现为与土壤中重金属含量呈显著负相关。土壤微生物活性下降是矿区土壤生态系统遭受破坏的重要标志之一,也是矿区土壤微生物生态演变的重要因素之一。土壤微生物活性降低削弱了矿区土壤中C、N营养元素的循环速率和能量流动。 相似文献
4.
土壤微生物对土壤重金属污染反应敏感,是探讨矿区土壤重金属污染生态效应的有效指标之一。通过野外调查与采样和室内分析,研究了藏中矿区重金属污染对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、脱氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性、微生物生物量C（MBC）、N（MBN）和P（MBP）、土壤基础呼吸、代谢商（qCO2）及可矿化N的影响。研究表明,矿区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd全量和有效含量均高于对照土壤;随着矿区土壤重金属含量增加,土壤酶活性、微生物量C、N和P、可矿化N均逐渐降低,土壤基础呼吸和qCO2则逐渐升高;土壤重金属与土壤蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、脱氢酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、MBC、MBN、土壤基础呼吸、qCO2及可矿化N具有显著的线性相关;脱氢酶活性对土壤重金属污染最为敏感,表明脱氢酶活性可作为藏中矿区土壤环境质量变化的有效指标。 相似文献
5.
重金属Cu的土壤微生物毒性研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Cu进入土壤后的早期阶段 ,低浓度对土壤微生物生物量有刺激作用 ,而高浓度则起抑制作用 ;表现在微生物呼吸强度升高 ,微生物生理生态参数代谢商 qCO2 增大 ,微生物生物量碳与有机碳的比值 (Cmic/Corg)降低 ;但土壤对Cu高强的结合容量导致该效应随时间而变得不显著 ;Biolog数据表明 ,在Cu的胁迫下 ,不仅微生物的群落结构有所改变 ,而且对碳源的优先利用种类发生了转移 ,碳源消耗量增加 ,消耗速度变快 ,同时这样的损伤效应具有长期性。 相似文献
6.
长期重金属胁迫下的土壤微生物特征: 沈阳张士污灌区的案例研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Soil samples were collected from Zhangshi Wastewater Irrigation Area in the suburb of Shenyang City, China, an area with a 30-year irrigation history with heavy metal-containing wastewater. The chemical properties and microbial characteristics of the soils were examined to evaluate the present situation of heavy metal pollution and to assess the soil microbial characteristics under long-term heavy metal stress. In light of the National Environmental Quality Standards of China, the soil in the test area was heavily polluted by Cd and to a lesser degree by Zn and Cu, even though wastewater irrigation ceased in 1993. Soil metabolic quotient （qCO2） had a significant positive correlation, while soil microbial quotient （qM） had a negative correlation with content of soil heavy metals. Soil microbial biomass carbon （MBC） had significantly negative correlation with Cd, but soil substrate~induced respiration （SIR）, dehydrogenase activity （DHA）, cellulase activity, and culturable microbial populations had no persistent correlations with soil heavy metal content. Soil nutrients, except for phosphorous, showed positive effects on soil microbial characteristics, which to a certain degree obscured the adverse effects of soil heavy metals. Soil Cd contributed more to the soil microbial characteristics, but qM and qCO2 were more sensitive and showed persistent responses to heavy metals stress. It could be concluded that qM and qCO2 can be used as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in soils. 相似文献
7.
生物炭与沸石混施对不同污染土壤镉形态转化的影响 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
采用室内培养模拟了低(1.0 mg/kg)、高(10 mg/kg)镉污染的土壤,通过向镉污染土壤中添加0.4%,2%,10%的1∶1的生物炭和沸石的混合物,探究了生物炭及沸石混施对不同程度镉污染土壤的pH和镉形态变化的影响。结果表明:2种不同程度镉污染土壤的pH均较CK有所提高,且随钝化剂用量的增加而增大。随着培养时间的延长,低污染土壤pH呈现降低趋势,而高污染土壤pH先升高后降低最后趋于稳定。培养后期,低污染和高污染土壤在混合物添加量分别为2%和10%时有效态镉降低比例最大,降低比例分别为56.78%和27.33%。各处理土壤随生物炭和沸石混合物添加量的增加交换态镉降低比例逐渐增大,培养后期,低污染土壤的交换态镉较CK分别降低8.35%,13.81%,20.65%,高污染土壤的交换态镉较CK分别降低10.02%,22.34%,33.01%。各处理的钝化剂能够明显的降低交换态镉的含量,增加碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态镉的含量,低污染土壤的有机结合态明显高于高污染土壤。由此可见,生物炭与沸石混施能够降低土壤重金属的生物有效性,为农田土壤修复奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
8.
淹水还原条件下红壤中葡萄糖及腐殖酸对铁锰形态的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过设置不同的葡萄糖/腐殖酸配比模拟还原性土壤体系,考察长期(约74 d)淹水培养过程中铁锰元素在土壤溶液/矿物相中的分布形态演变。结果表明:在淹水培养初期,葡萄糖的添加可以促进铁锰离子的还原溶出,同时土壤中可交换态和酸可提取态铁、以及可交换态锰的含量也会随之增加;而腐殖酸的添加则会促进土壤中可氧化态铁/锰含量的升高。随着培养时间的增加,铁锰离子浓度及各个土壤提取形态的铁锰含量大多呈现降低趋势,铁锰元素逐渐转化成提取性更低的矿物形态。因此,淹水环境中铁锰还原溶出-分布形态演变受到土壤中有机物质种类和含量的显著影响,呈现出不同的金属移动性和生物有效性。 相似文献
9.
原位化学钝化技术是修复重金属污染土壤的重要途径之一,通过施入一些钝化剂以降低土壤中重金属有效态含量,从而减少其迁移及对植物的毒害。选取羟基磷灰石（HA）、磷矿粉（PRX和PRH）、沸石、赤泥、新鲜植物残体、玉米秸秆粉末以及相应的处理共21种钝化剂,在同一培养条件和添加浓度下,比较其对人工Cd污染土壤中可交换态Cd含量的影响,并分析了其在不同培养时间对钝化效果的时间效应,试验的结果对于筛选Cd污染土壤钝化剂有着重要的意义。结果表明,纳米化赤泥、羟基磷灰石和纳米化酸洗赤泥可显著降低土壤中可交换态Cd含量,钝化比例高达35%-55%;赤泥、酸洗赤泥、沸石达15%-25%;富含巯基植物蒜苗、油菜、大葱植物残体也可达20%-25%。磷矿粉、大葱粉末、玉米秸秆和巯基化玉米秸秆的钝化效果相对较差;HA、铵型沸石、纳米赤泥、酸洗纳米赤泥、干油菜粉末、酸洗赤泥对可交换态Cd的钝化效果的时间效应不明显;赤泥、大葱残体、特别是玉米秸秆和巯基玉米秸秆随时间增长钝化效果增加显著,在8周和16周时段钝化效果较好。 相似文献
10.
In-Situ Immobilization of Cadmium and Lead by Different Amendments in Two Contaminated Soils 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Different soil amendments, including 1% zeolite, 1% bentonite,5% Penghu soil (PHS), 5% Penghu soil + 1% manganese oxide (PHS + MO), 1% MO, and 1.5% silicate slag (SS), were used to immobilize Cd and Pb in two contaminated soils evaluated by single and sequential extractions and by uptake of Chinese cabbage (Brassica Chinensis L.). Results indicated that the PHS and MO significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the 0.1 M HCl extractable Cd and Pb in the two contaminated soils. Allamendment treatments did not change the organic and residual amounts of Cd and Pb in soils A and B, but the PHS andPHS + MOtreatments significantly reduced the exchangeable amounts of Cdand Pb in the two soils as measured by sequential extraction. Thecombination of PHS and MO amendments was associated with ahigh pH value and negative soil surface charge showed the best immobilizing efficiency of Cd and Pb in this study. All soil amendments investigated did not increase the dry matter weight of the plant, and most of them decreased the uptake of Cd and Pb, especially for the PHS and MO. The PHS and MO treatments reduced the extractability of Cd and Pb in two soils and theiruptake by the plant, but only the Pb content in Chinese cabbagefrom the amended soils was less than the background levels of heavy metals in leaf vegetables of Taiwan. 相似文献
11.
《Geoderma》2007,137(3-4):388-393
In recent years, natural substances such as zeolite have been used to absorb heavy metals in soil in an attempt to decrease their availability to plants. Compared to other techniques, the use of zeolite is fast, clean, and inexpensive. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of an Iranian natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on stabilizing Cd-contaminated soil treated with 0.01 M CaCl2 leaching solution. Zeolite from Firoozkouh (Tehran Province) was added to four soils from Gilan province, northern Iran. The stabilization of Cd in soils mixed with zeolite was measured in both column and batch experiments. The results from the batch experiment showed that application of zeolite to soil reduced Cd leaching in all the contaminated soils. When more zeolite was added to soil, lower Cd concentrations were detected in the leaching solution. When 15% zeolite was applied, Cd concentration in the leachate decreased to below 0.1 mg l− 1. Cadmium depth analysis showed little migration of Cd in sand and clay textures with no zeolite addition and after adding 15 and 75 pore volumes of leaching solution, the remaining Cd levels were 12% and 35% of the original Cd concentration, respectively. However, these values for 9% zeolite treatments were 97% and 99%, respectively. The higher cation exchange capacity of the zeolite/soil mixture and the higher pH levels were responsible for stabilizing Cd in these soils. The effect of preventing heavy metals from leaching was found to be more pronounced when zeolite was applied to clay soils. 相似文献
12.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(10):1167-1176
A sample set from a field experiment conducted at two sites, a commercial organic potato farm and a conventionally managed experiment station farm, was used to compare the extractability of nutrients in field-moist and air-dried soils. Standard soil characterization methods of the Maine Soil Testing Service were used to determine soil pH and extractable nutrient content. The data were analyzed with Systat using paired t-tests. Air drying decreased soil pH and increased extractability of calcium, micronutrients, and metals. Many of the observed changes were probably a result of increasing surface acidity with drying. Drying increased the extractability of inorganic phosphorus, probably because of disruption of aluminophosphate complexes, particularly in conventionally managed soils, which had received high amounts of inorganic phosphorus fertilizer. Drying also increased the extractability of complexed phosphorus, probably both organically and inorganically complexed phosphorus, and decreased the extractability of potassium, probably by enhancing potassium fixation in clay interlayers. 相似文献
13.
Mobility, extractability, and disappearance of the herbicides diuron, terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and pendimethalin were examined in incubation experiments with two topsoil samples of different natural microbial activity and after sterilization. Soil moisture was held constant at 10, 40, and 60 % WHC. In other variants, the soil water content was changed during the incubation. The four herbicides reveal a fairly different extent of microbial and chemical degradation and immobilization. The herbicide mobility – expressed by coefficients of partition between adsorbed and dissolved herbicide amounts – decreases at a lower rate and extent, when the microbial activity is low or the soil is sterile. With increasing initial soil moisture, also herbicide mobility and extractability increase; but in the course of time, abiotic immobilization occurs to a higher extent. When soil moisture changes during the incubation, formerly non‐extractable herbicide fractions (up to 40 % of the applied amounts) become extractable. Kinetics of herbicide immobilization follow an empirical sigmoidal function, which describes three periods of immobilization. The three‐period shape of the curve and its possible reasons are discussed for the data of the incubation experiments as well as for the results of a long‐term field trial with diuron. 相似文献
14.
15.
Dynamics of Organic C Mineralization and the Mobile Fraction of Heavy Metals in a Calcareous Soil Incubated with Organic Wastes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Organic wastes such as sewage sludge and compost increase the input of carbon and nutrients to the soil. However, sewage sludge-applied heavy metals, and organic pollutants adversely affect soil biochemical properties. Therefore, an incubation experiment lasting 90 days was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of two sources of organic C: sewage sludge or composted turf and plant residues to a calcareous soil at three rates (15, 45, and 90 t of dry matter ha–1) on pH, EC, dissolved organic C, humic substances C, organic matter mineralization, microbial biomass C, and metabolic quotient. The mobile fraction of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb) extracted by NH4NO3 was also investigated.The addition of sewage sludge decreased soil pH and increased soil salinity to a greater extent than the addition of compost. Both sewage sludge and compost increased significantly the values of the cumulative C mineralized, dissolved organic C, humic and fulvic acid C, microbial biomass C, and metabolic quotient (qCO2), especially with increasing application rate. Compared to compost, the addition of sewage sludge caused higher increases in the values of these parameters. The values of dissolved organic C, fulvic acid C, microbial biomass C, metabolic quotient, and C/N ratio tended to decrease with time. The soil treated with sewage sludge showed a significant increase in the mobile fractions of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni and a significant decrease in the mobile fraction of Pb compared to control. The high application rate of compost resulted in the lowest mobility of Cu, Ni, and Pb. The results suggest that biochemical properties of calcareous soil can be enhanced by both organic wastes. But, the high salinity and extractability of heavy metals, due to the addition of sewage sludge, may limit the application of sewage sludge. 相似文献
16.
A laboratory soil incubation and a pot experiment with ryegrass were carried out in order to examine the extractability of microbial biomass N by using either 10-mM CaCl2 extraction or the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method. The aim of the experiment was to test the hypothesis whether the organic N (Norg) extracted by EUF or CaCl2 from dried soil samples represents a part of the microbial biomass. For the laboratory incubation a 15N-labelled Escherichia coli suspension was mixed with the soil. For the pot experiment a suspension of 15N-labelled bacteria was applied which had previously been isolated from the soil used. Soil samples of both treatments, with and without applied bacterial suspension, were extracted by EUF and CaCl2. The extractability of applied microbial biomass was estimated from the difference in extractable Norg between the two treatments. In addition, the N isotopic composition in the upper plant matter, in the soil, and in organic and inorganic N fractions of EUF and CaCl2 extracts was analysed. Both experiments showed that the applied microbial biomass was highly accessible to mineralization and thus represented potentially mineralizable N. However, this mineralizable N was not extractable by CaCl2 or by the EUF method. It was, therefore, concluded that the organic N released on soil drying and which was thus extractable was derived from the non-biomass soil organic matter. The result suggests that both extraction methods may provide a suitable index for mineralizable N only in cases where the decomposable organic substrates are derived mainly from sources other than the living soil biota.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
17.
不同钝化剂对Cu、Cr和Ni复合污染土壤的修复研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
利用盆栽试验研究了不同钝化剂(沸石、牡蛎壳、鸡蛋壳、硅藻土和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM))对生长在重金属污染土壤上的青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生物量、重金属吸收以及超氧化物歧化酶的活性(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,同时,通过对土壤p H和土壤重金属提取态的分析,探讨了钝化剂影响青菜生物量和重金属吸收的可能原因。结果表明:钝化剂加入可显著降低青菜地上部分Cu、Zn、Ni和Cd的含量及其氧化性损伤和脂膜损伤(SOD和MDA指标显著降低)。施入钝化剂后,土壤p H显著提高,重金属提取态Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd普遍降低(硅藻土处理除外)。相关性分析表明,土壤p H与提取态重金属Pb、Zn、Ni和Cd呈显著的负相关,而青菜中的重金属Zn、Ni和Cd的含量与土壤提取态含量呈显著正相关。综合考虑,单一钝化剂牡蛎壳和沸石+牡蛎壳+鸡蛋壳(FMJ)组合对降低青菜重金属吸收的效果尤为显著,可推荐作为重金属复合污染土壤的改良剂。本研究为重金属中轻度污染菜地的土壤修复提供了一种新方法。 相似文献
18.
Heavy metals are present as various chemical species in soil environments. Chemical species of heavy metals determinate their behavior in soil, so they must be more important concern than total contents in treating problems about heavy metal polluted soil. Microbial activity is thought to be one of the factors that affect chemical speciation of heavy metals. Although some possible microbial mechanisms have been suggested, their effects on heavy metals have not previously been thoroughly studied. In this study, we investigated whether microorganisms contribute to the fractionation of Cu in a forest soil. Copper-enriched, sterilized forest soil samples were buried at their places of origin, and subsamples were collected for analysis 3, 10, 17, 30, 60, and 90 days after burial. Tessier’s sequential extraction was employed to analyse Cu fractionation. Until two months after burial, the added Cu remained nearly unchanged. But a dramatic change was found in soil subsamples after three months. In both the A and B horizons, the carbonate fraction of Cu increased and the residual fraction decreased. We also found that clay minerals and persistent organic matter are important binding substances of Cu in the residual fraction. The change from residual to carbonate fraction could be caused by microbial activity. 相似文献
19.
长三角和珠三角农业土壤中铅、铜、镉的化学形态与转化 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
研究了重金属Pb、Cu、Cd在长江三角洲和珠江三角洲土壤中的转化及不同Pb、Cu、Cd负荷水平对土壤重金属形态的影响。结果表明:未明显污染土壤中重金属主要以残余态为主,可提取态组分的比例Cd>Cu>Pb,但不同土壤之间有较大变化;随着土壤重金属负荷的提高,土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大,残余态比例下降,有效性提高,对环境威胁增大;当重金属加入量较低时,重金属优先向氧化物结合态、有机质结合态转化,而当加入量较高时,向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例明显增加;pH和土壤组分对重金属在土壤中的转化有显著影响,土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd、Cu、Pb的比例递增。 相似文献
20.
Effective remediation and sanitation technologies for soils contaminated with heavy metals are limited. We investigated the feasibility of a counter-current metal extraction procedure for the removal of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ph, and Zn) from two contaminated soils. The process involved a decarbonation (removal of carbonates), acid solubilisation, washing, and liming step. Results from batch equilibration experiments simulating the counter-current process showed more than 85% of the Cd present to be removed. Removal efficiencies for Cu and Pb were limited to approximately 15%, this mainly due to resorption of these elements during the decarbonation step. As most Zn was found to be present in a more difficult acid-extractable solid phase, its extractability accounted for only 25%. While reaction (pH) conditions of both decarbonation and solubilisation determined removal efficiencies, washing the extracted soil with deionized water only slightly increased the amount of metals removed. Metal distribution among solid phases — exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, organically bound, and residual — was affected by the different treatments. The amount of metals contained in the exchangeable and residual fractions determined their extractability. Except for Cu, the reducible and organically bound fractions were less important. After solubilisation 13 to 70% of the metals were present in an exchangeable solid phase. This implicates that washing the solubilized soil with a salt may increase the extractability of metals, especially for Zn and Pb. Based on our results the process is critically evaluated and possibilities for optimization formulated. 相似文献