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1.
人工接种对新月弯孢菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了人工接种不同接种时期和方法对新月弯孢菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响,结果表明:玉米弯孢叶斑病菌可以侵染玉米果穗籽粒,使玉米籽粒产生褐色病斑。伤口接种法能使玉米果穗100%发病;花丝通道接种也可导致果穗发病,但其发病频率很低;而花丝喷雾接种和苞叶喷雾接种病菌不能成功侵染玉米果穗籽粒;吐丝后10 d和乳熟期接种只能引起接种点籽粒发病,病菌扩展不好;但籽粒形成期接种的玉米果穗籽粒不仅接种点发病,而且其周围的籽粒也感染了病菌,病菌扩展情况较好。试验明确,玉米籽粒形成期采用伤口接种是使玉米籽粒发生弯孢叶斑病的一种较为理想的人工接种方法。 相似文献
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玉米圆斑病防治研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
目前吉林省推广的玉米骨干自交系吉63果穗上发生的穗腐症状是由Hel-minthosporium carbonum Ullstrup侵染引起的圆斑病。从病斑形态和培养性状与小斑病菌迥然不同。经温室苗期和田间成株期人工接种证明,圆斑病菌除为害吉63和少数自交系外,不侵染T型、M型等不育系及多数正常系玉米的果穗。从果穗抽出到灌浆期是圆斑病菌侵染发病的关键时期。病菌主要在病株残体里以菌丝体越冬,已腐烂的病组织则丧失生活力。六年共鉴定655份自交系、品种及杂交种,有184份材料的果穗感病,以吉63及其选系后代发病最重。经测定吉63感染圆斑病是由隐性感病基因所控制。 相似文献
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桃蛀螟为害夏玉米果穗对产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为明确桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis(Guenée)为害夏玉米果穗对产量的影响,于2012—2013年通过人工接种法将桃蛀螟初孵幼虫接到吐丝期玉米果穗上调查果穗被害程度,分析接虫密度对产量构成因素、穗腐病发生及产量损失的影响。结果表明,桃蛀螟主要通过降低百粒重、缩短果穗长度和减少行粒数等影响产量;当接虫密度每穗为1、3、5和10头时,不同处理的百粒重均比对照显著降低0.65、1.03、1.07和1.60 g;当接虫密度为每穗5和10头时,果穗长度比对照分别显著缩短9.66 mm和13.17 mm,行粒数减少5.15和5.45粒;桃蛀螟为害可诱发穗腐病的发生,主要病原菌为轮枝镰孢菌、青霉菌和禾谷镰孢菌,引起穗腐病的发生率分别为84.91%、54.45%和40.97%;接虫密度为每穗1、3、5和10头时,平均单穗产量损失率分别为0.73%、4.19%、11.65%和17.71%。研究表明,桃蛀螟为害不仅直接造成产量损失,还可加重穗腐病发生,影响玉米的质量。 相似文献
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在巴拿马进口香蕉上分离获得的尖孢镰刀菌,编号为 NP1800,哈尔滨医科大学和中国科学院微生物所合作进行“串珠镰刀菌和尖孢镰刀菌对玉米苗期侵染的接种试验”,用该菌作试验菌种,在他们试验的9种尖孢镰刀菌中,NP1800是对玉米幼苗致病性最强的菌株。尖孢镰刀菌是广寄主专化型的。我们认为该菌除为害香蕉之外,还有可能为害其他农作物。因此我们进行了尖孢镰刀菌对玉米苗期的侵染试验。获得了以下4方面的数据:(1)不同玉米品种注射接种的发病情况(2)尖孢镰刀菌对不同玉米品种发病回收统计(3)注射接 相似文献
7.
杨树水泡型溃疡病菌的致病性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从杨树病斑上分离所得的水泡型溃疡病病原菌(Dothiorella gregaria Sacc.),经室内外的人工接种试验,均能诱致发病,产生与自然罹病相同的典型症状。室内人工接种保湿时间以10~14天较为适宜,接种最适温度为24℃~28℃,温度低于13℃不发病。该菌对阔叶树中的柳树、刺槐、核桃均有致病性。不同杨树种及品种对该菌的抗病性测定结果,白杨派的种及品种较抗病,其中尤以新疆杨最抗病;青杨派、黑杨派×青杨派、青杨派×黑杨派的派间杂种最易感病,其中尤以青杨、小青杨、北京杨感病最重;黑杨派的品种为中等感病。 相似文献
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鞘腐病发生程度与玉米倒伏及产量损失间的相关性分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
为深入探讨鞘腐病的发生对玉米倒伏及产量的影响,通过温室接种法测定了玉米不同发育阶段鞘腐病的发病程度及相关防御酶活性,以确定玉米鞘腐病的易感时期;并通过田间接种不同浓度的层出镰孢菌获得不同发病级别的玉米鞘腐病病株,于乳熟期调查病害发生程度,利用YYD-1B数显植物茎秆强度检测仪测定每株玉米茎秆的抗倒伏能力,收获后测定其产量。结果显示,玉米鞘腐病的易感时期为开花期,郑单958和浚单20在此时期鞘腐病的发病率分别为64.36%和40.22%;病情指数分别达42.73和19.58,均高于其它时期;玉米自交系OH43Ht1、郑58和杂交品种郑单958的茎秆抗倒伏能力均随着玉米鞘腐病发病级别的升高而降低;郑58和郑单958的产量随玉米鞘腐病发病级别的升高而降低,每公顷产量损失郑58从13.84%增加到29.53%、郑单958从3.99%增加到16.72%。表明玉米鞘腐病严重发生时能够降低玉米的抗倒伏能力和产量,且对自交系的影响大于杂交品种,生产中应引起高度重视。 相似文献
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平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)和弯孢属(Curvularia)真菌可引起多种玉米叶斑病。为了解当前玉米生产上此类病害的发生情况,2014年8-9月对我国玉米主产区北京、河北、河南、黑龙江和吉林5省市玉米上疑似由该两属真菌引起的叶部病斑样品进行了采集,随后进行了真菌的分离和鉴定。共采集样品42份,根据其形状特点归为4类:长条形、椭圆形、小点状和梭形病斑。经组织分离获得平脐蠕孢属和弯孢属真菌28株,基于形态学和rDNA-ITS序列的系统发育分析共鉴定出5个种:玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢(B.maydis)、玉米平脐蠕孢(B.zeae)、玉米生平脐蠕孢(B.zeicola)、新月弯孢(C.lunata)和穂状弯孢(C.spicifera)。从长条形病斑和椭圆形病斑上分离到的主要是B.maydis和B.zeicola,从小点状病斑分离到的主要是C.lunata,其次是B.zeae。分离出C.lunata的样品病斑较为稀疏、颜色略浅、呈苍白色,分离出B.zeae的样品病斑更为密集、颜色较深。从梭型病斑分离到的是C.spicifera。有少数样品可分离到上述两种菌。采用孢子悬浮液喷雾法对温室玉米苗接种,上述5种真菌均可致病。以接种B.maydis发病最快,发病最重;接种B.zeicola、C.lunata或C.spicifera发病较慢,症状明显;接种B.zeae发病最慢,仅引起小点状病斑。研究结果可为玉米叶斑病的正确诊断提供资料和依据。 相似文献
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一种新的棉花黄萎病快速接种技术及其在病原菌致病力和寄主抗病性鉴定上的应用 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
棉花品种抗黄萎病鉴定一般在田间病圃中进行,其结果受病圃中病原菌分布均匀程度、气象等因素影响极大,往往导致鉴定结果不准确。为了使鉴定方法简单、科学、可靠,我们在温室条件下比较了3种苗期接种棉花黄萎病的方法,即切根蘸孢子法(接种浓度为106分生孢子/mL);菌培养物土壤接种法(0.5%、1%、2%,w/w);微菌核土壤接种法(103个微菌核/g土)。结果表明,切根蘸孢子法导致棉苗发病均匀、严重、迅速,播种35~45 d后即可得到均匀一致的发病结果。而其它2种接种方法在播种75 d后才得到相对稳定的发病结果。同时,研究还表明接种浓度为104分生孢子/mL所导致的黄萎病显著比105或106的轻。利用切根蘸孢子法在室内鉴定12个棉花品种或品系的抗黄萎病能力,证明该方法是抗黄萎病快速鉴定的有效方法。此外,该鉴定方法还可快速鉴定黄萎病菌不同菌株的致病性,并可应用于作物对其它土传病害的抗病性鉴定上。 相似文献
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玉米灰斑病发生流行规律及品种抗病性 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
玉米灰斑病近年来发生严重,对玉米生产造成很大危害。玉米灰斑病病原菌主要在病残体上越冬,病残体上的分生孢子在7月中下旬有较高的萌发率。玉米灰斑病于7月上旬开始发病,在8月中下旬至9月上旬为发病盛期。田间温度、相对湿度和7月份降雨量都影响病害的发生和发展。降雨量大、相对湿度高、气温较低的环境条件有利于病害的发生和流行。玉米杂交品种和自交系对玉米灰斑病表现的抗性差异较大,感病的杂交品种有掖单13、丹605和丹2181,抗病杂交品种有丹中试61、辽9505、沈9728、辽306、丹3079、丹3034;抗病的自交系有9046、冲72、J599-2、齐319、丹黄25、79532、598,凡具有热带血缘的自交系都是抗病的。 相似文献
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The epidemiology of northern leaf blight of corn, caused byExserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs, is reviewed. The minimal dew period required for infection is temperature-dependent. At 25°C,
1 h of dew is sufficient to cause infection and at this temperature the minimal dew period for sporulation is 14 h. Under
natural conditions when one dew night is not long enough for conidia to develop, the dew period on the following night enables
the completion of conidial formation. The amount of conidia formed is dependent on temperature, light, plant age, leaf position
and plant susceptibility. Both qualitative and quantitative types of resistance were identified in several hybrids. Subsequently,
there developed additional biotypes ofE. turcicum which are aggressive to plants containing qualitative monogenic resistance. Within the same physiological race, a significant
variation in aggressiveness between isolates from various locations is observed.
The pathogen overwinters as mycelia and conidia in infected leaves, husks and other plant parts, or onSorghum halepense L. Reduction in yield due to northern leaf blight is associated with the level of resistance of the host plant, with disease
severity, plant age during infection, and position of infected leaves. 相似文献
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Covered kernel smut caused by Sporisorium sorghi is a serious problem in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)-growing areas in the world, particularly where seed dressings are unavailable or too expensive. In a screening protocol designed to eliminate the possibility of escapes, seed subjected to a teliospore suspension coupled with a partial vacuum, and seeds directly infested with dried teliospores, were equal in development of smutted sorghum panicles. Inoculation with sporidia from teliospores was ineffective when plants were inoculated at the boot stage of growth and was minimally effective when plants were inoculated at the 10-12 leaf stage of growth. Environmental conditions were more conducive to disease incidence when sorghum was grown under greenhouse conditions or planted late in the field. Sorghum planted in warm (>20C) soil had the greatest incidence of covered kernel smutted panicles. 相似文献
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亚洲玉米螟为害对玉米镰孢穗腐病发生程度的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了明确亚洲玉米螟[Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)]在玉米雌穗不同发育期为害对玉米镰孢穗腐病发生程度的影响,分别在春播和夏播玉米吐丝、灌浆和乳熟期,以亚洲玉米螟为试虫,以轮枝镰孢菌为供试菌,单独或复合接种侵染。结果表明,无论春播还是夏播玉米,镰孢穗腐病病情指数均以复合处理最高,为31.57～88.80,单独接虫处理为16.27～55.00,单独接菌处理为19.02～59.47;玉米镰孢穗腐病的发生程度受玉米雌穗发育期和亚洲玉米螟为害程度的影响,其玉米螟为害级别为吐丝期>灌浆期>乳熟期;受螟害的介导作用,春播玉米雌穗被害率、螟害级别和镰孢穗腐病的发病率均显著重于夏播玉米,但夏播玉米镰孢穗腐病的病情指数高于春播玉米。螟害的介入明显加重了玉米镰孢穗腐病的发生,严重程度与雌穗发育时期密切相关。 相似文献
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Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. to reduce sunflower head rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was evaluated in the field. A mixture of six isolates, including Trichoderma koningii , T. aureoviride and T. longibrachiatum , was tested in five field trials at Balcarce, Argentina. Trichoderma formulation (TF) included Trichoderma conidia and viable hyphal fragments, industrial talc and milled corn kernels. Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) were used to disperse TF for six weeks from the onset of flowering. Two days after the first TF delivery, sunflower heads were inoculated with S. sclerotiorum ascospores. When 100 g TF was taken by honeybees in a 10-h per day period, head rot incidence was significantly reduced. This approach was successful in reducing disease incidence until physiological maturity of the crop, in environments highly conducive to head-rot development. 相似文献
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辣椒褐斑病菌分生孢子产生条件初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The sporulation conditions of Cercospora capsici were tested with physical and chemical methods. Conventional and particular media, ultraviolet radiation and different treatments on mycelia suspension were applied and studied. It was found that C. capsici could produce conidia in the media of corn leaf powder agar and pepper leaf powder agar. The numbers of conidia produced in the two kinds of botanical media were 24 000 and 35 000 spores/mL, respectively. Compared with those isolated from the leaves, the conidia produced in the botanical media were more slender and pointed in morphology. 相似文献
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The relative importance of conidia and ascospores as primary inoculum of Venturia inaequalis in a southeast England orchard 
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下载免费PDF全文 Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, can lead to large losses of marketable fruit if left uncontrolled. The disease appears in orchards during spring as lesions on leaves. These primary lesions are caused by spores released at bud burst from overwintering sources; these spores can be sexually produced ascospores from the leaf litter or asexual conidia from mycelium in wood scab or within buds. The relative importance of conidia and ascospores as primary inoculum were investigated in an orchard in southeast England, UK. Potted trees not previously exposed to apple scab were placed next to (c. 1 m) orchard trees to trap air‐dispersed ascospores. Number and position of scab lesions were assessed on the leaves of shoots from both the potted trees (infection by airborne ascospores) and neighbouring orchard trees (infection by both ascospores and splash‐dispersed, overwintered conidia). The distribution and population similarity of scab lesions were compared in the two tree types by molecular analysis and through modelling of scab incidence and count data. Molecular analysis was inconclusive. Statistical modelling of results suggested that conidia may have contributed approximately 20–50% of the primary inoculum in early spring within this orchard: incidence was estimated to be reduced by 20% on potted trees, and lesion number by 50%. These results indicate that, although conidia are still a minority contributor to primary inoculum, their contribution in this orchard is sufficient to require current management to be reviewed. This might also be true of other orchards with a similar climate. 相似文献