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1.
An eight-year-old bull mastiff dog underwent a craniotomy for surgical excision of an olfactory lobe meningioma. Rapidly progressive neurological deficits with cervical pain developed within the early postoperative period. Intraventricular and cervical subarachnoid space air accumulation (pneumorrhachis) was identified through magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Repair of a dural defect using synthetic dura substitute resulted in gradual resolution of neurological signs attributable to the tension pneumocephalus and subarachnoid space pneumorrhachis. Regrowth of the meningioma was not observed. Postoperative intraventricular tension pneumocephalus and air accumulation within subarachnoid space are uncommon but life-threatening complications of intracranial surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment can result in a satisfactory outcome.  相似文献   

2.
SUMMARY: Case records of 450 horses with signs of neurological disease are reviewed. One hundred and nineteen horses with neurological disease due to trauma were examined, of which 60 were due to spinal cord trauma, 47 to brain or cranial nerve trauma and 12 to peripheral nerve trauma. Cervical vertebral fractures/trauma were the most common injury. Basisphenold/basloccipital bone fractures were the most common form of cranial trauma and facial nerve paralysis the most common cranial nerve injury. Eighty-nine horses with neurological disease due to malformation were examined. Cervical vertebral malformation occurred in 83 horses and congenital defects in 6 foals. Neurological disease due to inflammation or infection occurred in 30 horses. The most common disease of this type was meningitis, which occurred in 11 horses and foals. Neoplasms in the CNS caused neurological disease in 8 horses. The final category was miscellaneous neurological disease, which was diagnosed in 204 horses. Diseases in this category included neonatal (28 cases), toxic/metabolic (27 cases), idiopathic (133 cases), degenerative (3 cases) and other neurological diseases (13 cases). The most common condition was idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (116 cases).
Where possible, diagnosis relied on a thorough neurological examination with use of ancillary tests in selected cases including rhinolaryngoscopy, radiography, myelography, ophthalmoscopy and cerebrospinal fluid analysis when indicated. In many cases necropsy and histopathological confirmation or diagnosis was necessary.  相似文献   

3.
Primary fungal sinusitis was identified in 5 horses displaying signs of headshaking. All 5 horses had fungal plaques adhered to the infraorbital canal (IOC). Headshaking signs were exhibited by 3 horses prior to treatment and 2 horses after treatment. Standing computed tomography (CT) identified erosion of the IOC in the 2 cases in which it was performed. Fungal culture and PCR identified 3 species of fungi, Rhizomucor pusillus, Scedosporium apiospermum and Aspergillus nidulans which have not previously been described as a cause of sinusitis in horses. Surgical debridement followed by topical antifungal therapy was used in all 5 horses. Recurrence of the fungal plaques in 4 horses necessitated further treatment. The headshaking signs and nasal discharge resolved in 3 horses allowing a return to their previous use. Two horses developed persistent headshaking signs despite multiple treatments. Primary fungal sinusitis should be considered as a cause of headshaking signs in horses, due to a suspected trigeminal neuropathy. Computed tomography is valuable in identifying erosion of the IOC which is not identified with conventional radiography. Three out of the 5 cases were treated successfully but permanent resolution of the fungal infection is difficult to achieve once the bone overlying the infraorbital nerve has been eroded.  相似文献   

4.
Three horses that were presented for computed tomography (CT) examination of the head and cranial cervical spine in which marked mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament of the dens was identified on CT examination are described. There are currently no reports of mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament in horses in the literature. Although the significance of this finding to the presenting clinical problems in the cases described remains speculative, an association between mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament and compatible clinical signs merits further investigation. The purpose of this case report is to describe three cases with mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament as identified on CT examination.  相似文献   

5.
For accurate interpretation of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the equine brain, knowledge of the normal cross‐sectional anatomy of the brain and associated structures (such as the cranial nerves) is essential. The purpose of this prospective cadaver study was to describe and compare MRI and computed tomography (CT) anatomy of cranial nerves' origins and associated skull foramina in a sample of five horses. All horses were presented for euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the head. Heads were collected posteuthanasia and T2‐weighted MR images were obtained in the transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Thin‐slice MR sequences were also acquired using transverse 3D‐CISS sequences that allowed mutliplanar reformatting. Transverse thin‐slice CT images were acquired and multiplanar reformatting was used to create comparative images. Magnetic resonance imaging consistently allowed visualization of cranial nerves II, V, VII, VIII, and XII in all horses. The cranial nerves III, IV, and VI were identifiable as a group despite difficulties in identification of individual nerves. The group of cranial nerves IX, X, and XI were identified in 4/5 horses although the region where they exited the skull was identified in all cases. The course of nerves II and V could be followed on several slices and the main divisions of cranial nerve V could be distinguished in all cases. In conclusion, CT allowed clear visualization of the skull foramina and occasionally the nerves themselves, facilitating identification of the nerves for comparison with MRI images.  相似文献   

6.
For the past 2 years computed tomography is used at the Veterinary School, University of Zürich. This new imaging modality enables the detection of abnormalities occurring in small and large animals which were previously not visible with imaging techniques. Subjects of this study were a foal and a small pony, both with suspected head trauma. Routine radiography could not explain any of the neurological deficiencies. In the first case a basilar skull fracture along with a focal brain hemorrhage was detected, in the second case multiple basilar skull fractures were seen. The computed tomographic examination after intravenous injection of an iodine-containing contrast medium also revealed epidural hemorrhage. These two cases demonstrate the diagnostic use of computed tomography as an extremely valuable asset when diagnosing head trauma in horses.  相似文献   

7.
Sinusitis is a common disorder in horses and may result from trauma, dental diseases, or space-occupying lesions. Radiography can only provide a limited amount of information. Computed tomography (CT) has been documented as an alternative imaging method. Eighteen horses (mostly Warmblood) with signs of chronic sinusitis were examined preoperatively with CT to assist in diagnosis of the underlying cause. There was a group of common CT features in horses with dental disease and sinusitis. The first molar was the most frequently affected maxillary cheek tooth. Hypoattenuation of the cementum, destruction of the enamel, and filling of the infundibular cavity with gas were the most frequent CT findings associated with caries. Gas bubbles within the bulging root area or fragmentation of the root in combination with swelling of the adjacent sinus lining were the most important CT features of dental decay. CT findings associated with sinusitis included excessive thickening of the respiratory epithelium in the rostral maxillary sinus; the caudal maxillary sinus was less often involved. The infraorbital canal, the nasomaxillary duct, and the frontomaxillary aperture were usually involved. The maxillary bone, however, especially the facial crest, was involved in nearly every horse, being characterized by endosteal sclerosis, thickening, periosteal reaction, and deformation leading to facial swelling in chronic infections. CT images allowed identification of involvement of individual teeth more clearly to reveal the diseased one for treatment. Three-dimensional imaging allowed improved understanding of the extent and severity of the pathologic change.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To describe a single-portal cranial arthroscopic approach to the stifle joint in horses and to determine the clinical outcome in horses with femorotibial joint disease in which this approach was used. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 23 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed to obtain information on clinical outcome in horses in which the single-portal cranial arthroscopic approach was used. RESULTS: Twenty-nine stifle joints of 23 horses were examined arthroscopically, using the described approach. Subchondral bone cysts were treated in 19 medial femoral condyles of 12 horses. Unilateral cruciate ligament desmitis (4 horses), meniscal tearing (3), or both (2) were identified in 9 horses. Evidence of degenerative joint disease without cystic lesions or soft tissue trauma was found in 2 horses. Information on clinical outcome was obtained for 21 of 23 horses. A successful outcome was obtained in 15 of 21 horses and was defined as return to sound performance at a degree equal to or better than that prior to injury and lameness. Eight of 12 horses treated for medial femoral condylar cysts had a successful outcome. Four show horses treated for cruciate ligament lesions alone successfully returned to showing activity. None of the 3 horses with meniscal tearing were able to perform successfully. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The femorotibial joint was evaluated through a single-portal cranial arthroscopic approach, using the femoropatellar joint as the point of access. This approach was easy to perform, allowed controlled access to the femorotibial joint, avoided accidental damage to articular structures, and required fewer access portals.  相似文献   

9.
The presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and 5 years follow-up of a 12-year-old Arabian-Saddlebred cross gelding with neck pain and stiffness, attributable to a fracture of the third cervical vertebrae (C3), is described. Initial cervical spinal radiographs revealed a concave defect in the ventral aspect of the cranial end plate of C3. However, both this finding and ultrasonographic imaging of the area were inconclusive for a fracture. Nuclear scintigraphy revealed that the lesion was metabolically active, prompting computed tomographic imaging that revealed a fracture of C3. Sequential radiographs documented progressive fusion of C2-C3 and no neurological deficits developed over the 5 years after the injury. Cervical vertebral injuries in horses can lead to various clinical signs including ataxia, weakness, and neck stiffness or pain. Diagnosis with cervical radiographs alone can be challenging and, in some cases as the horse in this report, multiple imaging modalities may be required to establish a definitive diagnosis. Horses without neurological signs may recover successfully with conservative medical management, which was performed in this case.  相似文献   

10.
A yearling Thoroughbred colt was presented for investigation of neck stiffness and episodes of intermittent neck pain without neurological signs. Osteochondrosis (OCD) of the cervical articular process joints (APJs) was diagnosed with the aid of radiography and computed tomography. An articular osteochondral fragment of the left fourth caudal cervical articular process was removed arthroscopically following a cut down approach to the joint capsule of the affected APJ. Surgical removal resulted in resolution of clinical signs at 4 weeks. However, subsequently the horse was markedly ataxic 6 weeks post surgery after being found cast in its stable. Cervical stenotic myelopathy was considered the most likely cause based on clinical and radiographic signs and the horse was subjected to euthanasia due to a poor prognosis for racing. Post‐mortem examination identified atypical cartilage within several cervical APJs with histological changes consistent with OCD. This case report supports OCD of the APJs as a cause of neck pain and confirms the clinical practicality and short‐term effectiveness of arthroscopic fragment removal. Surgical treatment for cervical OCD should be considered in horses without neurological signs, although case selection is important and the underlying pathology remains a risk factor for the development of subsequent neurological signs.  相似文献   

11.
Head trauma is a common injury in young horses. This case report describes a 10‐week‐old Thoroughbred foal with an open wound following trauma to the poll region, showing abnormal head carriage and depression. A computed tomography (CT) study was performed under general anaesthetic (GA). This identified a complete avulsion of the nuchal ligament (NL) and partial avulsions of the left and right semispinalis capitis (SS) tendons. Following diagnosis and conservative treatment the foal made a good recovery and 18 months later the filly had no detectable neurological or physical abnormalities. Computed tomography enabled an accurate and rapid diagnosis of a novel injury.  相似文献   

12.
There has been no analysis of a hopping‐type forelimb lameness syndrome seen in ridden horses. The objectives of this retrospective study were to describe the clinical features of this syndrome, response to diagnostic analgesia and imaging findings and to document post mortem findings. Clinical records from 2002 to 2014 were reviewed and data concerning signalment, history, lame limb(s), lameness characteristics, response to diagnostic analgesia and diagnostic imaging were recorded. There were 46 horses from 4 to 13 years of age, 6 of which had a history of known or suspected trauma immediately before the onset of reduced performance or lameness. Lameness seen when ridden was characterised by an intermittent shortened cranial phase of the step of the lame forelimb at the trot and marked elevation of the head as the affected limb was protracted, with the horse appearing to ‘hop’ (on the contralateral limb) as if trying to break to canter. When lameness was at its worst horses were unwilling to trot. Three horses showed sporadic severe stumbling. Local analgesia of the affected limb did not improve the lameness and in 16 horses lameness deteriorated. Three of 5 horses showed some improvement (≥2/8 grades) in the hopping‐type lameness after intra‐articular analgesia of the articular process joints of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae, ipsilateral to the lame forelimb. Radiographic, ultrasonographic and nuclear scintigraphic examinations were inconclusive. Two of 4 horses responded to treatment with gabapentin. In 3 horses post mortem examination revealed mild lymphocytic inflammation within or around the dorsal root ganglia of the fifth and sixth cervical nerve roots, sixth cervical nerve root or second thoracic nerve root ipsilateral to the lame limb. Idiopathic hopping‐type lameness syndrome in ridden horses may be a pain‐related condition ± a neurological component and currently has a guarded prognosis.  相似文献   

13.
Subtotal dorsal cervical laminectomy was used to relieve spinal cord compression due to cervical vertebral malformation in 16 horses. The majority were Thoroughbred or Quarter Horse males, 1 to 4 years old. The caudal cervical vertebrae were involved in all but two instances. A Funkquist type B laminectomy was performed and the defect filled with a free autogenous nuchal fat graft. All horses recovered from surgery without complication or deterioration in neurological status. Neurological improvement occurred in 12 cases, including six that became sound. Three horses fractured a vertebral articular process and were euthanized. A modification to the shape of the laminectomy was adopted to reduce this complication.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Standing myelography was conducted in six neurologically normal adult horses. Myelograms were performed without general anesthesia or tranquilization. Four horses were premedicated orally with 2.2 milligrams/kilogram (mg/kg) of phenobarbital 16 hours and 4 hours prior to myelography to raise their seizure threshold. One-hundred milliters (ml) of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was withdrawn from the lumbosacral space prior to injection. Approximately 100 ml of technical grade metrizamide * was injected into the subarachnoid space via a lumbosacral tap. After injection the horse's head was lowered for approximately 10 minutes to facilitate cranial movement of the metrizamide. Lateral cervical radiographs were taken in a standing position. Filling of the subarachnoid space in the cranial cervical region was good to excellent in five horses. In one horse there was poor definition of the cranial cervical region. There was good to excellent filling of the subaranoid space in the caudal cervical region in all six horses. Reactions to metrizamide injection varied. The most severe reaction was generalized seizure.  相似文献   

16.
Objective— To evaluate the use of sinoscopy for detection and treatment of ventral conchal sinus (VCS) and/or rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) disease in horses.
Study Design— Case series
Animals— Horses (n=60) with suspected paranasal sinus disease.
Methods— Horses were evaluated by sinoscopy through a conchofrontal sinus (CFS) portal with ventral conchal bulla (VCB) fenestration. Other endoscopic sinus approaches and adjunctive diagnostic tests; oral examination, computed tomography, radiography, scintigraphy and endoscopic examination of the upper portion of the respiratory tract were used in some horses.
Results— The CFS approach permitted adequate observation of the RMS and VCS in 53 horses (88%). Hemorrhage caused by VCB fenestration prevented examination of the RMS and/or VCS in 12 horses (21%). Observation of lesions was possible in all horses diagnosed with neoplasia, sinus cysts, and progressive ethmoidal hematomas. Endoscopy of the paranasal sinuses was useful diagnostically in 82% of horses with primary sinusitis. Other diagnostic modalities were usually required to confirm a diagnosis of dental sinusitis.
Conclusions— Trephination into the CFS with VCB fenestration is a minimally invasive technique that provides consistent access to the RMS and VCS. It facilitates diagnosis of many sinus disorders and endoscopically guided treatment of many horses with sinus cysts and primary sinusitis, in combination with sinus lavage.
Clinical Relevance— Many diseases affecting the RMS and VCS can be diagnosed and resolved endoscopically using a CFS approach with VCB fenestration, thus avoiding the need for osteoplastic sinus surgery and its associated risks and complications.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of magnetic motor-evoked potentials (MMEPs) for assessing the integrity of the cervical, thoracic, and thoracolumbar spinal cord in horses with bilateral hind limb ataxia. ANIMALS: 9 horses and 1 donkey with bilateral hind limb ataxia of various degrees. PROCEDURE: The motor cortex was stimulated magnetically, and MMEPs were recorded bilaterally from the extensor carpi radialis and cranial tibial muscles. RESULTS: In 5 horses and 1 donkey, MMEPs with normal onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitude were recorded from the extensor carpi radialis muscles, whereas abnormal onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes were recorded from the cranial tibial muscles. In these animals, a spinal cord lesion in the thoracic or thoracolumbar segments was suspected. In 4 horses, onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitude of MMEPs recorded from the extensor carpi radialis and cranial tibial muscles were abnormal. In these horses, a cervical spinal cord lesion was suspected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be considered a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing the integrity of the spinal cord, and MMEPs may be used for differentiating thoracic or thoracolumbar spinal cord lesions from mild cervical spinal cord lesions that cause ataxia in the hind limbs only.  相似文献   

18.
Although horses are affected by cranial nerve disease, our understanding of these structures' imaging anatomy is limited, and the optimal modality for imaging of each of these nerves is unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the imaging appearance of the equine cranial nerves on high‐resolution 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans of a cadaver head, and with these as standards, examine the utility of MRI and CT performed in clinical cases. High‐resolution MRI and CT images were prospectively acquired of the head of a normal Thoroughbred gelding following euthanasia. Ten clinical cases undergoing high‐field MRI under general anaesthesia and 10 clinical cases undergoing CT in the standing horse under sedation were retrospectively evaluated by three reviewers to assess cranial nerve visibility. On high‐resolution, thin‐slice, MRI scans of the normal cadaver head, each of the 12 cranial nerves and their topographic location could be appreciated. On high‐resolution cadaver CT, cranial nerves II, V and VII were clearly visible, but others were less easily identified; osseous structures were clearly visualised. Clinical MRI and CT allowed for variable visualisation of the cranial nerves, dependent on the sequence and the orientation of scan planes. High‐field MRI allowed excellent visualisation of equine cranial nerves, whereas CT allowed for more detailed visualisation of the osseous canals and foramina. In live horses, the ability to identify all 12 nerves is challenging with either MRI or CT; however, high‐field MRI enables better visualisation of the nerve bundles than CT.  相似文献   

19.
A 15‐year‐old trotter gelding was evaluated because of an acute onset of ataxia in all 4 limbs. There was no known history of trauma. The gelding showed grade 2/5 ataxia in all 4 limbs, which was localised after clinical neurological examination to the cervical vertebral spinal cord. Initial therapy consisted of oral anti‐inflammatory doses of prednisolone and antimicrobial treatment with potentiated sulphonamides. The ataxia progressed to grade 3/5 at Day 10 of hospitalisation. Additionally, the horse was slightly depressed and showed spontaneous yawning during examination. Facial sensation was blunted. Blood chemistry revealed a marked elevation of liver specific enzymes and blood ammonia levels. Transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonography revealed hepatomegaly. Due to a guarded prognosis, the horse was subjected to euthanasia. At necropsy the left lateral liver lobe was markedly enlarged and showed a firm texture, whereas the cranial part and the right and quadratic liver lobe displayed a severe and diffuse atrophy. Histopathologically, the left lateral liver lobe revealed a moderate to severe cirrhosis with a severe, diffuse hepatocellular iron‐accumulation. Increased numbers of Alzheimer type II astrocytes in the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter vacuolisation were indicative for encephalopathy. These findings were interpreted as haemosiderosis and cirrhosis of the liver with consecutive hepatic encephalopathy. Aetiologically, haemosiderosis should be considered as a cause of liver cirrhosis with consecutive hepatic encephalopathy. Although hepatic encephalopathy in horses usually presents with predominating cerebral signs, it has to be taken into account as a differential diagnosis in cases of acute onset generalised ataxia.  相似文献   

20.
Equine paranasal sinuses are susceptible to inflammation. Insufficient drainage through the nasal passages and meatus may lead to the accumulation of inspissated purulent discharge. Particularly in ponies, these anatomical structures are suspected to be relatively small. To date, there are no reports considering the morphology of nasal conchal bullae in small horse breeds such as Shetland ponies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the size of the conchal bullae and the medial nasal conchae of Shetland ponies and their relation to the skull dimension using computed tomography. Reconstructed images of healthy adult heads of Shetland ponies were used. Linear skull measurements as well as two cranial indices of the head dimensions were taken. Length, width and height of the dorsal and ventral conchal bullae and the medial nasal conchae were measured in relation to the skull and compared with the data of skulls of large breed horses. The anatomical proportions of pony heads were characterized by a smaller cranial index and a greater nasal index than those of large breed horses. Shetland ponies showed a longer cranial length compared with the nasal length. Heads are consistently smaller, and the relationship of the bullae to the head length was also smaller than those measured in large breed horses. A negative correlation between the head and bullae size was found. In conclusion, this study suggests that Shetland ponies have distinguishing proportions of the head. These findings are relevant for clinical examination and surgical treatment of equine sinus disease in those breeds.  相似文献   

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