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1.
Microflora were investigated in traditional starter cultures for fermented milk, hurunge, which are used for fermented dairy products by nomadic families in the Inner Mongolia Autonomic Region, China. The acid‐forming bacteria and yeast counts ranged from 1.8 × 105 to 5.3 × 108 c.f.u./g and from 6.1 × 105 to 3.2 × 106 c.f.u./g, respectively. Sixty‐six strains of lactic acid bacteria and 30 strains of yeasts were isolated and identified from three hurunge samples collected from the nomadic families. Lactococcus raffinolactis was the most predominant lactococci isolated from these samples. The other lactococci were Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris. Two major lactobacilli strains, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei, were identified. In addition, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactobacillus acetotolerans, which grew in 11% acetic acid culture medium, and Lactobacillus homohiochii, which grew in the culture medium containing 16% ethanol, were also identified. The isolated yeast strains were identified as Candida kefyr, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis, Candida krusei and Candida valida.  相似文献   

2.
为了探讨乳酸菌对全株玉米青贮及有氧暴露后青贮饲料中乳酸菌、好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量及其pH的影响,进一步筛选出可提高青贮饲料品质和有氧稳定性的乳酸菌接种剂,将实验室前期从甘肃各地玉米秸秆青贮饲料中分离筛选获得的5株产酸快、多且具有抑菌活性的优良乳酸菌分别添加全株玉米进行青贮,分析青贮过程和有氧暴露后青贮饲料中乳酸菌、好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量的动态变化及pH。结果显示,在青贮过程和有氧暴露后,分别添加肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种B1-7、戊糖片球菌B2-3、植物乳杆菌B3-1、屎肠球菌B5-2和发酵乳杆菌E2-3的各处理组乳酸菌总数均显著高于对照组,而好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量均显著低于对照组,pH亦低于对照组。其中B1-7和B5-2处理组在青贮初期乳酸菌总数最多,从青贮第7天开始到有氧暴露的30 d内,始终是B3-1处理组乳酸菌总数最多,好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量最少、pH最低。以上结果表明这5株乳酸菌具有提高青贮饲料品质和有氧稳定性的潜力,其中植物乳杆菌B3-1的效果最好。  相似文献   

3.
The aims of this study were to investigate the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from traditional Mongolian dairy products, and to estimate the probiotic potential of the isolated strains. We collected 66 samples of the traditional Mongolian dairy products tarag (n = 45), airag (n = 7), aaruul (n = 8), byasulag (n = 1) and eezgii (n = 5), from which 543 LAB strains were isolated and identified based on 16S ribosomal DNA sequence. The predominant species of those products were Lactobacillus (L.) delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, L. helveticus, L. fermentum, L. delbrueckii ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. However, we could not detect any LAB strains from eezgii. All LAB isolates were screened for tolerance to low pH and to bile acid, gas production from glucose, and adherence to Caco‐2 cells. In vitro, we found 10 strains possess probiotic properties, and almost identified them as L. plantarum or L. paracasei subspecies, based on 16S ribosomal DNA and carbohydrate fermentation pattern. These strains were differentiated from each other individually by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Additionally, it was notable that 6/10 strains were isolated from camel milk tarag from the Dornogovi province.  相似文献   

4.
In order to effectively use the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) residues, including cassava leaves, peel and pulp for livestock diets, the chemical and microbiological composition, silage preparation and the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on silage fermentation of cassava residues were studied. These residues contained 104 to 105 LAB and yeasts, 103 to 104 coliform bacteria and 104 aerobic bacteria in colony forming units (cfu) on a fresh matter (FM) basis. The molds were consistently at or below the detectable level (102 cfu of FM) in three kinds of cassava residues. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of cassava residues were 17.50‐30.95%, 1.30‐16.41% and 25.40–52.90% on a DM basis, respectively. The silage treatments were designed as control silage without additive (CO) or with LAB inoculants Chikuso‐1 (CH, Lactobacillus plantarum) and Snow Lacto (SN, Lactobacillus rhamnosus) at a rate of 5 mg/kg of FM basis. All silages were well preserved with a low pH (below 4.0) value and when cassava residues silage treated with inoculants CH and SN improved fermentation quality with a lower pH, butyric acid and higher lactic acid than control silage.  相似文献   

5.
In the present review, a new mass screening system for selecting probiotic strains from Lactobacillus (L) acidophilus group lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with strong adhesion to the human intestinal tract is described. Characteristics of antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocin), lactose‐hydrolyzing enzymes and immunostimulative oligo DNA motifs in L. gasseri strains are also described. Finally, the use of L. acidophilus LAB, selected by our screening method, that have strong adhesion to the human colonic mucosa in functional yogurt products is described. Adhesiveness to the human intestine is one of the most important characteristics of probiotic LAB. A new screening system that involves a combination of three methods is proposed: rat colonic mucin (RCM)‐micro plate assay, Carnoy's histochemical staining method and carbohydrate probe binding assay. By using an RCM‐coated poly‐vinylidene‐diflouride membrane that mimics the human colonic mucous layer, a new lectin was isolated and its structure was clarified by gene cloning. Furthermore, the structures and functions of a new cyclic bacteriocin (gassericin A), new lactose‐hydrolyzing enzymes, and new immunostimulating oligo DNA motifs from Lactobacillus gasseri (B1 subgroup) were clarified. A new functional yogurt ‘Fit down’ is proposed, that is fermented by an adhesive strain of L. acidophilus LA67 selected by our screening and contains antihypertensive peptides derived from whey proteins by protease digestion. In the future, superior functional foods containing more effective probiotic LAB are expected to be developed by the use of the proposed mass screening system.  相似文献   

6.

  1. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with specific additives as a Biopreservation System (BS) for poultry blood during its storage in slaughterhouses.

  2. The BS consisted of two LAB (Enterococcus faecalis DSPV 008SA or Lactobacillus salivarius DSPV 032SA) with 4 additives (lactose 2 g/l, yeast extract 0.4 g/l, ammonium citrate 0.4 g/l and NaCl 1 g/l). After 24 h storage at 30ºC, lower counts of enterobacteria, coliforms, Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were evident in blood treated with the BS than in untreated blood.

  3. The ability of LAB to prevent haemolysis was evident. A decrease in pH was associated with control of spoilage microorganisms but it needed to be regulated to prevent coagulation of proteins.

  4. On the basis of these results it is recommended to supplement blood with a BS to avoid undesirable changes during blood storage before processing.

  相似文献   

7.
In Tibet, it is common practice to make and relocate total mixed ration (TMR) silages before feeding due to the uneven distribution of forages temporally and spatially. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L), molasses (M) or ethanol (E) on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of local adaptive TMR silage. After 45 days of ensiling, pH and ammonia nitrogen in inoculated TMR silages were significantly lower than control. During the first 6 days of the aerobic exposure test, a small fluctuation in lactic acid concentration for all TMR silages was observed, and then silages with ethanol continued this trend, while lactic acid in silage without ethanol sharply decreased until the end of the aerobic exposure period. Meanwhile, pH gradually increased along the aerobic exposure; silages treated with ethanol showed lower pH after 9 days of aerobic exposure. The population of yeast gradually increased during 6 days of aerobic exposure, after that an accelerated rise was observed in TMR silages without ethanol. The combinational beneficial effect of L. plantarum and ethanol was found in combined addition of ethanol and Lactobacillus plantarum silages (EL), indicated by intermediate fermentation quality and higher aerobic stability.  相似文献   

8.
This study investigated the effects of LAB inoculants (L) and molasses (M) on the microbial community and fermentation quality of cassava foliage (CF). The small segments (about 2–3 cm) CF were ensiled in plastic bags and incubated at normal temperature (25°C). Four treatments were carried out as follows: control (no additives, CK), LAB inoculants (Lactobacillus plantarum, L), molasses (M), and LAB in combination with molasses (LM). The LAB and molasses obviously altered the bacterial community structure of the CF silage and enhanced the fermentation quality. The combination addition could increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and reduce the Pseudomonas. The LAB and molasses also significantly elevated the lactic acid concentration (P < 0.001) and decreased the pH (P < 0.001), as well as the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia-N (P < 0.05). In addition, the combination treatment displayed more effective results on silage fermentation. The LAB and molasses improved the fermentation quality of the CF silage by altering the bacterial community structure. Furthermore, the bacterial community was significantly correlated with fermentation indexes.  相似文献   

9.
Attachment of lactic acid bacteria to the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is a major property of probiotics. Here, we examined the ability of 21 lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from traditional fermented milk products in Mongolia to adhere to porcine gastric mucin in vitro. Higher attachment was observed with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains 6‐8 and 8‐1 than with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (positive control). Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strain 7‐1 adhered to mucin as effectively as did strain GG. Heat inactivation decreased the adhesive ability of strains 6‐8 and 8‐1 but did not affect strain 7‐1. The adhesion of strains 6‐8, 7‐1 and 8‐1 was significantly inhibited when the cells were pretreated with periodate and trypsin, indicating that proteinaceous and carbohydrate‐like cell surface compounds are involved in the adhesion of these strains. The adhesion of strain 7‐1 was affected by the type of carbohydrate present in the growth medium, being higher with fructose than with lactose, galactose or xylose as the carbon source. The sugar content of 7‐1 cells grown on various carbohydrates was negatively correlated with its adhesive ability. We provide new probiotic candidate strains and new information regarding carbohydrate preference that influences lactic acid bacterial adhesion to mucin.  相似文献   

10.
The effect of ethanol on nitrate and nitrite reduction was examined by conducting in vitro experiments with mixed ruminal microbes. The addition of ethanol to cultures of mixed ruminal microbes stimulated nitrate reduction, and, to a greater extent, nitrite reduction, which resulted in a decrease in nitrite accumulation. However, known nitrate‐reducing ruminal bacteria, such as Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella parvula and Wolinella succinogenes, were unable to utilize ethanol directly as an electron donor for nitrate reduction. No nitrate‐reducing bacterium capable of utilizing ethanol was found in the rumen of goats. However, when mixed ethanol‐utilizing, hydrogen gas (H2)‐producing bacteria (Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens) were added to the culture of the mixed nitrate‐reducing bacteria described above, nitrate and nitrite reduction was observed. These results suggest that the nitrate‐reducing bacteria utilized the H2 that was produced from ethanol oxidation by the ethanol‐utilizing bacteria as an electron donor. It is conceivable that the stimulation of nitrate and nitrite reduction by ethanol, observed in the culture of mixed ruminal microbes, was a result of electron transfer from ethanol to nitrate, and nitrite through H2, that is, ‘interspecies hydrogen transfer’ from ethanol‐metabolizing bacteria to nitrate‐reducing bacteria. Thus, the addition of ethanol to high‐nitrate diets may be effective for preventing nitrate poisoning. Furthermore, methane production was reduced to less than one‐third by the addition of mixed nitrate‐reducing bacteria to the co‐culture of mixed methanogens with mixed ethanol‐utilizing bacteria incubated in a medium containing ethanol and nitrate. Therefore, the addition of ethanol and nitrate may decrease methanogenesis without suppressing overall fermentation in the rumen.  相似文献   

11.
Effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants and cellulase additives on fermentation quality and chemical compositions of shrub silages were studied by using a small‐scale fermentation system. Two LAB inoculants of Qingbao (Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilacticii, Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium phage) and Caihe (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus acidilactici) and a commercial cellulase made from Trichoderma reesei were used as additives for intermediate pea‐shrub, rush bushclover, arborescent ceratoides and shrubby silage preparation. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and water‐soluble carbohydrate contents of the four shrub materials were 10.1–14.2, 62.6–67.2 and 1.9–3.5% on a dry matter basis, respectively. All shrub silages had pH 3.40–4.43, ammonia‐N 0.1–0.2% g/kg and lactic acid 1.3–2.9% on a fresh matter basis. The silage quality of LAB‐inoculated silages did not have a greater effect than control silages, except shrubby silage preparation. Silages treated with the cellulase, the pH of rush bushclover and shrubby sweetvetch silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower and the lactic acid content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the control silages. The results confirmed that shrub contained a relatively high content of crude protein; its silages can be preserved in good quality, and they are new potential resources for livestock feed.  相似文献   

12.
There is little information about Kazachstania slooffiae which dominates among other yeasts in the pigs’ intestine. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterise the yeast cell contents and to investigate which nitrogen sources, organic acids and alcohols may be utilised or produced by this species. The results showed that, K. slooffiae could use urea, ammonium sulphate, peptides and single amino acids and produce thereby ethanol and formic acid. However, this yeast did not metabolise amino acids, lactic, butyric, propionic and acetic acids as sole carbon source. Using a global metabolite profiling approach employing gas chromatography and high‐resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, was found that the amount of peptides and dehydroascorbic acid considerably increased in the fermentation residues after yeast cultivation. It is noteworthy that the cells of K. slooffiae had higher contents of nitrogen and total amino acids (especially lysine) than the cells of nutritional yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This study indicates that due to potential production of peptides and formic acid in the intestinal tract, K. slooffiae might have an impact on the gut health. Moreover, from a nutritional standpoint, the cells of this yeast can be a good source of protein with useful amino acid composition for animal.  相似文献   

13.
In this study, we investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Enterococcus faecalis (EF), singly and in combination, on the dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, and faecal microflora of Saanen dairy goats. Fifty goats were randomly divided into five groups: (a) basal diet (control); (b) basal diet + SC; (c) basal diet + BS; (d) basal diet + EF; and (e) basal diet + mixed probiotics. Each treated animal received 5 g/d of probiotics for a total administration of 5 × 1,011 CFU/goat per day. The inclusion of B. subtilis and E. faecalis in the diet of lactating Saanen goats increased DMI (p < .05). Enhanced milk yield was observed with BS and EF. Milk fat percentage was significantly increased by feeding mixed probiotics compared with the control (p < .05); supplying SC, BS and mixed probiotics enhanced the protein percentage (p < .05). The milk lactose percentage in the SC and BS groups was higher than in the control (p < .05). The amount of milk total solids was higher after feeding EF or mixed probiotics than in the control group (p < .05). Non-fat solids showed no notable differences among groups (p > .05). There was no significant influence on gut bacterial abundance and diversity from adding these three probiotics, singly or in combination. Bacteroidales, Escherichia–Shigella and Christensenellaceae abundances were decreased by supplying these probiotics but Succinivibrionaceae increased. In conclusion, there were positive influences of probiotic feed supplementation on intake, milk performance and intestinal microecology.  相似文献   

14.
Three yeast strains, Kluyveromyces marximanus NRRL-3234 (KM), Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCDC-42 (SC) and Saccharomyces uvarum ATCC-9080 (SU), and a mixed culture (1:1:1 ratio) were evaluated for their value as probiotics in lamb feeding in two experiment. In experiment I and II, 20 and 30 pre-weaner lambs were fed for 63 and 60 days in two and three equal groups respectively. All lambs were offered ad libitum a creep mixture and Zizyphus nummularia leaves, and yeasts were dosed orally. In experiment I, one group received no yeast, the other of the mixed culture (1.5–2 × 1010 live cells/ml). In experiment II, yeast cultivation was modified yielding 1.5–2 × 1013 live cells/ml. Lambs of the three experimental groups received 1 ml/kg live weight of one of the individual yeasts. Feed intake did not differ among groups of both experiments with the exception of SC-supplemented lambs in experiment II which showed a trend to higher intakes per kg metabolic body weight and in percentage of body weight when compared with KM- and SU-supplemented lambs. Supplementation of the mixed yeast culture had no effect on intakes of digestible crude protein and metabolisable energy, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation characteristics (pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acid concentration, protozoa count) and urinary allantoin as an indicator of microbial protein synthesis. The same was true for comparisons in experiment II except ciliate protozoa counts, which showed a trend to be the highest with SU and the lowest with SC. The results of present study show that the response of lambs to supplemented live yeast cultures is inconsistent, as it lacked to have an effect in the present study, and that differences among strains were small, even when supplemented at a much higher live cell count.  相似文献   

15.
In order to understand the relationship between lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species and silage fermentation, a total of 65 LAB strains isolated from mixed pasture of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and its badly preserved silages were subjected to phenotypic and genetic analysis. According to these analyses, the isolates were divided into 13 groups, including Enterococcus gallinarum, Lactobacillus acidipiscis, L. coryniformis subsp. coryniformis, L. coryniformis subsp. torquens, L. curvatus, L. paraplantarum, L. plantarum subsp. argentoratensis, L. plantarum subsp. plantarum, L. sakei subsp. carnosus, Lactococcus garvieae, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella hellenica, Weissella paramesenteroides and Carnobacterium divergens. This is the first report to document that C. divergens, L. acidipiscis, L. sakei subsp. carnosus, L. garvieae, phenotypically novel L. lactis subsp. cremoris, E. gallinarum and W. hellenica are present in vegetative forage crops. L. plantarum group strains were most frequently isolated from the badly preserved silages. Some isolates showed a wide range of growth preferences for carbohydrate utilization, optimal growth pH and temperature in vitro, indicating that they have a high growth potential. These results are useful in understanding the diversity of LAB associated with decayed silage of timothy and orchardgrass.  相似文献   

16.
Binding specificities of calcium-dependent and -independent bovine IgM and IgG reactive with unsubstituted Sepharose 4B were determined by competitive binding assays. The binding of 125I-labeled calcium-dependent bovine IgM to unsubstituted Sepharose 4B was most effectively inhibited by lactose which was about 100 times more reactive than galactose and melibiose. Other inhibitors were much less potent. With 125I-labeled calcium-independent bovine IgM and IgG, on the other hand, lactose was as potent as galactose. Melibiose was about 10 times less potent than lactose and galactose, whereas other mono- and disaccharides were much less potent. From these findings, the combining site of calcium-dependent bovine IgM reactive with unsubstituted Sepharose 4B may be specific for lactose, whereas those of calcium-independent bovine IgM and IgG specific for galactose.  相似文献   

17.
In order to assess the survival of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in whole crop maize silage in the gut of dairy cows, one representative silage sample and three different feces samples were collected from dairy cows on three dairy farms in Hua Bei, China and three dairy farms in Kyushu, Japan. The composition of the bacterial community was examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Lactobacillus acetotolerans was detected in all bunker‐made maize silage samples, regardless of the dairy farm or sampling region from which they were sourced. A total of eight LAB species were detected in the maize silage samples, of which three (L. acetotolerans, L. pontis and L. casei) appeared to survive digestion. The populations of L. acetotolerans in silage and feces were 106–7 and 103–4 copies/g, respectively, indicating that, even for the LAB species showing potential survival in the gut, competition in this niche may be harsh and the population may substantially decrease during the digestion process. It may be difficult for silage LAB to survive in the gut of silage‐fed dairy cows, because marked decrease in population can take place during the digestion process, even for surviving species.  相似文献   

18.
A total of 26 samples of Matsoni were collected in Georgia. From these samples 80 strains of lactic acid cocci and 173 strains of lactobacilli were isolated. The number of lactic acid bacteria varied between 105 and 1010 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL. All the isolated lactic acid bacteria were thermophilic bacteria that could grow at 45°C. The predominant lactic acid bacteria were Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus in 25 samples of Matsoni, while Lactobacillus helveticus was also a predominant species, together with the two previous species in one sample of Matsoni. We showed there was diversity in both S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus at the strain level by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.  相似文献   

19.
1. The aim of this work was to select lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from chicks and hens of egg-laying strains for potential use to control Salmonellae.

2. Nineteen LAB strains obtained from culture collections, and 24 strains isolated from excreta of laying hens and chicks, were evaluated for inhibitory capacities against two Salmonella serotypes using a “Spot-the-lawn” technique and other in vitro properties that could be predictive of antimicrobial activity.

3. The size of the inhibition zone differed slightly between Salmonella serotypes, however, the mean size of the Salmonella inhibition zone differed greatly among the LAB strains. Lactobacillus salivarius, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus and L. reuteri exhibited powerful inhibitory effects to each Salmonella strain.

4. The result of the acid tolerance test showed that all L. salivarius, L. kitasatonis strains and each of L. ingluviei cannot survive in a low pH environment. In the bile acid tolerance assay, growth was inhibited in all strains, except L. kitasatonis HE4, and a large inhibition was observed in most of the L. salivarius and L. crispatus strains.

5. The results demonstrate that some LAB of poultry origin were able to inhibit the growth of Salmonella and survive simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The selected LAB could act in the lower gastrointestinal tract to prevent salmonellosis in poultry.  相似文献   


20.
Effects of long‐term treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on concentrations of cellular metabolites in the milk of 87.5% crossbred Holstein cattle were performed. The peak milk yield of rbST‐treated animals was 22% higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control animals in early lactation. The mammary glucose uptake of rbST‐treated animals increased in early lactation, but decreased in mid and late lactation, while plasma glucose concentrations were not affected. Lactose and milk triacylglycerol secretion of rbST‐treated animals significantly increased (P < 0.05) when compared with those of control animals in early lactation. The concentrations of milk glucose of rbST‐treated animals significantly increased in early and mid‐lactation (P < 0.05). The concentrations of milk galactose markedly increased (P < 0.05) whereas the concentrations of milk uridine 5′‐diphosphoglucose (UDP‐glucose) and UDP‐galactose showed no significant changes as lactation advances in both groups. The concentrations of isocitrate, 2‐oxoglutarate and citrate in milk from both groups showed no significant changes throughout experiment. The concentration of glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6P), glucose‐1‐phosphate and cyclic adenosine 3,5′monophosphate in milk from both groups markedly decreased as lactation advances exception in early lactation of rbST‐treated animals, which G6P was not affected. These findings suggest that prolonged rbST treatment exerts its galactopoietic action at least in early lactation through both intramammary and extra‐mammary changes. Increases in the concentrations of glucose and G6P in milk maintained the level of pretreatment in early lactation associated with increases in milk yields during rbST administration, reflect their concentrations in the cytosol or Golgi vesicles of mammary cells, which would be one of the factors regulating intermediary metabolites in the lactose biosynthetic pathway.  相似文献   

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