共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
A fracture mechanics model for analysis of crack initiation and propagation in wood is defined and applied. The model has
the advantage of being simple, yet it enables reasonably general and accurate analysis commonly associated with more complex
models. The present applied calculations are made by means of the finite element method and relate to progressive cleavage
fracture along grain. The calculations concern a tapered double cantilever beam specimen and an end-notched beam. Comparisons
are made of experimental test results. The fracture properties of the wood are modelled by means of a very thin linear elastic
layer located along the crack propagation path. The properties of the layer are such that the strength and fracture energy
of the wood are represented correctly. This makes a single linear elastic calculation sufficient for strength prediction.
Both crack development and pre-existing cracks can be analyzed. Both material strength and fracture energy and stiffness are
taken into account, their relative influence on structural strength being different for different elements. The fracture layer
is in the finite element context represented by joint elements. Propagation of a crack can be analyzed either by a series
of elastic calculations corresponding to different crack lengths or by use of a finite element code for non-linear analysis.
The computational results include sensitivity analysis with respect to the influence of the various material parameters on
structural strength. 相似文献
2.
The integrity of timber structures is mainly related to its capacity to resist crack propagation under various load conditions. However, this phenomenon is random by nature, and the need to incorporate statistical information is mandatory for practical use in structures. This paper aims at defining a probabilistic model in order to characterize the scatter of the toughness test results of timber. The instantaneous failure tests are performed using the mixed-mode crack growth specimen. The crack tip growth is recorded by a video camera for mixed-mode ratios of 15°, 30° and 60°, where the relative displacement of loading points is recorded by LVDT sensor. The experimental energy release rate is evaluated by the compliance method. As large scatter of the energy release rate is observed, the statistical analysis is performed by using the bootstrap simulation, in order to characterize the probabilistic models in the opening and shear crack modes. The reliability analysis is then performed in order to underline the impact of the statistical uncertainties on the rupture of wood material. 相似文献
3.
Raymundo Davalos-Sotelo 《Wood Science and Technology》2005,39(5):385-417
A two-dimensional homogenization model for determining elastic properties of clear wood is described. It is based on the elastic
properties of the chemical constituents of the wood and the known geometry of the fibers. The model is valid for clear wood
and can be used to determine the state of stresses at both micro and macrostructural levels. Stress and displacement analysis
were made with the finite element method. Experiments in bending, compression parallel- and perpendicular-to-grain were made
with six different Mexican wood species, including softwoods, temperate climate hardwoods and tropical hardwoods using small
clear wood specimens. Such tests were made at various moisture content levels and the results of the model match closely with
experimental data. The analytical technique can be readily extended to three dimensions. The data generated with this model
can be used in further studies for material and structures optimization purposes. 相似文献
4.
The paper deals with the experimental characterisation of damage evolution within the radial (R)–tangential (T) growth plane of softwood loaded in tension perpendicular to the grain. The reported investigations comprise in-situ monitoring of crack propagation by means of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and evaluations of crack patterns of broken specimens. Three types of notched specimens, representing different crack propagation systems, were tested; for all configurations, both, loading and crack propagation direction were located within the RT plane of wood. The CLSM pictures of broken specimens show distinct differences among the regarded configurations with respect to crack paths. Two different damage mechanisms were identified being rupture of earlywood cell walls in the case of crack propagation in tangential direction and debonding of wood fibers, i.e. rupture of the interface zone between adjacent tracheids, in case of crack progression in radial direction. In the case of an intermediate crack system with an angle of 45° between initial notch direction and radial direction the crack evolution was monitored in-situ during the tension test, whereby the combined action of both basic fracture mechanisms was observed. 相似文献
5.
含LT型裂纹木梁起裂载荷确定方法的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
木材裂纹萌生的准确判定对木材损伤断裂的评估具有重要的意义,起裂载荷是标定裂纹萌生的关键参数。本试验以杉木为研究对象,利用声发射技术(AE)、数字图像相关法(DIC)和电测法(EM),对含LT型裂纹木梁的损伤断裂特性进行了试验研究。通过研究木梁在加载过程中声发射参数变化规律以及裂尖区域的表面应变信息的演变,分析木梁裂纹萌生规律并确定起裂载荷Pini。结果表明:声发射累计振铃计数、幅度可有效反映木梁内部损伤的产生和演化,利用声发射参数的变化规律能准确确定含LT型裂纹木梁的起裂载荷Pini;数字图像相关法、电测法可以实时监测木梁表面裂缝尖端区域的应变变化,根据应变演变特征可以有效监测木梁表面裂纹的萌生和扩展。声发射技术、数字图像相关法、电测法在确定木梁起裂载荷Pini方面有较好的适用性,所确定的起裂载荷大小为:电测法>数字图像相关法>声发射。试验结果为研究监测含LT型裂纹木材裂纹萌生的试验方法提供了依据,应用时可结合实际工况选择合适的测量方法。 相似文献
6.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):52-58
Abstract A coupled experimental and numerical modelling approach was used to investigate the mechanism of softwood fracture at the fibre level. First, a three-dimensional mixed lattice–continuum fracture model was developed to investigate the mechanism of wood fracture, taking into account the porosity of its structure and its heterogeneities at the fibre level. The critical volumes in the specimen where crack propagation was more probable were modelled by a lattice that could show the alternation of earlywood and latewood fibres, and the other regions were considered as the continuum medium. The proposed model was used to investigate the mode I fracture of a small softwood sample in RL orientation. Secondly, a method was developed for microscopic observation of the crack trajectory and investigating the mechanism of initiation and propagation of cracks. This approach was used for microscopic investigation of the fracture behaviour of spruce specimens in mode I and RL orientation. The results of the numerical study were compared with the experimental results. The prepeak and postpeak behaviour of the obtained stress–displacement curve and also the crack opening trajectory in cross-section and longitudinal section in the model and experiments were in good agreement. Both the model and the microscopic observation showed that in mode I fracture and RL orientation, the main trajectory of the crack propagates in the earlywood ring. 相似文献
7.
【目的】节能环保理念越来越受关注,木材作为绿色环保的可再生建筑材料可应用在工程中,目前国内木建筑中应用的木柱主要局限于原木圆柱,为了提高木材利用率,同时降低成本,改善受力性能,满足工程需要,提出一种新型的空心胶合木柱,并进行试验研究分析。【方法】使用相同尺寸拱形锯材作为骨架,利用环氧树脂胶粘剂进行胶合,制作3根空心胶合木柱试件进行轴心加载受压试验,研究空心胶合木柱的轴压力学性能,在试验过程中通过仪器记录应变、应力和位移等数据,主要分析木柱的竖向与横向应变、竖向与侧向位移、稳定承载力等特性,并利用ABAQUS有限元软件进行建模对比分析,探讨木柱最终破坏特征。【结果】空心胶合木柱破坏形态主要是整体压屈破坏,达到极限荷载80%左右时,承载能力快速下降,侧向位移随荷载增加而迅速增大,加载过程中存在多个增长台阶;与同截面积原木圆柱比较,理论承载力提高了4.3%,计算得承载能力稳定系数为0.9,材料缺陷对轴心承载力有影响;通过有限元建模分析,材料在弹性阶段理论值与试验值吻合程度较好。【结论】空心胶合木柱应用在实际工程中是可行的,能够满足工程使用需求,充分利用小型锯材,提高了木材利用率,降低了成本,相较于原木圆柱受力性能更好。 相似文献
8.
9.
The key problems of preparing water-based nano TiO2 wood preservatives are the particle’s agglomeration and dispersion.The influences of adding titanate NDZ-105 and sodium hexamet aphosphate on transmittance,effects of dispersion modification on crystal type,distribution and interface characteristics of modified TiO2 in wood were studied by photometric,XRD,SEM and FTIR analysis,respectively.The results show that the dispersion of nano TiO2 suspension firstly increased, then decreased as the amount of the two kinds of dispersed agent increased,when addition amount of titanate N DZ-105,six partial sodium were separately 5%and 3%-5%,the nano TiO2 wood preservatives were obtained that their dispersive property were stabilized.After dispersion modification,the TiO2 maintained the crystal diffraction characteristics of anatase;the nano TiO2 distributed in wood successfully,showing a granule or ball-shaped,and the hydrogen bond and covalent bond were combined between wood and nano-TiO2,but only hydrogen bond was combined between wood cellulose and IPBC. 相似文献
10.
Daisuke Kamikawa Katsushi Kuroda Mariko Inoue Satoshi Kubo Takahiro Yoshida 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(6):453-457
In this study, the combustion properties of wood pellets were evaluated using a cone calorimeter, which is usually used to
verify the fireproof performance of architectural materials. In contrast to the conventional methods including combustion
calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, a cone calorimeter can estimate various combustion parameters, e.g., changes of
heat release rate (HRR), weight decrease during burning process, ignition time, and flame-out and burn-out time as well as
combustion heat, in a single experimental run with no pretreatment for sample size reduction. The following results were obtained
by the combustion test of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and larch (Larix kaempferi) wood pellets having various volume densities. Ignition time of wood pellet became slower with increasing volume density
of the pellets. However, burn-out time was not clearly correlated to volume density. The heat release values measured by cone
calorimeter could be comparable to those from the conventional combustion calorimeters, and flaming heat values of the bark
pellets were always lower in comparison with pellets made of xylem, although total heat release was almost the same. 相似文献
11.
福建柯木木材早晚材管孔的大小差异大 ,早晚材急变 ,导管的长度与孔径比值大 ;管孔的排列呈火焰状离散型 ,木射线宽窄不一 ,多数呈宽或较宽。在木材干燥中这些特征使该类木材更容易形成内外水分梯度差异 ,从而产生内应力 ,导致木材开裂翘曲和皱缩。此外 ,不同树种不同规格板材同窑干燥也是影响木材干燥质量的重要人为因素。本文就上述两方面问题作了初步探讨 相似文献
12.
13.
Two-dimensional strain fields around knots in two Norway spruce specimens subjected to tension loading were detected using a contact-free measuring technique based on white-light digital image correlation. The first specimen included a traversing Edge knot, and the second one, a Centric knot. The development of strain fields as a function of load level was measured by consecutive cyclic load tests where one side of the specimen was studied during each test. The objectives were to examine to what extent the strain fields could be detected, to investigate the correlation between strain fields measured on different sides of a specimen and to analyse the strain distributions around the knots. The results show that the applied technique is useful for catching both overall and detailed information about the behaviour of knots in wood members exposed to loading. Clear wood defects that could not have been detected by neither visual inspection nor scanning were observed, and conclusions could be drawn regarding the release of internal stresses. The correlations between strain fields on different sides of the specimens were excellent, and the correspondence between measurement results and comparative finite element calculations was surprisingly good considering the fact that the employed FE models were fairly simple. 相似文献
14.
To investigate the fracture behavior of wood, the porosity and heterogeneities of its microstructure should be taken into
account. Considering these features of wood microstructure in a continuum-based model is still a difficult problem and the
lattice model might be an alternative. In the developed mixed lattice-continuum model, the probable crack propagation volume
was modeled by defining a three-dimensional lattice of different beam elements and the other regions were considered as continuum
medium. Different beam elements of lattice represented the earlywood fibers, latewood fibers, ray cells and bonding medium
between the fibers. The proposed model was used to investigate the mechanism of mode I fracture in a small notched wood specimen
in RL orientation. The resulting pre-peak and softening curve and also the crack opening trajectory in both cross-section
and longitudinal-section in model were in good agreement with the experimental observations. This model shows the importance
of considering the three-dimensional and distributed propagation of microcracks and main cracks in fracture stability. It
was also shown that in mode I fracture, RL orientation, the main crack propagates in the earlywood ring. 相似文献
15.
五种家具常用木材弹性常数及力学性能参数的测定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用电测法和三点弯曲法对5种家具常用木材的弹性常数及主要力学性能参数进行了试验测定,并根据木材的正交异性原理对试验结果进行了统计分析。对木材物理力学性能参数测定的试验方法进行研究和探讨,为实木家具结构力学设计提供材料性能参考数据。 相似文献
16.
Guillaume Pot Catherine Coutand Jean-Benoît Le Cam Evelyne Toussaint 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(1):7-25
In this study, longitudinal cyclic tensile tests were performed on green wood samples of Populus cv I4551. Complex mechanical behaviour, such as permanent set in terms of displacement and strain-dependent stiffness, was found. A linear relationship between stiffness and strain enabled each sample to be characterized. A large-scale experimental campaign led to the observation of the evolution of temporal and spatial intra-ring mechanical behaviour of intra-ring sliced specimens during wood maturation and tree gravitropic response. The results showed that tension wood lamellas exhibit strain hardening behaviour whereas normal wood lamellas exhibit strain softening behaviour. Temporal variations in the strain hardening behaviour of tension wood lamellas occurred once cell wall deposition was achieved. Moreover, no correlation was found between infradensity and mechanical behaviour of lamellas. These results show that cells undergo temporal variations in their properties due to a complex maturation process. 相似文献
17.
Duygu Kocaefe Ramdane Younsi Bushra Chaudry Yaşar Kocaefe 《Wood Science and Technology》2006,40(5):371-391
A three-dimensional and unsteady-state mathematical model, which accounts for simultaneous heat and mass transfer taking place during the high temperature treatment of wood, has been developed. It was validated by comparing the predictions with the experimental data. In the model, the coupled heat and mass transfer equations proposed by Luikov are solved, and the temperature and moisture content profiles within wood are predicted as a function of time for different heating rates. For the model validation, an experimental study was carried out with aspen under different operating conditions. The samples were heated to high temperatures using a thermogravimetric system. The weight loss and the temperature distribution within the sample were monitored and registered during the experiment. The model can use constant or variable thermo-physical properties. The temperature and moisture content of the wood predicted by the model using variable properties were compared with those predicted by the same model using constant properties as well as with the experimental data. The experimental and model results are in good agreement, and it was shown that the accuracy of the model depends on the accuracy of the properties. After the model validation was completed, a parametric study was carried out. 相似文献
18.
A simple experimental setup for mode III and mixed mode (I?+?III) fracture tests with anisotropic materials under steady state crack propagation has been developed. Load-displacement curves can be recorded up to the complete separation of the specimen. From the load-displacement curves several mechanical material parameters can be derived. The tests have been performed for solid wood and different wood composites, being PARALLAM® PSL in different orientations, particleboard and INTRALLAM® LSL, and the fracture behaviour is characterised by the specific fracture energy. 相似文献
19.
20.
从燃烧动力学、热力学以及气体分子动力学理论出发,推导了木粉燃爆的动力学理论模型,对试验得到的所有木粉浓度的爆炸压力进行了理论仿真计算。与现有模型计算结果相比,试验模型对数据的拟合更好,不同浓度相应的最大爆炸压力理论计算也与试验结果更吻合。此外,利用试验理论模型还可以很好地拟合现有模型没有拟合的3种不同木粉浓度的试验数据,理论计算值与试验值的偏离最低为1%,平均偏离为5%。结果表明:木粉燃爆的最大爆炸压力先随木粉浓度增加而升高,并在中间某一浓度时达到极大值。随着浓度增加,最大爆炸压力反而呈现下降趋势。理论仿真计算结果与试验结果一致,弥补了现有模型存在的理论计算与试验测试不一致的缺陷。 相似文献