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1.
Triticum baeoticum and T. urartu are very similar morphologically. By using microsatellite markers it was possible to distinguish between these two species. Microsatellite markers are, therefore, a powerful new tool to support the determination of critical races in diploid wild wheat species. They also allow the discussion of evolutionary pathways within Triticum.  相似文献   

2.
Gene flow between cultivated and their wild relatives is one of the main ecological concerns associated with the introduction genetically modified (GM) cultivars. GM sorghum cultivar has been developed and its commercial production may be possible in the near future. The rate of gene flow depends on the fitness of wild × cultivated sorghum hybrids. The study aimed at estimating adaptive values of wild × cultivated sorghum hybrids in generations F1, F2, and F3 compared to their parents. Artificial crosses of four wild sorghums, five cultivated sorghums, and two male sterile lines were made to produce the F1 generation, which were advanced to F2 and F3. Each hybrid generation and their respective parents were evaluated for their adaptive value at two sites in a randomised complete block design with seven replicates. The resulting progenies did not show serious fitness penalties. Some hybrids were as fit as their respective wild parents and no consistent differences exist between the three generations studied. Thus, the resultant wild × cultivated hybrids may act as avenue for introgression.  相似文献   

3.
The trade-off between survival and reproduction by individuals is central to understanding life-history parameters of a species. Few mammal species have life-history information from long-term research. Instead, demographic models are commonly utilized to investigate an individual’s life-history strategy, species dynamics, and population trends. This research investigates age-related survival and reproductive performance of adult female New Zealand (NZ) sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri), using multi-state mark-recapture data from known-age branded individuals over five years. The mark-recapture analysis was integrated with a population model to predict the lifetime reproductive output of female NZ sea lions. The integration of an analysis of short-term datasets with population modeling allows for the prediction of life-history parameters of long lived animals when long-term information is not available. While such approaches involve some caveats, it provides a framework for investigating population dynamics and is preferential to unsubstantiated assumptions. This technique can lead to better design and implementation of conservation management for long lived species.  相似文献   

4.
A model is presented to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic tests from data from individuals that are repeatedly tested in time. Repeated measurements from three diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease, applied to vaccinated and experimentally infected cattle, were analyzed. At any time the true disease status of the individuals was unknown, i.e., no gold standard was available. The model allows for correlation between repeated test results, in consequence of the underlying structure for the unknown true disease status, but also by the distribution of the test results conditional upon true disease status. The model also allows for dependence between the different diagnostic tests conditional upon true disease status. Prior information about the structure of the prevalence and the specificity of the tests was incorporated in a Bayesian analysis. Posterior inference was carried out with Markov chain Monte Carlo. Simulated data were analyzed to gain insight into the performance of the posterior Bayesian inference. The simulated data are typical for the expensive and, therefore, modestly sized infection experiments that are conducted under controlled conditions.  相似文献   

5.
The recent treatment of Triticum by Mac Key (2005) (broad species concept) is compared to the classical treatment by Dorofeev et al. (1979, English translation expected) (narrow species concept). A detailed infraspecific treatment was abandoned by Mac Key. Following his revision, names for many of the infraspecific taxa become obsolete. This is regarded to be a disadvantage for biodiversity and genetic resources studies. We propose maintaining ×Triticosecale Wittm. as a nothogenus, with ×T. rimpaui Wittm. for octoploid races, ×T. neoblaringhemii A. Camus for hexaploid races and ×T. semisecale (Mac Key) K. Hammer et A. Filat. (new combination) for tetraploid races.  相似文献   

6.
The paper reports on the study of DNA methylation patterns in chromosomes of an octoploid selection obtained from an amphiploid Avena barbata × Avena sativa ssp. nuda, their alteration and plant structural changes induced by 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) treatment. Subtelomere/telomere regions and some chromosomes remained heavily methylated after this practise. The increased concentration of 5-azaC strengthened the demethylation process. NOR rDNA loci on five and 5S rDNA doubled loci on three pairs of chromosomes were detected. Some 5S loci were colocalised with NORs. The number of active NORs was increased by one homologous pair after demethylation and this was related to minor loci. The NORs were mainly located on A/D genomes. Patterns of nucleoli fusion varied between main and lateral roots and demethylation increased the number of uninucleolar nuclei. Seed germination was inhibited and plant growth decreased under demethylation. 5-azaC also induced distinct anomalies in endosperm development. Extensive parts of the tissue were composed of defected cells or remained empty. Polyploidised clones of starchy or aleurone cells were observed, as were aleurone cells exhibiting new rare phenotypes.  相似文献   

7.
Multiple comparisons are widely used to compare gross features of distributions across populations. However, often a scientific hypothesis is more easily couched in terms of more focused null and alternative statistical hypotheses. For example, among distributions exhibiting clusters of continuous measurements across strata, are there clusters of measurements similar in terms of location, spread, or weight? We propose testing such hypotheses using a sequence of nested finite mixture models. Reasonable, data-driven priors are suggested based on estimates of the sample spreads and midpoints. Formal hypothesis testing is carried out through the computation of Bayes factors. The method is illustrated on Holling’s (Ecological Monographs 62:447–502, 1992) forest and prairie bird body mass data, and data on the time-to-abortion in dairy cows. Supplemental simulations are available online.  相似文献   

8.
To investigate whether leucine biosynthesis plays a role in survival and growth under acidic conditions, leucine auxotrophs were produced from acid-tolerant Rhizobium tropici CIAT899. An internal fragment of the R. tropici leuA gene was PCR amplified using degenerate primers and cloned into an integrative plasmid for mutagenesis of the locus. Sequence and homology analysis confirmed the identity of the 550-bp gene fragment, with highest similarity (86% identity) to leuA from Sinorhizobium meliloti. The resultant mutants were strict leucine auxotrophs when tested on solid and liquid media. The mutants could be divided into two groups dependent on their ability to grow in the presence of leucine at both pH 6.8 and pH 5.5, or only at pH 5.5. One mutant, HS20, which could only grow properly in the presence of leucine at pH 5.5, was tested for its acid tolerance. When inoculated into medium at pH 3.5, the mutant was able to survive and to alter the pH from 3.5 to 3.8 whereas the wildtype could not. The wildtype was able to grow at pH 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 without raising the extracellular pH, indicating that alteration of extracellular pH is not one of the strategies used by the wildtype for growth under acidic conditions. The ability of the mutant to raise the extracellular pH from 3.5 to 3.8 may enable it to survive at the extreme of its pH range of growth.  相似文献   

9.
The variability of 14 landraces belonging to a Madrilean village historically specialized on melon cultivation, Villaconejos, was evaluated based on 58 quantitative and qualitative morphological traits. These landraces were compared to a reference array composed of 14 accessions which represented the main varieties cultivated in Spanish fields. Individual data related to plant, fruit, seed and phenology have been analysed using a multivariate analysis. This analysis showed intra- and inter-varietal diversity, as emphasized the most discriminant morphological traits in order to define similarities. Villaconejos accessions were morphologically distinct from the reference accessions (RA). Only the landraces belonging to Piel de Sapo market class showed common morphological affinities with the RA, grouping with them. The majority of Villaconejos traditional varieties clustered in five different groups, with no RA within, showing distinctive morphological singularities not described previously. Two of these groups showed some particularities in fruit traits, which are appreciated as quality marks for Spanish consumers. These results indicate that these accessions must be conserved as valuable genetic resources to enrich the Inodorus genetic bases for future breeding proposes worldwide. Furthermore, it should be considered the opportunity of promoting their cultivation under the shelter of a Protected Geographical Indication as a high quality melon. Finally, the discovering of such a high variability presented in a very small area, gives a clue for focusing, with an elevated probability of success, future surveys in similar ancestral European villages which in the past times, also supplied more populated cities with their farming products.  相似文献   

10.
The germinability of the Vicia sativa L. seed samples in the base collection at the Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos (Spain) was controlled in 1986 and 1996. The mean germination of the collection, assessed by One-Sample T Test, was higher than 85%, suggesting its viability was properly maintained along the period. However, changes in germination along the same period assessed by Paired-Samples T Test showed a slight decrease in its global germinability. More data on the viability of stored seeds worldwide – including communication of unpublished data – are needed. Viability assays should be performed according to standard, internationally coordinated protocols and statistical analysis, within an adequate documentation system that assures the integrity of accession information.  相似文献   

11.
Triticum–Thinopyrum amphiploids arose from the need to obtain forage grasses highly resistant to pest, drought, soil salinity and frost and they can be used as efficient bridges to transfer desired genes from wheatgrass species to wheat. One of them is trigopiro SH16 INTA, it was introduced in Argentina in 1947 but its genomic composition was unknown. The aim of this work was to determine the chromosome number and genomic and chromosome composition of trigopiro SH16 INTA in order to use it in breeding programs. The simultaneous use of the in situ hybridization technique with different probes (genomic DNA of Th. ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth et D.R. Dewey, pSc119.2 and pAs1) allowed us to conclude that the chromosome number of trigopiro SH16 is 2n = 42 and the genome composition would be: 14 chromosomes of the B genome, the 2D and 4D chromosome pairs of wheat, 14 chromosomes of the J genome of Thinopyrum and the remaining chromosomes probably belong to the A genome of wheat.  相似文献   

12.
Logistic models for capture probabilities that depend on covariates are effective if the covariates can be measured exactly. If there is measurement error so that a surrogate for the covariate is observed rather than the covariate itself, simple adjustments may be made if the parameters of joint distribution of the covariate and the surrogate are known. Here we consider the case when a surrogate is observed whenever an individual is captured and the parameters must also be estimated from the data. An estimating equation regression calibration approach is developed and it is illustrated on a real dataset where the surrogate is an individual bird’s wing-length, which varies from occasion to occasion.  相似文献   

13.
Yielding sound estimates of survival according to age in wild populations where senescence or other age-related variations may occur is very important to management decision makers, and remains challenging. This paper proposes to use penalized maximum likelihood to obtain smooth estimates of annual survival probabilities across age in populations of wild animals followed by capture–recapture. We propose to use two different types of smoothing penalties, and we use ν-fold cross-validation to select the best value of the tuning parameter for the intensity of smoothing. We then assess the accuracy of the method by a simulation study with two different shapes of the relationship between age and survival, and we conclude that a careful use of this method provides reliable noise-free estimates of age-specific annual survival. We apply this procedure to the motivating data from a population of roe deer known to exhibit a marked decrease of survival with age, and we compare our results with those previously published on this population.  相似文献   

14.
用PCR方法从酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) AH109中扩增出α-半乳糖苷酶的Mel1基因，将其克隆至整合型载体pGAPZαA中构建成组成型分泌表达酶产物的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mel1。将线性化的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mel1电击转化至毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris ) KM71，在含有100 mg/mL zeocin和预先涂布有X-α-gal的YPDS平板上选择蓝色阳性菌落。发酵培养酵母的上清经SDS-PAGE分析，在53 kD处有特异带；经非变性PAGE凝胶电泳，与显色底物的反应，检测到α-半乳糖苷酶活性带。重组菌pGAPZα-Mel1 /KM71摇瓶发酵6 d后，培养液α-半乳糖苷酶粗酶活性为12 U/mL。  相似文献   

15.
Changes of gene expression played an important role in the evolution of plant allopolyploids. Frequency, time and type of the changes of gene expression between the first two self-pollinated generations (S1 and S2) of a synthesized allotetraploid Cucumis × hytivus Chen et Kirkbride and in its diploid parents was analyzed with cDNA-AFLP and reverse-Northern blot technique. Sequences similarity of genes involved in changed expression were also analyzed with BLAST package. The results from cDNA-AFLP analysis showed that 36 (3.37%) genes showed silencing (27) or activation (9) in allotetraploids. These changes initiated in S1 or S2 generation. The silenced/activated genes included rRNA and protein-coding genes. Further reverse-Northern blot analysis validated the results obtained. Thus four types of changes of gene expression were observed, including silencing of genes from both parents, maternal parent, paternal parent, and genes novel expression. The results indicate rapid changes in gene expression in early generations of C. × hytivus, which contributed to the evolution of this synthetic allotetraploid.  相似文献   

16.
Triploid onion, Allium × cornutum Clementi ex Visiani, 1842 (2n = 3x = 24), a vegetatively reproduced garden crop, possess a complex triparental genome organization with three putative parental species, A. cepa L., A. pskemense B. Fedtsch., and A. roylei Stearn. Two of its most studied clones are the Croatian ‘Ljutika’ and the Indian ‘Pran’, which are genetically highly similar. Earlier studies have shown that ‘Pran’ possesses some molecular markers in the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) identical to those of the unique male-sterile (S) cytoplasm, used for onion breeding. To find out whether ‘Ljutika’ also possesses a S-type of cytoplasm, we analyzed several cpDNA and mitochondrial (mtDNA) molecular markers. The PCR amplification and RFLP analysis of the chloroplast genes accD, atpF, petB and the mitochondrial gene cob, as well as the sequence analysis of the chloroplast matK and atpB-rbcL regions showed that ‘Ljutika’ possesses the male-sterile S-type of cytoplasm. The phylogenetic analysis of the matK and atpB-rbcL sequences of A. × cornutum, its parental species and other Allium species of the section Cepa showed that none of the analyzed species had the identical type of cpDNA as A. × cornutum. Results also suggested that A. pskemense can be excluded as a donor of the S-cytoplasm and a female parent, whereas cpDNA of A. roylei, although not identical to S-cytoplasm, possessed many polymorphisms of S-type. Fluorescent in situ hybridization, using fluorescently labelled parental genomic DNAs as probes in combination with fluorescently labelled 5S and 35S rDNAs enabled simultaneous visualization of the three genomes during meiosis and confirmed their homeologus intergenomic pairing.  相似文献   

17.
The impact of alley cropping on post-lignite mine soils developing from quaternary deposits after 9 years of recultivation was evaluated on the basis of microbial indicators, organic C and total N contents, and the isotope characteristics of soil C. Soils were sampled at the 0 to 3, 3 to 10, and 10 to 30 cm depths under black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), poplar (Populus spp.), the transition zone and in the middle of alley under rye (Secale cereale). There was no significant effect of vegetation on microbial properties presumably, due to the high variability, whereas organic C and total N contents at the 0- to 3-cm layer were significantly higher under black locust and poplar than in the transition zone and rye field. Organic C total N contents, and basal respiration, microbial biomass, and microbial quotient decreased with soil depth. Soil organic C and total N contents were more than doubled after 9 years of recultivation, with annual C and N accretion rate of 162 g C org m−2 year−1 and 6 g N t m−2 year−1. Microbial properties indicated that the soils are in early stages of development; the C isotope characteristics confirmed that the sequestered C was predominantly from C3 plants of the alley cropping.  相似文献   

18.
In this paper, a new approach to independent component analysis (ICA) for three-way data is considered. The rotational freedom of the three-mode component analysis (Tucker3) model is exploited to implement ICA in one mode of the data. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by means of numerical experiments. An illustration with real data from atmospheric science is presented, where the first mode is spatial location, the second is time and the third is a set of different meteorological variables representing geopotential heights at various vertical pressure levels. The results show that the three-mode decomposition finds spatial patterns of climate anomalies which can be interpreted in a meteorological sense and as such gives an insightful low-dimensional representation of the data.  相似文献   

19.
Genetic erosion has been evaluated at the landrace level in the past, principally because the loss of landraces is believed to generate erosion at the allelic level; however, few studies had tested this hypothesis in the crop’s centers of diversity and domestication. Using microsatellite markers, we analyzed for genetic erosion in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) landraces over time in samples collected in 1979 and in 2007 in northeast Campeche, in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, an important diversity center and part of the putative domestication area for this crop. We found that the lima bean genetic pool from 1979 had a higher genetic diversity than the one for the 2007 pool (Nei’s diversity, H = 0.18 and 0.05, respectively). Although this result could not to be explained using a bottleneck analysis, a cluster analysis showed that the alleles present in 1979 were not the same as those found in 2007, indicating an allelic displacement in the genetic pool of the lima bean landraces in the last 30 years. This displacement could be due to the introduction of improved varieties or landraces, resulting in a displacement of local varieties or to changes in the Mayan criteria for selection of germplasm or both. This study showed that the loss of landraces can generate both quantitative and qualitative changes in the genetic pool of the domesticated species. Such changes are very important to consider when planning ex situ and in situ programs to conserve crop diversity in their domestication areas.  相似文献   

20.
In studies about the potential distribution of ecological niches, only the presence of the species of interest is usually recorded. Pseudo-absences are sampled from the study area in order to avoid biased estimates and predictions. For cases in which, instead of the mere presence, a continuous abundance index is recorded, we derive a two-part model for semicontinuous (i.e., positive with excess zeros) data which explicitly takes into account uncertainty about the sampled zeros. Our model is a direct extension of the one of Ward et al. (Biometrics 65, 554–563, 2009). It is fit in a Bayesian framework, which has many advantages over the maximum likelihood approach of Ward et al. (2009), the most important of which is that the prevalence of the species does not need to be known in advance. We illustrate our approach with real data arising from an original study aiming at the prediction of the potential distribution of the Taxus baccata in two central Italian regions. Supplemental materials giving detailed proofs of propositions, tables and code are available online.  相似文献   

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