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新型脲酶抑制剂LNS与双氰胺配合施用对菜田土壤尿素氮转化及蔬菜生长的影响 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8
采用微区试验方法,初步探讨了新型脲酶抑制剂LNS及其与硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)配合施用对菜田土壤尿素氮转化和蔬菜生长的影响。结果表明,LNS对土壤脲酶活性可以起到一定的抑制作用,从而延迟尿素N在土壤中的水解和NH4+-N的释放高峰期,其发挥作用的时间大约在施用后前10天。LNS与DCD配合施用则能显著抑制尿素水解后NH4+的氧化作用,使蔬菜整个生长期内的NO3--N含量维持在较低水平。抑制剂的施用对芹菜产量虽然没有产生显著影响,但可以降低其体内硝酸盐含量,并提高芹菜干物质含量。 相似文献
3.
太湖地区稻麦轮作农田改葡萄园对土壤氮转化过程的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用15N成对标记技术结合数值模型,测定太湖地区两种土地利用方式(稻麦轮作农田和葡萄园)下的土壤氮素初级转化速率,探讨了土地利用方式改变对土壤供氮和保氮能力的影响。结果表明,葡萄园土壤初级矿化速率高于稻麦轮作农田土壤,但是其NH4+-N同化速率几乎可以忽略不计(0.02 mg kg-1 d-1),自养硝化成为培养条件下葡萄园土壤NH4+-N的唯一去向。葡萄园土壤初级自养硝化速率(15.85 mg kg-1 d-1)显著高于稻麦轮作农田土壤(13.65 mg kg-1 d-1),但两者初级异养硝化速率和NO3--N同化速率均接近零值。可见,太湖地区稻麦轮作农田改种为葡萄园后,土壤NH4+-N同化速率显著降低而自养硝化速率增加,由此导致更多的NO3--N在土壤中累积,进而可能增加土壤中N的淋溶和径流损失风险。 相似文献
4.
旱地土壤硝态氮残留淋溶及影响因素研究 总被引：30，自引：1，他引：29
在我国北方旱地,施入土壤而未被作物吸收利用的肥料N,主要以NO3--N的形式残留于土壤中。残留的NO3--N如不及时被作物吸收利用,在降水或灌水的作用下,会淋入土壤深层,或随径流进入地表水体,或经反硝化形成N2O进入大气,对土壤、水体和大气环境构成严重威胁。本文分析了旱地农田生态系统中,NO3--N在土壤剖面的残留淋溶与施肥、灌溉/降水、耕作、土壤、植物等因素的关系。提出在今后的研究工作中应特别注意的问题:①建立长期定位试验,确定NO3--N淋溶阈值,评价和预测NO3--N残留和淋失的趋势;②优化作物栽培和养分资源管理措施,提高作物利用土壤NO3--N的能力;③改进N肥施用技术,加强N素管理,防止NO3--N在土壤中大量累积。 相似文献
5.
蚯蚓活动对土壤氮素矿化的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过室内培养试验和田间长期定位试验,探讨了蚯蚓活动对土壤矿质氮的影响。发现蚯蚓对NH4+-N、NO3--N,以及矿质总氮(NH4+-N+NO3--N)均有显著影响,且加速了土壤氮素矿化。小区试验中,在2001年稻季和2003年麦季,蚯蚓活动显著提高了NO3--N和矿质总氮(p<0.05*),但在其他时期,未有显著影响。室内培养试验中,蚯蚓活动明显加速了氮素矿化。尤其在未施用秸秆时,蚯蚓处理后的硝态氮和矿质总氮明显增加,且累积净矿化量和净矿化率也有显著提高。 相似文献
6.
石灰性土壤起始NO3——N对土壤供氮能力测定方法的影响 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
在陕西省的澄城、永寿、杨陵 3地区选取有机质、全N、硝态N含量差异较大的 17个石灰性土壤 ,分别在淋洗与未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N后 ,利用盆栽试验探讨土壤NO3--N淋洗前、后 ,不同方法测定的已矿化N和可矿化N与小麦吸N量之间的相关性。结果表明 ,未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N ,用KCl直接浸取、KCl煮沸法所浸取以及通气培养前CaCl2 所淋洗的起始NO3--N均与小麦吸N量密切相关 ,相关系数 (r)分别为 0.934 ,0.856和 0.862 ,均达1%显著水准。与此相反 ,通气培养、淹水培养、沸水煮沸、碱性高锰酸钾、酸性高锰酸钾及碱解扩散等方法所提取的可矿化N与小麦吸N量间无显著相关。淋洗土壤起始NO3--N后 ,用KCl直接浸取、KCl煮沸法浸取以及通气培养前CaCl2 所淋洗的起始NO3--N与小麦吸N量之间的相关系数明显降低 ,达不到 5%的显著水准。而通气培养、淹水培养、沸水煮沸、碱性高锰酸钾、酸性高锰酸钾及碱解扩散等方法所提取的可矿化N与小麦吸N量之间相关系数却明显提高 ,都达到 5%或 1%的显著水平。其中变化最明显的是淹水培养 1周矿化出的NH4+-N、通气正式培养 2周矿化出的NO3--N及碱解扩散出的NH4+-N ,其与小麦地上部吸N量之间的相关系数 (r)分别由淋洗前的0.443,0.119,0.259增加到淋洗后的 0.866 ,0.767,0.763。说明可矿化N反映土壤供N能力不佳是因为受起始NO3--N的干扰和影响，在土壤NO3--N含量较高的情况下，要正确评价可矿化N测定方法必须考虑NO3--N的作用。 相似文献
7.
施肥对日光温室黄瓜和土壤硝酸盐含量的影响 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
通过田间试验研究了不同施肥对日光温室黄瓜NO2--N和NO3--N含量和土壤NO3--N以及黄瓜产量的影响。结果表明,在黄土高原黄绵土上,施N400kg.hm2和P2O5250kg.hm2,黄瓜生长期间,NO3--N含量变化与黄瓜的生长发育阶段关系密切,黄瓜结瓜前020和2040cm土层NO3--N含量较高,随黄瓜生长速度加快和结瓜盛期的到来,土壤NO3--N含量降低;黄瓜收获后,NO3--N含量又有增加。不同施肥种类比较,施用化肥40160cm土层NO3--N的累积和淋洗量最大,施用沼肥其累积和淋洗量小于施用化肥,而施用有机肥(牛粪)NO3--N的累积和淋洗量小于施用沼肥。采用叶面喷施尿素和有机钾肥,可以减少化肥和有机肥用量,从而降低土壤剖面0200cmNO3--N的累积。使用沼肥、叶面肥的黄瓜产量都明显高于不施肥和NP化肥处理。 相似文献
8.
控释氮肥养分控释效果及合理施用研究 总被引：19，自引：5，他引：19
试验采用{3,3}单形重心设计方法,研究了普通尿素和2种包膜尿素D90、D60配比对土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N及矿质态氮(Nmin)含量的影响。结果表明,供试的7种包膜肥料初期溶出率均12.0%,微分溶出率在0.26%～2.49%之间。各处理土壤NH4+-N含量均随时间逐渐降低,而NO3--N和Nmin含量随时间逐渐增加。整个培养期内单独施用尿素处理,土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N及Nmin含量最高;2种控释肥单施或其配比施用土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N及Nmin含量最低;尿素与控释肥配合施用,土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N及Nmin含量居中。不同时期内土壤NH4+-N的来源不同,0～20d内,尿素对土壤NH4-N含量贡献最大;30～50d内,土壤NH4+-N主要来自D60;整个培养期内尿素对土壤NO3--N和Nmin的贡献均最大。肥料配比中随着尿素比例的减少,土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N及Nmin均逐渐减少。研究结果初步验证了混料设计在肥料配比研究中的可行性。 相似文献
9.
不同施氮量对太湖地区新增设施菜地土壤硝态氮累积的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
采用田间小区试验,研究了太湖地区大棚蔬菜不同施N量对土壤NO3--N累积及其土壤电导率、pH和蔬菜产量品质的影响.结果表明:土壤NO3--N的累积与施N量呈正比,种植两季蔬菜后,农民习惯施N下的土壤NO3--N从35 mg/kg上升到221.35 mg/kg;土壤电导率、pH与NO3--N含量显著相关,其中电导率与NO3--N的关系更为密切,相关系数达到0.832.NO3--N的累积导致蔬菜的产量与品质下降,与莴苣、芹菜施N量分别为312、384 kg/hm2的处理相比,农民习惯施N处理下的莴苣和芹菜产量分别下降了11.8％和33.9％,Vc含量下降了17％和36.6％,而硝酸盐含量增加了22.3％和32％,农民习惯施N处理下的两季蔬菜硝酸盐含量均达到三级污染,可危害人体健康. 相似文献
10.
研究了山东省桓台县高产麦田系统中N肥对土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)积累及冬小麦产量和吸N量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦收获后施用150kg／hm2N肥的0～90cm土层土壤NO3--N与小麦播种前相比,基本保持平衡;而常规施用300kg／hm2N肥则使0～90cm土层土壤NO3--N含量显著提高,特别是60～90cm土层土壤NO3--N含量上升了39.9kg／m2,对浅层地下水造成潜在污染。建议供试条件下的合理施N肥量为150kg／hm2,这样既兼顾产量,又兼顾生态效益。 相似文献
11.
Impact of land-use types on soil nitrogen net mineralization in the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes of land-use type (LUT) can affect soil nutrient pools and cycling processes that relate long-term sustainability of ecosystem, and can also affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global warming through soil respiration. We conducted a comparative study to determine NH4+ and NO3− concentrations in soil profiles (0–200 cm) and examined the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and net nitrification in soil surface (0–20 cm) of adjacent naturally regenerated secondary forests (NSF), man-made forests (MMF), grasslands and cropland soils from the windy arid and semi-arid Hebei plateau, the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing, China. Cropland and grassland soils showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations than forest soils. NO3−-N accounted for 50–90% of inorganic N in cropland and grassland soils, while NH4+-N was the main form of inorganic N in NSF and MMF soils. Average net N-mineralization rates (mg kg−1 d−1) were much higher in native ecosystems (1.51 for NSF soils and 1.24 for grassland soils) than in human disturbed LUT (0.15 for cropland soils and 0.85 for MMF soils). Net ammonification was low in all the LUT while net nitrification was the major process of net N mineralization. For more insight in urea transformation, the increase in NH4+ and, NO3− concentrations as well as C mineralization after urea addition was analyzed on whole soils. Urea application stimulated the net soil C mineralization and urea transformation pattern was consistent with net soil N mineralization, except that the rate was slightly slower. Land-use conversion from NSF to MMF, or from grassland to cropland decreased soil net N mineralization, but increased net nitrification after 40 years or 70 years, respectively. The observed higher rates of net nitrification suggested that land-use conversions in the Hebei plateau might lead to N losses in the form of nitrate. 相似文献
12.
根据氮肥施入土壤后的转化特性进行氮肥的高效调控和管理是提高氮肥利用效率、缓解氮肥污染的重要措施。为探究不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化特性差异及硫代硫酸铵（ammonium thiosulfate，ATS）作为氮肥调控剂对尿素氮转化的影响，该研究采用室内土壤培养（土壤水分含量为田间持水量的60%，温度25 ℃）试验方法，以尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵和ATS作为供试肥料，比较4种氮肥施入石灰性潮土后的转化特性差异，并以ATS作为氮素调控剂，以单施尿素作为对照，探究尿素配施不同用量ATS对尿素氮转化的影响。结果表明，4种供试氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化过程明显不同。尿素在石灰性潮土中的水解速率最快，硝化作用强度也最高，硫酸铵其次；氯化铵由于Cl-的硝化抑制作用，土壤表观硝化率在7～21 d显著低于尿素和硫酸铵（P＜0.05）；ATS施入土壤后，NH4+-N转化为NO2--N的速率最高，而NO2--N转化为NO3--N的速率最低，NH4+-N在土壤中的存留时间最长，出现峰值之后也一直保持最高的含量，表观硝化率最低。将ATS作为氮素调控剂与尿素配合施用，当其用量在60 mg/kg（含S量）以上时，既表现出了明显的抑制尿素水解的作用效果，也表现出了显著的硝化抑制作用（ P <0.05），且随着ATS用量的增加，抑制效应明显增强。这对于减少氮素损失，提高氮肥利用效率具有积极意义。但供试4种氮肥施入土壤后均出现了亚硝酸盐的累积，其中ATS处理的累积量显著高于尿素、硫酸铵和氯化铵（P＜0.05），累积持续时间也最长。ATS作为氮素调控剂调控氮素转化，也出现了类似的结果，且随着ATS用量增加，亚硝酸盐在土壤中存留时间明显延长，含量和峰值明显提高，出现峰值的时间也明显延后。 相似文献
13.
Concurrent measurements of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching from field incubated soil cores 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
An improved method is described for incubating intact soil cores in the field, which permits concurrent measurement of net
mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching. Cores were enclosed in PVC tubes with minimal disturbance to
the physical state or to the natural cycles of wetting/drying, soil temperature and aeration during an incubation lasting
4–5 days. An example of the application of the method is given in which soils with contrasting drainage characteristics were
compared. Over a 64-day experimental period, 58% of the mineralized nitrogen (N) in a freely drained soil was nitrified and
36% of the nitrate-N (NO3
–-N) was denitrified. In a poorly drained soil, 72% of the mineralized N was nitrified and 63% of the NO3
–-N was denitrified. In both soil types, 18% of the remaining NO3
–-N was leached. Rates of nitrification were significantly correlated with net mineralization (r
2=0.41 and 0.52) and also closely correlated with denitrification (r
2=0.67 and 0.68) in the freely and poorly drained soils, respectively. Independent measurements of these processes, using alternative
techniques (for the same period), compared favourably with measurements obtained with the improved incubation method. Adoption
of this method has a number of advantages with respect to field net N mineralization, and also allows interpretation of the
impact this may have on other N transformation processes.
Received: 18 June 1997 相似文献
14.
Although to date individual gross N transformations could be quantified by ~(15)N tracing method and models,studies are still limited in paddy soil.An incubation experiment was conducted using topsoil(0-20 cm) and subsoil(20-60 cm) of two paddy soils,alkaline and clay(AC) soil and neutral and silt loam(NSL) soil,to investigate gross N transformation rates.Soil samples were labeled with either ~(15)NH4_NO_3 or NH_4~(15)NO_3,and then incubated at 25 °C for 168 h at 60%water-holding capacity.The gross N mineralization(recalcitrant and labile organic N mineralization) rates in AC soil were 1.6 to 3.3 times higher than that in NSL soil,and the gross N nitrification(autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification) rates in AC soil were 2.4 to 4.4 times higher than those in NSL soil.Although gross NO_3~- consumption(i.e.,NO_3~- immobilization and dissimilatory NO_3~- reduction to NH_4~+ rates increased with increasing gross nitrification rates,the measured net nitrification rate in AC soil was approximately 2.0 to 5.1 times higher than that in NSL soil.These showed that high NO_3~- production capacity of alkaline paddy soil should be a cause for concern because an accumulation of NO_3~- can increase the risk of NO_3~- loss through leaching and denitrification. 相似文献
15.
A field study was conducted during the summer of 1995 to gain abetter understanding of the causes of nitrate (NO3-N)leaching and ongoing changes in soil nitrogen (N) availabilityin high-elevation (1524–2000 m) spruce (Picea rubens) andfir (Abies fraseri) forests of the Great Smoky MountainsNational Park, Tennessee and North Carolina, U.S.A. Indicatorsof soil N availability (total soil N concentrations,extractable NH4-N, extractable NO3-N, and C/N ratios)were measured in Oa and A horizons at 33 study plots. Dynamicmeasures included potential net soil N mineralization determinedin 12-week aerobic laboratory incubations at 22 °C.Potential net nitrification in the A horizon was correlated (r =+0.83, P < 0.001) with total soil N concentrations. Mostmeasures of soil N availability did not exhibit significanttrends with elevation, but there were topographic differences.Potential net soil N mineralization and net nitrification in theA horizon were higher in coves than on ridges. Relative amountsof particulate and organomineral soil organic matter influencedpotential net N mineralization and nitrification in the Ahorizon. Calculations indicate that soil N availability andNO3-N leaching in high-elevation spruce and fir forests ofthe Great Smoky Mountains National Park will increase inresponse to regional warming. 相似文献
16.
The occurrence of nitrification in some acidic forest soils is still a subject of debate. Identification of main nitrification pathways in acidic forest soils is still largely unknown. Acidic yellow soil (Oxisol) samples were selected to test whether nitrification can occur or not in acidic subtropical pine forest ecosystems. Relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to nitrification were studied by adding selective nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin. Soil NH4+-N concentrations decreased, but NO3--N concentrations increased significantly for the no-nitrapyrin control during the first week of incubation, indicating that nitrification did occur in the acidic subtropical soil. The calculated net nitrification rate was 0.49 mg N kg-1 d-1 for the no-nitrapyrin control during the first week of incubation. Nitrapyrin amendment resulted in a significant reduction of NO3--N concentration. Autotrophic nitrification rate averaged 0.28 mg N kg-1 d-1 and the heterotrophic nitrification rate was 0.21 mg N kg-1 d-1 in the first week. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance increased slightly during incubation, but nitrapyrin amendment significantly decreased AOB amoA gene copy numbers by about 80%. However, the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) abundance showed significant increases only in the last 2 weeks of incubation and it was also decreased by nitrapyrin amendment. Our results indicated that nitrification did occur in the present acidic subtropical pine forest soil, and autotrophic nitrification was the main nitrification pathway. Both AOA and AOB were the active biotic agents responsible for autotrophic nitrification in the acidic subtropical pine forest soil. 相似文献
17.
The effects of 15N-labelled urea, (NH4)2SO4 and KNO3 on immobilization, mineralization, nitrification and ammonium fixation were examined under aerobic conditions in an acid tropical soil (pH 4.0) and in a neutral temperate soil (pH 6.8). Urea, (NH4)2SO4 and KNO3 slightly increased net mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in both soils. There was also an apparent Added Nitrogen Interaction (ANI) i.e. added labelled NH4-N stood proxy for unlabelled NH4-N that would otherwise have been immobilized. So far as immobilization and nitrification were concerned, urea and (NH4)2SO4 behaved very similarly in each soil. Immobilization of NO3-N was negligible in both soils. Some of the added labelled NH4-N was rapidly fixed, more by the temperate soil than by the tropical soil. This labelled fixed NH4-N decreased during incubation, in contrast to labelled organic N, which did not decline. 相似文献
18.
灌溉施用氮肥后氮素在土壤中的转化及淋失状况: 土柱模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation (the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI) on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation (SFI), and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer) in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N (NH4+-N + NO3--N) in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control (without urea addition), on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH4+-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH4+-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH4+-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH4+-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process. 相似文献
19.
Wang Dianjie Xu Zhihong Blumfield Timothy J. Zalucki Jacinta 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2020,20(3):1323-1331
Purpose
This study examined the usefulness of 15N natural abundance (δ15N) with in situ core incubation to quantify the predominant N transformation processes in a natural suburban forest of subtropical Australia, which was subjected to prescribed burning.
Materials and methodsIn situ core incubation for 3 days with 20 ml water, or 160.79 ml of 60 mg L?1 NO3?-N surface application, and in situ core with 160.79 ml water but without incubation were set up in Toohey forest for sampling three times as before (once) and after (twice) a prescribed burning. The δ15N of NH4+-N and NO3?-N in the top 5 cm soil before and after the incubation, and δ15N of NO3?-N in the 5–10 cm soil before incubation were compared with each other to examine the soil N mineralisation, nitrification, denitrification, and nitrate leaching processes.
Results and discussionThe significant decrease in δ15N of NH4+-N after incubation under 20 ml water treatment was ascribed to soil N mineralisation, and the significant decrease in δ15N of NH4+-N and significant increase in δ15N of NO3?-N after incubation with elevated water and nitrate inputs were associated with N mineralisation and nitrification, respectively, 2 months after the burning. The 160.79 ml water treatment also triggered nitrification in the baseline soil cores in both samplings after the burning. Water was crucial to stimulate soil N mineralisation and nitrification, but excessive water depleted labile N pools and reduced N mineralisation and nitrification. Burning effects were hard to separate from the seasonal impacts on soil N cycling processes.
ConclusionsThe δ15N in soil mineral N pools was sensitive to indicate soil N mineralisation and nitrification processes. Soil water and labile N were determining factors for N transformations in the soil. It is suggested that δ15N combined with soil inorganic N concentrations and net N transformation rates could be used to identify primary N transformation processes. More frequent samplings would be needed to differentiate burning impacts from the seasonal impacts on soil N cycling processes.
相似文献20.
D. E. Clay C. E. Clapp R. H. Dowdy J. A. E. Molina 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1993,15(4):249-252
Summary The application of NH
inf4
su+
-based fertilizers to soils slowly lowers soil pH, which in turn decreases nitrification rates. Under these conditions nitrification and N mineralization may be reduced. We therefore investigated the impact of liming fertilizer-acidified soils on nitrification and N mineralization. Soil samples were collected in the spring of 1987 from a field experiment, initiated in 1980, investigating N, tillage, and residue management under continuous corn (Zea mays L.). The pH values (CaCl2) in the surface soil originally ranged from 6.0 to 6.5. After 6 years the N fertilizer and tillage treatments had reduced the soil pH to values that ranged between 3.7 and 6.2. Incubation treatments included two liming rates (unlimed or SMP-determined lime requirement), two 15N-labeled fertilizer rates (0 or 20 g N m-2), and three replicates. Field-moist soil was mixed with lime and packed by original depth into columns. Labeled-15N ammonium sulfate in solution was surface-applied and columns were leached with 1.5 pore volumes of deionized water every 7 days over a 70-day period. Nitrification occurred in all pH treatments, suggesting that a ferilizer-acidified soil must contain a low-pH tolerant nitrifier population. Liming increased soil pH values (CaCl2) from 3.7 to 6.2, and increased by 10% (1.5 g N m-2) the amount of soil-derived NO3
--N that moved through the columns. This increase was the result of enhanced movement of soil-derived NO3
--N through the columns during the first 14 days of incubation. After the initial 14-day period, the limed and unlimed treatments had similar amounts of soil N leaching through the soil columns. Lime increased the nitrification rates and stimulated the early movement of fertilizer-derived NO3
--N through the soil. 相似文献