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1.
Flowering phenology and sexual dimorphism are two major features that affect stem and seed production in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a short-day naturally dioecious plant. The sowing time is of primary importance because it affects flowering time and thereby influences stem yield. In spite of their unstable sexual phenotype, monoecious cultivars facilitate the harvest of both stems and seeds by reducing crop heterogeneity. The main objective of this paper was to determine the stem and seed yields for five monoecious hemp cultivars in relation to their flowering phenology and sex expression. Sowing was carried out on five distinct dates during 2007 and 2008 at two sites in Belgium. The duration from sowing to flowering in days, both stem and seed yields and the seed harvest index decreased when sowing was postponed from mid-April to the end of June. The stem and seed yields from the mid-April sowing (approximately 12.5 and 1.9 t ha−1, respectively) were within the ranges that were reported for fibre and both fibre and seeds production, respectively, in monoecious hemp. No interaction was observed between the sowing date and cultivar for both yields. Sex expression varied among cultivars, indicating that it might be selected, and was partly linked to earliness. Stem yields were lowest in the earliest cultivar (Uso 31) and highest in the latest one (Epsilon 68) while seed yields were lowest in the most masculinized and earliest cultivar (Uso 31) and highest in the most feminized and early (Fedora 17) or mid-early (Felina 32) ones. Both stem and seed yields correlated best with the duration from sowing to full female flowering or from sowing to the end of male flowering.According to our results, harvesting the seeds in addition to the stems in monoecious hemp requires early sowing and the selection of feminized early or mid-early cultivars, earliness depending on the climatic conditions in the cultivation area. Therefore, it might be agriculturally valuable to take sex expression into account in addition to earliness during the selection of cultivars that are adapted to a dual purpose.  相似文献   

2.
Predicting and understanding the progress towards flowering in faba bean are important to achieve the adaptation and high productivity of the crop under varying environmental conditions. Traditional controlled‐environment experiments showed that the rate of progress towards flowering was dependent mainly on photoperiod and temperature. Here, we highlight the need to include measures of solar radiation and water deficit in order to achieve an adequate model for field conditions. The improved model was assessed in two steps: first with a “basic” model across all 20 cultivars and then with an “extended” model that included terms to fit exceptional cultivars. The two new parameters were necessary to achieve an acceptable fit of progress towards flowering and clearly separated two cultivars, “Kontu” and “Witkiem Manita,” that were significantly quicker to flower than the other 18, which fit a single line. As the regression coefficients of the two exceptional cultivars differed only in intercept, not slope, we conclude that flowering responses to day length, temperature, solar radiation and drought stresses were consistent in this set of germplasm and that the two cultivars differed in earliness “per se.” Growth‐chamber experiments added information about differing ceiling temperatures for progress to flowering in four cultivars and different sensitivities to supraoptimal temperatures.  相似文献   

3.
设置短日照(12 h)和长日照(16 h)两种光周期处理,并以春播模拟低温、夏播模拟高温条件,形成长日+低温、长日+高温、短日+低温、短日+高温4种光温组合。2007年对近年育成的10个北方春大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]品种(系)和18个黄淮海夏大豆品种(系)进行了光温反应特性鉴定。2008年对50份材料进行了光周期反应鉴定。结果表明,不论在低温(春播)还是高温(夏播)条件下,短日照均加快大豆的发育进程,导致开花提前;不论在长日照还是短日照条件下,高温均减少出苗至初花的日数。光周期和温度对大豆的发育存在明显的互作,随着温度的升高,短日照促进大豆发育的效应有所加强;随着日照的缩短,高温加快发育的作用也有所增大。供试大豆品种生态类型在光周期反应敏感度(PRS)、温度反应敏感度(TRS)及光温综合反应敏感度(PTCRS)等方面均存在显著差异。北方春大豆品种的上述3个指标均小于黄淮海夏大豆品种,但前者在不同光照条件下的温度反应敏感度差值和在不同温度条件下的光周期反应敏感度差值均较后者高,说明北方春大豆品种光温互作效应较强。  相似文献   

4.
张佩  谢小萍  姚薇  高苹 《中国农学通报》2014,30(29):210-216
利用江苏省35 个气象台站1960—2010 年的冬季积温资料和9 个农业气象观测站的冬小麦主要发育期资料,利用曼-肯德尔(Mann-Kendall)法、线性倾向估计和相关分析等数理统计方法,分析江苏省冬季积温的时空分规律、冬小麦主要发育期的基本特征和变化趋势及冬季积温对冬小麦各主要发育期的影响。结果表明：气候变暖背景下,（1）淮北地区自20世纪90年代初、淮河以南地区自20世纪90年代中期起的冬季积温呈显著增加的趋势;（2）从主要发育期特征来看,淮河以南地区播种—拔节期及以后各发育期长度较淮北地区更短;冬小麦播种—拔节期长度的各地差距最大,播种—孕穗、抽穗、开花、乳熟和成熟期长度的差别逐渐缩小,且淮河以南地区各站点播种—孕穗、抽穗、开花、乳熟和成熟期长度的差距较淮北地区小;（3）从主要发育期长度的年际变化趋势来看,近30 年来,播种—拔节期长度明显缩短,拔节—成熟期长度则显著延长,且产量形成的关键期——开花—乳熟期长度随时间也明显延长;（4）随着冬季积温的增加,播种—越冬、拔节—成熟、开花—乳熟期长度显著延长,越冬—拔节、播种—拔节期的长度与冬季积温线性负相关。分析冬季积温对冬小麦各发育期的影响,为进一步掌握其发育期变化的规律提供依据,对更好地指导冬小麦的生产管理具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

5.
The CECOL model is a dynamic model that describes the growth and development of winter rape. Here the model is evaluated using a number of different approaches, including sensitivity analysis, investigation of behavior in extreme conditions, graphical analysis and estimation of the mean-squared error of prediction (MSEP) and its components. The MSEP value gives an overall value of model predictive accuracy. For CECOL, the value is 0.22 (t ha−1)2. This is somewhat smaller than MSEP of the very simple model that uses the average of past yields to predict future yield. The other evaluation techniques are complementary to MSEP in that they help identify specific types of situation where the model is a poor predictor. Here it is found that the CECOL model predicts flowering dates that are too early for early sowing and too late for late sowing, does not correctly describe the differences between irrigated and nonirrigated treatments, and does not give reasonable values for very low planting densities. In practical terms, these last two errors are not very important.  相似文献   

6.
Matching phenology with prevalent abiotic and biotic conditions is a prerequisite for varietal adaptation to the environment. That is particularly important in the context of climate change because an increase in temperature is most likely to modify the precocity of the varieties. The forecast of flowering time in photoperiod‐sensitive sorghum is complex as flowering depends on temperature, day length and soil fertility. The objectives of this work were to quantify effects of latitude on the development of selected sorghum varieties and to verify the precision of our models to predict sorghum maturity. A field experiment at three locations along the latitudinal gradient in Mali with staggered sowing dates (SDs) was conducted. Seven sorghum cultivars covering a wide range of the diversity of cultivated sorghums in Mali were sown on the 10 of June, July and August in 2009 and 2010. Duration of the vegetative phase strongly decreased with latitude. Although the maximum day length difference between locations was < 8 min, for some varieties, we observed a reduction in crop duration of up to 3 weeks. Some varieties were photoperiod insensitive at one location but became photoperiod sensitive at another. The effect of latitude on the phenology is underestimated by the existing models. To determine the optimal areas for the varieties in West Africa and to forecast the effects of climate change, a correction of the simulation coefficients taking account of latitude is proposed. But, in the end, it will be necessary to develop a new model that will be able to predict the effects of both SD and latitude. More research is needed to understand physiological response mechanisms of the pronounced latitude effects on sorghum phenology.  相似文献   

7.
为了给当地政府、农业部门、农户提供准确及时的玉米发育期预报,根据玉米日平均气温稳定通过10℃播种的温度指标,通过分析辽阳市1956—2010年日平均气温稳定通过10℃与5℃初日间隔日数和稳定通过5℃初日的相关性,利用日序与间隔日数建立回归方程,预测日平均气温稳定通过10℃初日,在此基础上做出玉米播种期预报;利用灯塔市农业气象观测站1981—2010年资料,分析玉米从播种到成熟各个发育期发育速度与气象条件的关系,经过对各时段的相关性检验,发现玉米从播种到成熟期间各发育期间隔日数与≥10℃活动积温相关性最好,从出苗到成熟玉米感温性、感光性都比较强,由此建立播种-开花及拔节-成熟的天数预报模型,预报玉米开花及成熟期。经检验,3款预报模型相关系数、复相关系数及F值均达0.01显著水平,回代与实况值有着比较一致的变化趋势,回代和预报绝对误差(ABSE)和标准误差(RMSE)在2.0~4.3天,可以满足农业气象服务需要,具有推广应用价值。  相似文献   

8.
Modifying plant architecture is considered a promising breeding option to enhance crop productivity. Modern chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars with either compound (wild‐type) or simple leaf shapes are commercially grown but the relationships between leaf shape and yield are not well understood. In this study, a random sample of ‘Kabuli’ type progeny lines of both leaf types, derived from two crosses between modern American simple leaf cultivars and early‐flowering wild‐type breeding lines, were planted at different sowing densities. Leaf area development and final grain yield in genotypes of the two leaf types responded differently to changes in sowing densities. Compound leaf lines attained higher leaf area indices and higher grain yields at both low and high sowing densities. Yield responses of the simple leaf lines to increasing sowing density were significantly higher compared to compound leaf genotypes in two of three field experiments. The prospects for utilizing the simple leaf trait as a breeding target for short‐season growing areas are discussed.  相似文献   

9.
Z. X. Fan    W. X. Lei    D. F. Hong    J. P. He    L. L. Wan    Z. H. Xu    P. W. Liu    G. S. Yang 《Plant Breeding》2007,126(3):297-301
Over the past decade, the polima cytoplasmic male sterility ( pol CMS) three-line and two-line systems have been developed for the production of hybrid seed in Brassica napus oilseed rape in China. The discovery of the novel pol CMS restorer line FL-204 is described here. It restores male fertility of hybrid plants in the pol CMS system, but hybrid seed production can only be carried out under autumn sowing in Wuhan in south China under moderate temperatures at flowering. The restorer cannot be used as a male for hybrid seed production in northwestern China (Gansu) under spring sowing conditions, because there it is more or less male sterile due to high temperatures at flowering. Because of this behaviour, it is referred to as a fertility temperature-sensitive restorer (FTSR) in this paper. F2, BC1 as well as double haploid populations were constructed to determine the inheritance of fertility restoration of FL-204 in the autumn at Wuhan and under spring sowing conditions at Gansu, respectively. Deviations from Mendelian genetics were observed. It was hypothesized that the change of fertility was the result of the interaction between nuclear genes [restoring gene ( Rf ) and temperature-sensitive genes ( ts )] and the cytoplasm. The Rf gene in FL-204 was incapable of restoring male fertility of pol CMS lines under spring sowing conditions at Gansu where it is inactivated by the recessive ts gene present in FL-204. However, the ts gene(s) could be non-functional under moderate temperature conditions at flowering at Wuhan which allows full expression of male fertility in FL-204. The recessive ts gene(s) can only be expressed in plants containing the pol sterile cytoplasm. A method for the utilization of the FTSR pol CMS restorer FL-204 for the production of hybrid seed in B. napus oilseed rape is proposed.  相似文献   

10.
光温因子对不同播期芝麻主要性状的影响研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究不同播期芝麻主要性状受光温因子影响的变化规律,以确定芝麻的适宜播期。试验选用3 个芝麻品种,11 个播种时期。结果表明：光温因子对不同播期芝麻主要性状具有显著的影响;6 月份前和8月份后播种的芝麻生育期较长;芝麻株高、始蒴高度和单株产量表现为先升后降趋势,其中第3播期单株产量最高;蒴节数、每蒴粒数和千粒重呈不断下降趋势;出苗至现蕾期积温与单株蒴数呈负相关;现蕾至初花期积温与单株蒴数呈显著正相关;初花至盛花期积温与蒴节数、每蒴粒数、小区产量和单株产量呈负相关;盛花至终花期积温与芝麻主要性状均呈极显著正相关;终花至成熟期积温与株高、始蒴高度、千粒重呈显著负相关,与单株蒴数呈极显著负相关。芝麻适时播种其相关性状才能达到最佳值。南昌地区芝麻适时播种期为5月下旬至7 月中旬。  相似文献   

11.
Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is widely grown across southern Australia. Delayed sowing is recommended to minimise yield losses caused by the disease ascochyta blight. However, drier and hotter springs in recent seasons have resulted in greater yield penalties from delayed sowing than from this disease. Field pea breeding in these shorter growing seasons has rapidly shifted the selection intensity towards genotypes with earlier flowering. Research was conducted to identify optimal management strategies that reduce losses from both disease and delayed sowing. Experiments comprising differing sowing dates (conventional, and 2–3 and 4–6 weeks earlier), various genotypes (including Alma—tall trailing type, and Kaspa—semi-leafless erect and OZP0602—earlier flowering, semi-leafless) and six fungicide treatments (combinations of P-Pickel T® seed dressing and mancozeb foliar fungicide) were conducted in multi-location sites in South Australia from 2007 to 2009. Ascochyta blight infection occurred in all years irrespective of treatment and location, but only reduced grain yield in one experiment in 2008 and two in 2009. The two earlier sowing dates were generally higher yielding than the conventional sowing date for all genotypes. However under severe disease pressure yield loss was observed with the earliest sowing date. Genotype differences were also observed in terms of yield response to sowing date and in levels of disease infection, although these small improvements in disease resistance did not translate to a yield advantage. The combination of seed treatment and strategic foliar fungicides resulted in a positive yield response in 2009 but this was variable between sowing dates and genotypes. Under recent weather patterns of lower rainfall and shorter growing seasons, this study suggested the optimum planting period is within a week of the first autumn rains in low rainfall regions and 3 weeks after the first autumn rains in medium and medium–high rainfall regions. Grain yield can be optimised in these conditions by using earlier flowering genotypes together with strategic fungicide application and early time of sowing. These earlier flowering genotypes were also found to have broader adaptation to a range of sowing dates providing increased management flexibility. Fungicides with greater efficacy than mancozeb are required to maximise yield at the earliest sowing time.  相似文献   

12.
大麦籽粒β-葡聚糖含量的积累规律   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
臧慧 《中国农学通报》2014,30(24):255-258
为了解不同播期对大麦籽粒β-葡聚糖含量的影响及大麦籽粒β-葡聚糖含量的积累规律,以‘苏啤6号’和‘藏青25’为试验材料,在2年3个播期下,测定开花后多个时期大麦籽粒β-葡聚糖含量。结果表明,不同播期下,‘苏啤6号’籽粒β-葡聚糖含量无差异,‘藏青25’籽粒β-葡聚糖含量差异显著,播期为11月上旬时β-葡聚糖含量最高;在正常播期下（10月下旬）,大麦β-葡聚糖含量从开花到开花后30天间,呈逐渐增长的趋势,开花后30天以后趋于稳定;花后籽粒β-葡聚糖含量的积累速率在花后1~5天、20~25天积累速率呈现峰值。播期对不同大麦品种籽粒β-葡聚糖影响不同,花后1~5天、20~25天是大麦籽粒β-葡聚糖含量积累的关键期。  相似文献   

13.
The use of Mucuna spp. in cover crop and green manure technologies is proving to be successful in the tropics and subtropics following intensive efforts in technology transfer to farmers by NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations). This includes the transfer of seeds of Mucuna spp. for which the range of adaptation and the effect of environment on crop phenology are poorly understood. A selection of Mucuna spp. germplasm was evaluated over a range of contrasting photothermal conditions in controlled-environment glasshouses. Dates of emergence and first flowering were recorded. Where possible, triple-plane rate of development models were fitted to the first flowering data to quantify the relative sensitivity of each species to photoperiod and temperature. All accessions showed short-day responses but there were substantial differences in the sensitivity of rate of progress to first flowering to environment, particularly to photoperiod. This results in differences in maturity period between accessions which, with appropriate understanding, could be functionally exploited by NGOs and NARS. However, if ignored, it could result in the promotion and use of accessions ill adapted to the environment in which they are tested. In consequence there might be unnecessary resistance from farmers to the adoption of green manure and cover crops technologies which are vital to the design and maintenance of sustainable farming systems in low-income countries in the tropics.  相似文献   

14.
Duration from sowing to flowering is the most important trait influencing adaptation in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), but the inheritance of this trait has not been elucidated clearly. Crosses were made between two early (60 to 70d) and one late (160 to 170d) flowering pigeonpea genotype and F1, F2 and BC1 populations produced. These populations, comprising 60 to 100 parents, 30 F1, 400F2 and 40 to 50 BC1 plants, were grown under natural (mean13.4 hd-1) and artificially extended (to 15 hd-1) daylength and duration from sowing to first flowering recorded. Genetic analysis of the segregation ratios, supported by Chi-square tests, indicated that the duration from sowing to flowering in each of the crosses was controlled by two genes assorting independently and with predominantly additive quantitative effects. The segregation patterns were most clearly defined in the 15 hd-1 daylength. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

15.
华北冬小麦开花期补灌的增产效应及其影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为阐明华北地区冬小麦开花期补灌增产效应及其影响因素,制定稳产节灌制度,于2007—2016连续10年进行了大田定位试验,研究在冬小麦拔节期灌水基础上,播前底墒、长期不同施氮及生育期降水等对开花期补灌增产效应及水分利用的影响。裂区设计,灌水量为主区,设春灌1次水(拔节期75mm,W1)和2次水(拔节期和开花期各75mm, W2) 2个处理;施氮量为副区,设6个水平,分别为0 (N0)、60 (N60)、120 (N120)、180 (N180)、240 (N240)、300 kg hm-2 (N300)。冬小麦开花期补灌增产效应受播前底墒影响显著,播前2 m土体贮水量越大开花期补灌增产率越小。施氮水平也显著影响开花期补灌增产效应,随着定位试验年限的增加,N0和N60处理土壤有机质和全氮含量逐年下降,从第6年开始开花期补灌的增产效应基本丧失。在足墒播种和正常供氮(施氮量不低于120kghm-2)条件下,开花期补灌的增产效应还受冬小麦生育期有效降水量的影响,尤其是拔节–开花期的有效降水量。开花期补灌增产率随生育期以及开花后的有效降水量的增加而降低。拔节–开花期有效降水量大于25.3 mm时,开花期补灌没有显著优化穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、生物量、收获指数等产量性状,最终增产不显著;此情景下,拔节期灌1次水(75 mm左右),即可在维持较高产量的前提下,降低耗水、提高水分利用效率,实现稳产与节水协同。本研究表明,华北平原冬小麦在足墒播种、施氮量不低于120 kg hm-2、拔节期灌水前提下,拔节–开花期有效降水量可作为开花期灌水与否的重要决策依据。  相似文献   

16.
F. J. Dijkhuis 《Euphytica》1956,5(3):267-275
Summary Every year maize breeders are facing the problem of trying to synchronize flowering of strains, hybrids and varieties to be crossed. Sowing in stages of one of the partners is the method most applied. In general this method gives good results, but there are years, such as 1954, when synchronization according to this method does not produce the results desired. The author discusses the possibilities to use heat unit accumulations for the synchronization of flowering of strains, hybrids or varieties to be crossed mutually.Sowing time trials over a number of years, conducted by the C.I.L.O. and the S.V.P. procured the data for the computations of the heat unit accumulations. Computations are made for threshold values of 0, 5, 7 and 10°C. It appeared that not all treatments have a similar threshold value, but that there are no great differences. In general they are approaching temperatures of 7 to 10°C.On assuming too low a threshold value the heat unit accumulations will appear to be too high, because temperatures are included which do not influence the development. This effect will be more prominent when more of these temperatures occur, for instance in a cold year or a year when sowing has taken place at an earlier date. In consequence the total of the heat unit accumulations can be seen to decrease, according as it is computed in a warm year or for a later sowing date. Conversely the heat unit accumulations will appear to be too low when a high temperature is assumed.If the precise threshold value is accounted for, the heat unit accumulation is equal, apart from the year or date of sowing.In 1955 a complete synchronization of the flowering of W 85 x W 15 and W 9 x WD was obtained by sowing them with such an interval as was indicated by the difference in the heat unit accumulations sowing-flowering in 1954. The computation of these heat unit accumulations was carried out on the basis of both air- and soil temperatures. It appeared that the air-temperatures alone are sufficient, provided sowing is done on the same type of soil as the previous year.A more accurate heat unit accumulation can be computed from the addition of the heat unit accumulation sowing-emergence (soil temperatures) and emergence-flowering (air temperatures).  相似文献   

17.
叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)是监测作物生长状况的重要参数,准确、快速、大面积估算LAI不仅有助于更好地监测农作物,而且也有助于其在建模、总体作物管理及精准农业中的应用。本研究为了利用国产遥感影像快速、大面积反演冬小麦LAI,以GF-1/2影像作为数据源,提取常用植被指数,结合不同生育期(起身期、拔节期、开花期)实测LAI数据,建立反演冬小麦LAI的单变量和多变量经验模型,并对其进行验证。结果表明,GF-1起身期、GF-1拔节期以及GF-1开花期提取的植被指数中,MSR(modified simple ratio)、GNDVI(green normalized difference vegetation index)、EVI(enhanced vegetation index)与LAI间的相关系数最大,分别为0.708、0.671和0.743,说明这些植被指数与冬小麦LAI间的相关性较显著;GF-1不同生育期的反演模型相比,基于拔节期GNDVIGF-1建立的二次多项式模型和基于开花期EVIGF-1、GSRGF-1(green simple ratio)、NDVIGF-1(normalized difference vegetation index)建立的PLSR(partial least squares regression)模型R2最大,均为0.783,PLSR模型的RMSE小于二次多项式模型,说明该多变量模型的稳定性优于单变量模型;同一个生育期不同影像相比,基于GF-2的NDVIGF-2建立的二次多项式模型和基于NDVIGF-2、MSRGF-2、SAVIGF-2(soil-adjusted vegetation index)建立的PLSR模型精度高于基于GF-1的2种模型,R2分别为0.768和0.809;不同生育期反演的LAI分布图表明,LAI反演值与实测LAI值基本吻合。以上研究结果说明国产高分辨率遥感影像在农作物生理参数反演中有一定的应用价值,可以为以后的相关研究提供一定的参考。  相似文献   

18.
Summary The inheritance of flowering time and its component processes, vernalization and photoperiod response, were studied in two crosses of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) using a field sowing and four controlled environment sowings with different combinations of vernalization and photoperiod. Time to flowering was under polygenic control and was highly heritable. For both vernalization and photoperiod response, there was dominance for a low response, or earliness. A simple genetic control was indicated for photoperiod response. The results for vernalization response were not clear cut, although the character appeared to be under polygenic control. An interaction between vernalization and photoperiod response was evident in three of the four cultivars studied. This made it impossible to separate the effect of these two component processes and complicated the study of their inheritance. Node of first flower on the main stem was closely related to flowering time and its use led to similar conclusions in the inheritance studies.  相似文献   

19.
《棉花学报》2018,30(1):83-91
[Objective] Dynamic prediction of crop yield using a crop growth simulation model is the focus of increasing research attention. [Method] Based on meteorological, cotton yield, and cotton phenology data recorded at Akesu in Xinjiang from 1991 to 2014, this study aimed to improve the accuracy of crop yield prediction by the COSIM model. The average sowing date for each study year, as well as multiple sowing dates during the suitable sowing period, was imported into the COSIM model, and the two yield prediction methods were compared and analyzed. [Result] The accuracy of both yield prediction methods was higher than 90.0%, indicating that the two methods showed good applicability at Akesu. However, the method using multiple sowing dates during the suitable sowing period showed higher prediction accuracy when cotton yield was dynamically predicted in each month and the actual sowing date was uncertain. [Conclusion] The two prediction methods based on the crop growth simulation model are suitable for prediction of cotton yield at Akesu. In addition, according to the characteristics of different forecast years, the appropriate forecasting method can be used to improve the accuracy of prediction. The results also provide a reference for dynamic prediction of cotton yield in other cotton-producing areas.  相似文献   

20.
Dry matter accumulation was determined in 27 chickpea (Cicer arietinum) lines in time‐of‐sowing field trials and in controlled‐environment chambers at day/night temperatures of 13/5, 18/8 and 23/13 °C to assess tolerance to growth‐inhibiting temperatures. Field trials were based at Narrabri, NSW, Australia, in a region of summer‐dominant rainfall where winter crops are grown on stored soil moisture. Percentage emergence was lower than expected in some field trials and in the coolest controlled environment. Subsequent dry matter accumulation showed the effects of poor crop establishment until the onset of flowering. Kabuli types were more susceptible to poor emergence than desi types. Different lines yielded the greatest dry matter production at different stages of growth. In the seedling phase, to 30 days after emergence, kabuli accessions SP1.563 and Garnet showed significantly greater dry matter accumulation than all other accessions in all controlled environments, suggesting broad adaptation. One desi accession, Gully, was almost as productive as these two kabuli accessions in the intermediate environment but was much poorer in the other environments, indicating very narrow adaptation. In the vegetative phase, the greatest relative growth rates were found in the desi accessions. Line 940‐26 was identified as highly productive in both field and controlled‐environment experiments. Dry matter accumulation was not significantly affected by temperature, although it was slightly greater in the coolest controlled environment than in the other two. The accession by temperature interaction was not significant, showing that the breadth of adaptation was similar in all accessions during this growth phase. The optimum time of sowing for dry matter accumulation was late May, 4–6 weeks before the winter solstice. The results showed that chickpeas are well adapted to germination and seedling establishment in moderate conditions, followed by vegetative growth in cooler conditions. These conditions are typical following autumn sowing in a Mediterranean or temperate environment. Kabuli types appear to have stronger growth during the seedling phase and desi types during the vegetative phase. Recombination of these traits could lead to more productive cultivars.  相似文献   

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