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1.
小麦胚乳小淀粉粒是复粒淀粉的结构观察 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了查明小麦胚乳淀粉粒是单粒淀粉还是复粒淀粉,利用电子显微镜技术系统观察了小麦胚乳发育过程中淀粉粒的发育过程.结果表明,大淀粉粒在胚乳发育早期发生与发育,包含大淀粉粒的淀粉体通过缢缩进行增殖,每个淀粉体只包含一个大淀粉粒;小淀粉粒在胚乳发育的中、后期发生与发育,包含大淀粉粒的淀粉体被膜向细胞基质突起,出芽产生许多淀粉体,小淀粉粒在这些淀粉体内发生与发育;包含小淀粉粒的淀粉体也可以通过缢缩或被膜外突出芽产生新淀粉体,用来形成小淀粉粒;多个小淀粉粒可以同时在一个淀粉体内发生与发育;当淀粉体被淀粉粒所充满,淀粉体被膜降解消失,释放淀粉粒到细胞基质中.上述结果表明,小麦胚乳大淀粉粒为单粒淀粉,而小淀粉粒为复粒淀粉. 相似文献
2.
玉米胚乳细胞淀粉质体的发育和增殖方式 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用戊二醛+锇酸双重固定法观察了玉米胚乳细胞淀粉质体发育和增殖的超微结构。结果表明：授粉后10 d,淀粉质体几乎完全被淀粉充满;授粉后15 d,淀粉质体已发育为成熟的淀粉粒,成熟期淀粉粒与蛋白质体排列紧密。玉米胚乳细胞淀粉质体增殖有被膜出泡、外凸,以出芽方式形成淀粉质体;淀粉质体被膜缢缩形成淀粉质体;以中间隔板形式形成淀粉质体;淀粉质体被膜向内出泡,在淀粉质体内形成新的淀粉质体等几种方式。 相似文献
3.
不同类型专用小麦品种胚乳发育的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示不同类型专用小麦品种胚乳发育的差异,以强筋小麦皖麦38和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,比较了两者胚乳细胞游离核分裂状况、细胞数目的增殖变化、细胞体积的变化、糊粉层发育、淀粉体和蛋白质体发育等内容,主要结果如下：（1）皖麦38游离核有丝分裂所占比例较大,扬麦9号无丝分裂所占比例较大,且受温度影响较大;（2）胚乳细胞增殖均呈"S"型曲线变化,皖麦38胚乳细胞增殖较快,胚乳体积较大,最终粒重较高;（3）皖麦38胚乳细胞中大淀粉体数目多于扬麦9号,而小淀粉体数目表现却相反;（4）皖麦38与扬麦9号相比较,糊粉层出现时间较晚,而且糊粉层细胞壁较厚,被甲苯胺蓝染色更浓;（5）成熟籽粒中淀粉粒形状有饼形、椭圆形和近圆球形三种。皖麦38胚乳中饼形和椭圆形淀粉粒较多,且相互结合较紧密;扬麦9号饼形和近球形淀粉粒较多,胚乳结构疏松。 相似文献
4.
5.
小麦强弱势粒胚乳淀粉体和蛋白体发育及物质积累研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探明小麦强弱势粒发育的差异,以大穗型小麦品种宁麦13为材料,采用半薄切片、组织染色和生理生化测定等方法比较研究了小麦强弱势粒胚乳淀粉体和蛋白体的发育及物质积累过程。结果表明,在小麦颖果发育过程中,强势粒的形态大小始终大于弱势粒,在花后3～11d表现尤为明显;与弱势粒相比,强势粒的胚乳尤其是背部胚乳中淀粉体和蛋白体的相对面积较大,充实度较高,胚乳质地更致密;强势粒的B型淀粉粒多于弱势粒,强、弱势粒的淀粉粒径分布均呈单峰型,强势粒中0～2μm的淀粉粒数显著高于弱势粒,在其他粒径范围两者无显著差异;与弱势粒相比,强势粒中总淀粉、蛋白质、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和支链淀粉含量均较高,而直链淀粉含量较低。由此可见,小麦弱势粒发育不良与胚乳淀粉体和蛋白体发育及物质积累密切相关。 相似文献
6.
不同透明度水稻籽粒横断面扫描电镜分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】探索单淀粉粒断面观察方法,并阐明稻米透明度与直链淀粉含量的关系以及造成稻米透明度下降的淀粉结构基础。【方法】采用扫描电镜对经过不同处理的具有不同透明度的籼稻和粳稻胚乳横断面进行淀粉粒结构观察研究。【结果】籼稻和粳稻稻米的透明度在直链淀粉含量低于15%的软米中明显下降。通过比较不同籽粒横断面断开方式,发现直接机械断裂法无法断开单个淀粉粒,机械断裂加玻璃刀刮刻法可以断开单个淀粉粒但断面结构变形且无法定量分析。液氮脆断法可以观察到单个断裂的淀粉粒以及其中的空腔。比较籼稻和粳稻胚乳横断面淀粉粒的排列方式和单个淀粉粒内部结构,表明所有品种稻米胚乳淀粉粒均规则且紧凑排列,但所有暗胚乳稻米籽粒横断面中淀粉粒内部存在明显的空腔且糯稻淀粉粒空腔的数目和大小均明显高于暗胚乳稻米。进一步通过梯度烘干实验,证明稻米淀粉粒中的空腔数目和大小随着水分的降低而增多和变大。【结论】液氮直接脆断法是观察水稻单个淀粉粒断面的有效方法。稻米透明度与胚乳淀粉粒的排列紧密程度无关而与稻米的含水量以及单个淀粉粒中间的气腔数目和大小直接相关。此外,直链淀粉含量越低,淀粉粒中间的空腔数目越多,孔径越大。 相似文献
7.
为探明小麦、水稻、玉米果皮淀粉体的发育、形态和结构特征的差异,以小麦“烟农19号”,水稻“扬稻6号”和玉米“扬糯1号”不同发育天数的颖果为材料,采用树脂切片、扫描电镜观察、X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换远红外光谱(FTIR)相结合的技术,对这三种谷物果皮淀粉体的发育、形态和结构特征进行了比较分析。结果表明,小麦颖果背部和腹部外果皮在早期都有小颗粒淀粉体积累,后期逐渐降解;水稻和玉米颖果背部外果皮在早期积累小颗粒淀粉体,随后逐渐降解,腹部外果皮不积累淀粉体。小麦、水稻、玉米中果皮细胞均积累较多的淀粉体,随着颖果的发育,小麦和玉米果皮细胞发生了明显的细胞程序性死亡,淀粉体从细胞中流失并不断降解,水稻中果皮程序性死亡进程不明显,细胞只是发生收缩和变形并伴随有淀粉体的降解。小麦和水稻果皮横细胞早期积累叶绿体,随着颖果的发育,叶绿体中开始积累淀粉粒,随后不断降解;玉米横细胞不积累叶绿体,只有少量的淀粉体积累,随后淀粉体降解。小麦果皮淀粉体分为单粒和复粒淀粉两种,淀粉粒呈现圆球状和不规则状;水稻和玉米果皮淀粉体为复粒淀粉,淀粉粒多呈不规则状,部分玉米淀粉粒呈多面体状。小麦、水稻、玉米果皮淀粉表现出相似的XRD和FTIR图谱, 但在XRD波谱的2θ角17°和18°衍射峰及FTIR光谱的995和1 022 cm-1共振峰强度不同,玉米果皮淀粉的相对结晶度最高,小麦次之,水稻最低;淀粉粒表层有序度以水稻最高,玉米次之,小麦最低。以上结果说明,在小麦、水稻、玉米果皮不同部位,淀粉体的发育和形态上存在较多个异同点,果皮淀粉粒内部结晶度和表层结构有序度存在显著差异。 相似文献
8.
为从微观角度了解小麦胚乳淀粉体的发生和发展过程,以强筋小麦徐麦30、中筋小麦扬麦11和弱筋小麦扬麦13为材料,利用显微技术研究了小麦胚乳背部和腹部淀粉粒的大小、数量和发育等特性。结果表明：（1）小麦胚乳淀粉粒粒径在颖果发育前期增加速率较快,而在发育后期增加较慢。同一品种腹部大淀粉粒粒径长度高于背部。品种间大淀粉粒粒径表现为扬麦13>扬麦11>徐麦30,小淀粉粒径表现为扬麦13>徐麦30>扬麦11。（2）在小麦胚乳发育过程中单位面积大淀粉粒的数量呈现先降后升的变化趋势。小麦胚乳大淀粉粒数量表现为徐麦30>扬麦11>扬麦13。胚乳细胞中小淀粉粒数量呈现持续增加的趋势,前期增加速率较快,后期较慢,品种间大小淀粉粒总数量均表现为扬麦13>扬麦11>徐麦30。（3）不同专用小麦成熟籽粒背部和腹部淀粉粒的形态及分布存在差异。同一品种腹部大淀粉粒数量较多,小淀粉粒数量较少,而背部小淀粉粒数量较多,大淀粉数目较少。三种专用小麦相比,弱筋小麦扬麦13小淀粉粒的数量最多,且排列疏松;而强筋小麦徐麦30小淀粉粒数量较少,且与蛋白体紧密结合,质地致密;中筋小麦扬麦11介于两者之间。 相似文献
9.
我国小麦主产区在籽粒灌浆期往往频发干旱,常导致小麦产量下降和品质变劣。为了解花后干旱对小麦籽粒淀粉粒发育及淀粉理化特性的影响,以中强筋小麦新冬20号和新冬23号为供试材料,在花后干旱胁迫下对小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉粒形态、粒径、淀粉降解酶活性以及淀粉相对结晶度、持水力、膨胀势、溶解度和破损淀粉粒含量进行了研究。结果表明,花后干旱处理下两个参试小麦品种的淀粉粒基本形态未发生明显变化。对比新冬20号,花后干旱对新冬23号淀粉粒的形成、发育影响更大。花后干旱处理下,新冬20号和新冬23号胚乳中的淀粉降解酶活性均在灌浆后期达到峰值,花后35 d时,籽粒淀粉降解酶活性均明显高于同时期的对照。花后干旱未改变参试小麦品种淀粉粒的结晶类型,但降低了其相对结晶度。花后干旱处理的新冬23号籽粒中淀粉粒的持水力和破损淀粉含量显著低于对照。试验说明花后干旱胁迫影响了小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉降解酶活性,进而作用于淀粉粒的表观结构,最终对淀粉粒的理化特性产生影响,影响程度与参试小麦品种的遗传特性有关,干旱敏感型品种受其影响更为明显。 相似文献
10.
为了解青稞胚乳淀粉及淀粉粒形成与生长特征,以西藏育成青稞品种冬青8号为材料,对籽粒发育过程中胚乳灌浆速度、淀粉积累量及淀粉粒的产生、二维面积、粒径变化进行了分析。结果表明,胚乳发育过程中,干物质和淀粉积累量呈S型曲线,两者呈正相关。花后5d,青稞胚乳中可零星见到粒径和二维面积较小的A型小淀粉粒;花后10~15d,A型小淀粉粒数量显著增大,但粒径和二维面积增加较慢;花后20d,B型小淀粉粒可能已经形成,与A型小淀粉粒组成一个复合群体;花后25d,形成了粒径10μm的A型淀粉粒、粒径5~10μm的B型淀粉粒和粒径5μm的C型淀粉粒;花后30~55d,不同粒径的淀粉粒数量和二维面积逐渐增加,其中,C型淀粉粒数量不断增加直至籽粒成熟。青稞成熟籽粒胚乳中,淀粉粒的粒径为1.45~44.76μm,二维面积为3.56~1 750.8μm2;A型淀粉粒形状为近圆形,表面光滑,个别表面附着有C型淀粉粒,B型淀粉粒形状有近圆形、椭圆形多种类型,C型淀粉粒形状比B型淀粉粒的变异更大。 相似文献
11.
Mature and developing oat (Avena sativa) grains were sectioned and image analysis methods used to estimate the starch granule-size distribution and morphology in endosperm cells. This showed that oat endosperm cells contain two types of starch granule: compound starch granules such as those seen in rice endosperm and in most other grasses; and simple granules similar to the B-type starch granules seen in the endosperm of Triticeae species such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). The simple granules in oats are similar in size and relative abundance to B-type granules in Triticeae suggesting that they may share a common evolutionary origin. However, there is a fundamental difference between oats and Triticeae in the timing of granule initiation during grain development. In Triticeae, the B-type granules initiate several days after the A-type granules whereas in oats, both the simple and compound granule types initiate at the same time, in early grain development. 相似文献
12.
小麦胚乳 A、B 型淀粉粒发育特征及黏度特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用扫描电镜对4个小麦品种不同发育时期籽粒自然断面和分离提纯的A、B型淀粉粒进行观察,并采用黏度糊化仪对小麦面粉和成熟小麦胚乳A、B型淀粉粒分别进行黏度测定.电镜扫描结果显示,小麦授粉3d有凝胶状物质产生于造粉体内壁,6d可明显看到部分造粉体被淀粉粒充满,此时淀粉粒雏形已现,9d淀粉粒体积增大,基本充满所有造粉体,12d前观察到的均为A型淀粉粒,15d有B型淀粉粒出现,18d以后造粉体被完全破坏降解,只留存有A、B型淀粉粒和各自表面的结合蛋白.这说明12d前是A型淀粉粒形成时期,后逐渐形成B型淀粉粒.黏度糊化测定结果表明,A、B型淀粉粒糊化后呈天蓝色,而面粉糊化后呈白色.其次,所测小麦样品糊化焓变和峰值黏度大小表现为B型淀粉粒＞A型淀粉粒＞小麦面粉. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2001,34(1):61-71
Our previous work indicated that starches containing B-type crystallites show low susceptibility to amylolysis and suggested that B-type crystallites have an effect on starch granule organisation. To elucidate granular ultrastructure, double wxae and aedu maize mutant starches containing A- (30 and 50% respectively) and B-type (70 and 50% respectively) crystallites were treated with porcine pancreatic alpha -amylase. The surface structure of the native and degraded starches was studied by scanning electron microscopy, and the internal ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy after staining with PATAg reagents. The results confirm the influence of B-type crystallites on granule organisation and indicate that starches containing B-type crystallites show an amylolysis attack pattern with minor exocorrosion and major endocorrosion. The granule organisation of A- and B-type starches proposed is not consistent with an onion ring model1and may account for the different behaviour of these starches to amylolysis. Transmission electron microscopy showed that most native wxae and aedu starch granules are composed of a core with a classical alternating structure and a peripheral ring. The peripheral ring in wxae starch was ordered and resistant to amylolysis, whereas that of aedu was disordered and degradable. It is proposed that these two specific forms of granule organisation are attributable to variations in the enzymatic activities of specific starch synthesising enzymes during the course of starch biosynthesis. 相似文献
14.
YANG Jian-chang CHANG Er-hua TANG Cheng ZHANG Hao WANG Zhi-qin 《水稻科学》2007,14(1):33-41
To elucidate the relationship between ethylene evolution from the grains and the appearance quality of rice,ten different rice genotypes were used to determine the ethylene evolution rate,1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC)concentration in grains during grain filling and the appearance quality of rice,and the effects of chemical regulators on concentrations of ethylene and ACC in the grains during grain filling were also investigated to verify the roles of ethylene in the rice quality formation.The ethylene evolution rates and ACC concentrations in grains during the mid and late grain filling stages were very significantly and positively correlated with chalky kernel percentage and chalkiness.The cultivars with a low ACC concentration in grains exhibited a close amyloplast arrangement and small space between starch granules,whereas those with a high ACC concentration in grains showed a loose arrangement and wide space between the granules.Application of 1μmol/L ACC to panicles at mid and late grain filling stages significantly loosened amyloplast arrangement and increased chalky kernel percentage,chalky area and chalkiness,and the results were reversed when 1μmol/L amino-ethoxyvinylglycine,an inhibitor of ACC synthesis enzyme,was applied to panicles.A practice of moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation reduced ethylene evolution and ACC concentration in grains and thereby reduced chalkiness. The results suggested that ethylene and ACC in grains play an important role in the endosperm structure and appearance quality of rice,and the appearance quality would be improved by reducing ethylene evolution and ACC in grains through either variety breeding and selection,or chemical regulations or cultivation techniques. 相似文献
15.
啤酒大麦与饲用大麦籽粒结构和淀粉粒的比较研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探索大麦籽粒结构和淀粉粒与其用途的关系，利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和差示扫描量热分析仪（DSC）对啤酒大麦（港啤1号和扬农啤2号）与饲用大麦（扬饲麦1号）的籽粒结构和淀粉粒进行了比较研究。结果表明，3个品种表现相似的胚乳结构，但啤酒大麦的淀粉粒与蛋白质结合不紧密，饲用大麦的淀粉粒和蛋白质结合较紧密，且饲用大麦的蛋白质基质含量高于啤酒大麦。采用碱处理和差速沉淀法分离了籽粒胚乳大、中、小淀粉粒，虽然品种间淀粉粒的形态无明显差别，但大、中、小淀粉粒的大小和含量差异很大。DSC分析所得参数表明，大淀粉粒糊化时的起始温度（To）、峰值温度（Tp）和终结温度（n）高于相同品种的中、小淀粉粒，且糊化过程所需的热焓（△H）也较高。 相似文献
16.
Channels within soft wheat starch A- and B-type granules 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
The nature of channels within wheat starch granules was investigated using scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy. A-type granules stained with 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA, protein-specific probe) revealed a network of radially oriented, channel-like protein structures similar to those previously reported. However, treatment of the same starch granules with methanolic merbromin (fluorescent dye) solution, which is used to highlight external granule surfaces (including those of channels) under non-swelling conditions, revealed few, if any, channels extending into the granule interior. This discrepancy suggested that channels within wheat starch granules were filled at least in part with protein. Removal of protein with protease facilitated greater access of methanolic merbromin to channels and/or cavities for both granule types. For A-type starch granules, relatively large channels were observed in the equatorial groove region, while finer channels originated from other regions of the granule. This work reports the first visualization of B-type granule channels, which most frequently occurred as less-defined voids (as opposed to the fine, discrete channels of A-type granules) extending to granule surfaces. Channels of A- and B-type starch granules appeared to facilitate transfer of chemical reagent into the granule matrix, though this effect was aided by granule swelling (hydration) and/or removal of channel-associated protein. 相似文献
17.
Elucidation of maize endosperm starch granule channel proteins and evidence for plastoskeletal structures in maize endosperm amyloplasts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mustapha Benmoussa Bruce R. Hamaker Chia Ping Huang Debra M. Sherman Clifford F. Weil James N. BeMiller 《Journal of Cereal Science》2010
Previously, starch granules of maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and millet (Pennisetum americanum) were found to contain channels connecting the interior cavity with the outside surface, and the channels of maize starch channels were found to contain, presumably to be lined with, proteins. One objective of this study was to identify and characterize channel proteins of maize starch granules. A putative starch granule channel protein extract was subjected to 2D-PAGE. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was used to identify the proteins. Data analysis indicated the presence of actin-like and tubulin-like (FtsZ) proteins, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large and small subunits (Shrunken2 [Sh2] and Brittle2 [Bt2], respectively), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and Brittle1 (Bt1, an adenylate translocator). A combination of Western blot analysis and immunolocalization confirmed the presence of an actin-like protein within the starch granule structure. Another objective was to determine the origin of maize starch granule channels. TEM examination of maize endosperm amyloplasts that did not contain a formed starch granule revealed structures that were connected to the amyloplast membrane and extended inward to the center of the plastid. 相似文献
18.
Mature wheat endosperm contains A-, B-, C-type starch granules, and each class has unique physiochemical properties which determine the quality of starch. The dynamics of the starch granule size distribution, activities of starch synthases and expression of starch synthase encoding genes were studied in superior and inferior grains during grain filling. Compared with inferior grains, superior grains showed higher grain weight, contents of starch, amylose and amylopectin. The formation of A-, B-, C-type starch granules initiated at 4, 8, 20 DAF, respectively, and was well consistent with the temporally change patterns of starch synthase activities and relative gene expression levels. For instance, activities of soluble and granule-bound starch synthases (designated SSS and GBSS) peaked at 20 and 24 DAF. Genes encoding isoforms of starch synthases expressed at different grain filling periods. In addition, SS I was generally expressed over the grain filling stage; the SS II and SS III were expressed over the early and mid grain filling stage, and the GBSS I was expressed during the mid to late grain filling stage. In addition, the time-course changes in activities of starch synthases and expression of starch synthase encoding genes explained well the dynamics of the starch granule size distribution. 相似文献