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1.
The mobility and migration capacity of Zn in the soil-plant system were studied in a series of pot experiments with barley as a test plant. The parameters of Zn accumulation depending on the metal concentrations in soils and soil solutions were estimated by soil and water culture methods. Experiments with barley in water culture were performed on a nutrient (soil) solution extracted from soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Retisol (Loamic, Ochric)) to which Zn2+ was added to reach working concentrations increasing from 0.07 to 430 μM. Different responses of barley plants to changes in the concentration of Zn in the studied soil were identified. Ranges of the corresponding concentrations in the soil and aboveground barley biomass were determined. Parameters of Zn accumulation by test plants were determined depending on the metal content in soddypodzolic soil and the soil solution. A new method was proposed for evaluating the buffer capacity of soils with respect to a heavy metal (Zn) using test plants (BCS(P)Zn). The method was used to evaluate the buffering capacity of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soil. The considered methodological approach offers opportunities for using data obtained during the agroecological monitoring of agricultural lands with heavy metals (HMs), including the contents of exchangeable HMs and macroelements (C and Mg) in soils and concentrations of HMs and (Ca + Mg) in plants, in the calculation of the buffering capacity of the surveyed soils for HMs.  相似文献   

2.
Natural and technogenic compounds of heavy metals in soils   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The existing geological classification of heavy metals (HMs) is not suitable for their characterization in soils. The carriers of HMs in soils differ from those in the lithosphere. These are clay minerals; iron oxides, whose composition varies between the background and urban soils; various manganese oxides; and different groups of organic substances. The mineral composition of HM carriers can vary significantly. The main iron oxides are ferrihydrite, goethite, feroxyhyte, and lepidocrocite in the background soils and technogenic magnetite in the urban soils. The different structures of manganese oxides determine their affinity for specific HMs. Metallic iron and green rust are very efficient in artificial geochemical barriers, although they act as strong reducers there. HM compounds strongly vary in soils because of the unstable conditions.  相似文献   

3.
The results of long-term studies of the contents of bulk forms of metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Mn, Co, and Cd) and their mobile compounds in soils of background and human-disturbed areas within the Krasnoural’sk–Sibai–Gai copper–zinc and Baimak–Buribai mixed copper mineralization zones in the Bashkir Transural region are discussed. It is shown that soils of the region are characterized by abnormally high natural total contents of heavy metals (HMs) typomorphic for ore mineralization: Cu, Zn, and Fe for the Sibai province and Cu, Zn, and Ni for the Baimak province. In the case of a shallow depth of the ores, the concentrations of HMs in the soils are close to or higher than the tentative permissible concentration values. The concentrations of mobile HM compounds in soils of background areas and their percentage in the total HM content strongly vary from year to year in dependence on weather conditions, position in the soil catenas, species composition of vegetation, and distance from the source of technogenic contamination. The high natural variability in the content of mobile HM compounds in soils complicates the reliable determination of the regional geochemical background and necessitates annual estimation of background parameters for the purposes of the ecological monitoring of soils. The bulk content of Cu and Zn content in soils near mining enterprises exceeds the regional geochemical background values by 2–12 times and the tentative permissible concentrations of these metals by 2–4 times. Anthropogenic contamination results in a sharp rise in the content of mobile HM compounds in soils. Their highest concentrations exceed the maximum permissible concentrations by 26 times for Cu, 18 times for Zn, and 2 times for Pb. Soil contamination in the impact zone of mining enterprises is extremely dangerous or dangerous. However, because of the high temporal variability in the migration and accumulation of HMs in the soils, the recent decline in the ore mining activities, and the construction of purification facilities, no definite temporal trends in the contents of HMs in the soils have been found in the studied region for the period from 1998 to 2015.  相似文献   

4.
The accumulation and deactivation (detoxification) of heavy metals in soils and in soil iron-manganic nodules have been studied. Data on the relative distribution of the total and mobile compounds of heavy metals in soils and nodules upon different rates of technogenic loads are obtained. It is shown that iron-manganic nodules play the role of specific depositors in the soil system, affect the redistribution of heavy metals in the soil cover, and control their migration in the soil profiles.  相似文献   

5.
Technogenically contaminated urban soils contain a substantial amount of magnetite Fe3O4, whereas another ferrimagnetic, i.e., maghemite αFe2O3, more often prevails in unpolluted soils. The content of magnetite may exceed the content of another iron oxide, hematite, in contaminated soils. In the town of Chusovoi, where emissions from a single enterprise, a metallurgical plant, predominate among pollutants, the upper soil horizons are contaminated with magnetite of one type. In the much larger city of Perm, the polluting sources are diverse, which results in a wide variation of magnetic susceptibility of technogenic magnetite. The difference in magnetite properties may depend on the composition and the content of heavy metals associated with this mineral. A considerable amount of oxalate-soluble magnetite in technogenically contaminated soils produces two important consequences. Schwertmann’s criterion Feox: Fedit as a gleying index turns out to be overestimated and, therefore, does not work in technogenically contaminated soils. The second consequence is that Tamm’s reagent is inapplicable to extracting heavy metals bound to amorphous iron compounds from contaminated soils. On the other hand, a high solubility (30–60%) of technogenic magnetite by oxalate favors the use of Tamm’s reagent for the complete extraction of iron (hydr)oxides and heavy metals bound to them.  相似文献   

6.
An ordinary chernozem artificially contaminated with Zn and Pb salts and reclaimed by the addition of chalk and glauconite under pot experimental conditions has been analyzed. The fractional and group composition of the metal compounds in the soil extracts have been determined according to an original combined fractionation procedure. Coefficients characterizing the changes in the environmental status of the metals under the reclamation conditions have been proposed for describing the formation tendencies of the metal composition in the soils. These are the mobility coefficients (MCs) of the heavy metals (HMs) in the soils and the stability coefficients (SCs) of the soils for the HMs. They are calculated from the analysis of the fractional and group composition of the metal compounds. The MC characterizes the environmental vulnerability of soils to the impact of HMs; the SC characterizes the environmental sustainability of soils concerning the contamination with HMs. The obtained experimental data characterize the behavior features of Zn and Pb in the studied soils. An increase in the environmental hazard has been revealed at the contamination of soils with HMs, as well as its decrease at the application of the tested ameliorants. The participation of both strongly and loosely fixed HM fractions in the development of the HM mobility in the soils and the sustainability of the soils to their impact has been shown.  相似文献   

7.
Both routine statistical methods (the compliance of the heavy metal content with the exponent or ruling out abnormally high values of heavy metal concentrations in the Gaussian distribution) and new geostatistics based approaches are used as the criteria of the technogenic nature of heavy metals. Methods are being developed that take into consideration the marker element content (Al) in soil profiles. The geochemical criteria of the technogenic character are based on the statistical relationship between the content of the particular heavy metal (or metalloid) and its principal mineral phase carrier in the background soils, as well as on the disturbance of this relationship upon soil pollution. The chemical criteria are based on the different solubility of natural and technogenic heavy metals by reagents. A procedure of the quantitative assessment of the origin of technogenic lead depending on its isotopic composition is developed. The magnetic criteria of the technogenic nature of heavy metals are based on their association with technogenic magnetite.  相似文献   

8.
Concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) were determined in soils of the eastern coast of the Northern Sakhalin Lowland. The total contents of HMs and their distribution in the studied soils differed from those in the world soils. Thus, barium and mercury concentrations exceeded clarke values for the world soils. The reserves of mobile forms of microelements were found to be low. Significant biogenic accumulation in organic soil horizons in the process of soil formation was found for copper, arsenic, and barium.  相似文献   

9.

Purpose

The aim of the present study is to evaluate geochemical transformation of soil cover in the territory of Erdenet (Mongolia) and to assess the environmental risk associated with soil cover contamination. The objectives of the present study included: (1) the determination of heavy metals (HMs) and metalloids contents in surface horizons of background and urban soils and the assessment of geochemical transformation of the city’s soil cover; (2) the identification of elements’ associations and patterns of their spatial distribution in the soil cover of the city; (3) the assessment of environmental hazard, related to contamination of soils with complexes of HMs and metalloids.

Materials and methods

Soil–geochemical survey was conducted by the authors in the summer periods of 2010 and 2011. In total, 225 samples, including 32 backgrounds, were collected. Bulk contents of HMs and metalloids in soil samples were analyzed by mass-spectral method with inductively coupled plasma at All-Russian Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials (Moscow) using Elan-6100 and Optima-4300 devices (Perkin Elmer, USA).

Results and discussion

Mo, Cu, and Se appeared to be the priority pollutants nearly in all land-use zones. The maximum accumulation of Mo, Cu, Se, As, Sb, and W is restricted to the industrial area where total pollution index of soils (Zc) equals 74.8. Three technogenic associations of elements, derived mainly from petrochemical features of Erdenet ore field and characterized by similar spatial distribution within the city, are identified. Environmental assessment of surface soil horizon geochemistry in Erdenet showed that 1/5 of its area has dangerous and extremely dangerous levels of soil pollution.

Conclusions

Experience of the environmental–geochemical assessment of soil cover in the impact zone of mining enterprises could be useful for other fields of the non-ferrous metals with high lithological–geochemical heterogeneity of the territory. It suggests the need of accounting for the geological diversity and specific features of metallogeny of an area. Geochemical indices local enrichment factor/local depletion factor should be calculated against the individual background values for each soil-forming rock. Such approach allows more accurate assessment of the degree of technogenic geochemical transformation of soils and the environmental hazard of pollution.
  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

In

-situ sorbent amendment is a relatively low-cost, low-impact approach for remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals (HMs), and thus is considered a way to be favored in developing countries. In this study, materials of non-hazardous, alkaline agronomic and industrial by-products were used as sorbents to explore their capacity of in situ immobilization of multiple HMs in mining-impacted arable soil. These sorbents included fly ash (FA), biochar (BC) and apatite (AP) and they were implemented with varying ratios of combinations. Results of soil microcosm tests showed that after incubation for 90 days, concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in their exchangeable forms determined by a sequential extraction method significantly decreased in amended soils, as opposed to the unamended control. Of the five sets of amendments, the composite of FA, BC, and AP resulted in the maximum reduction (up to 80%) in the mobility of Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils. The mechanisms underlying the immobilization of HMs in amended soils might involve processes of surface precipitation, ion exchange and complexation, in which the physicochemical properties of sorbent materials played an important role. The immobilization efficacy of sorbent amendments on HMs in soil was further supported by pot experiments in which significant inhibition of HM accumulation in the belowground and aboveground tissues of maize was observed after 50-day cultivation in amended soils as compared with control soil. Together, these results suggest that the application of cost-saving and environmentally friendly materials derived from wastes as sorbents to remediate soils contaminated with multiple HMs is promising for developing countries like Vietnam.  相似文献   

11.
Heavy metal pollution of urban soils   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The chemical properties of urban soils (southeastern administrative district, Moscow) affecting the behavior of heavy metals were studied. The current heavy metal pollution level of the soils was assessed. The use of different approaches for the pollution standardization is shown to produce different results. The fractional composition of the metal compounds in the soils and the factors affecting its formation under technogenic pollution were investigated. In the district studied, the distribution of heavy metals by the fractions primarily depended on the chemical properties of the heavy metals themselves; the pollution level; and, to a lesser degree, on the soil properties. Zinc and cadmium were the most mobile metals in the soils studied.  相似文献   

12.
Human exposure to toxic heavy metals via dietary intake is of increasing concern. Heavy-metal pollution of a rice production system can pose a threat to human health. Thus, it was necessary to develop a suitable extraction procedure that would represent the content of metal available to rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). The aim of this study was to predict, on the basis of single extraction procedures of soil heavy metals, the accumulation of heavy metals (cadium, lead, copper, and zinc) in rice plants. Six extracting agents [Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), DTPA–TEA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid–triethanolamine), ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), and calcium chloride (CaCl2)] were tested to evaluate the bioavailability of heavy metals from paddy soils contaminated with lead–zinc mine tailings to rice. The extraction capacity of the metals was found to be of the order EDTA > Mehlich 3 > Mehlich 1 > DTPA–TEA > NH4OAc > CaCl2. The correlation analysis between metals extracted with different extractants and concentrations of the metals in the grain and stalk of the plant showed positive correlations with all metals. The greatest values of correlation coefficients were determined between the NH4OAc- and CaCl2-soluble fractions of soil and contents in plants in all four metals studied. Therefore, NH4OAc and CaCl2 were the most suitable extractants for predicting bioavailability of heavy metals in the polluted soils to rice. The results suggested that uptake of heavy metals by rice was mostly from exchangeable and water-soluble fractions of the metals in the soils. Soil-extractable metals were more significantly correlated with metal accumulation in the stalk than in the grain. The pH had more significant influence on availability of heavy metals in the soils than total content of metals and other soil properties. The bioavailability of metals for rice plants would be high in acidic soils.  相似文献   

13.
The soil cover inside the walls of the New Jerusalem Monastery (in the city of Istra, Moscow region) has been completely transformed during the long history of anthropogenic loads on the local landscape. Specific anthropogenic soils have been formed from the technogenic deposits on the top and slopes of the monastery hill. These soils contain numerous artifacts; in their upper part, horizons with characteristic features of the modern humus-accumulative process have been developed. The major types of anthropogenic soils on the territory of the monastery—urbiagrostratozems, soddy urbistratozems, and soddy-calcareous urbistratified soils—have been described. The composition of technogenic deposits determines the shift of pH values towards the alkaline reaction, the high content of available phosphorus compounds, and the soil contamination with heavy metals. The post-alluvial gray-humus soils close in their morphology and chemical properties to the natural soils of the floodplain predominate in the soil cover of the park zone adjacent to the walls of the monastery in the Istra River valley.  相似文献   

14.
Heavy metals (HMs) and antibiotic resistance have become serious environmental problems affecting soil and human health. Soil microorganisms play key roles in pollutant degradation and biogeochemical cycling processes; however, the interactions among HMs, soil microbial communities, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soils remain unclear. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and NovaSeq sequencing, we evaluated heavy metal contents, abundances of ARGs, soil bacterial community structure and functions, and their correlations in paddy soils at 43 sampling sites along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, central and eastern China. Our results showed the co-occurrence of HMs, ARGs, and HM resistance genes across all paddy soils. Additionally, significant positive associations were detected between HMs and resistance genes. Cadmium, czcA, and int1 were positively correlated with bacterial community diversity. The Mantel test showed that bacterial community composition and functions were significantly associated with HMs and resistance genes, such as Cd, Cr, Zn, copA, czcA, int1, and sul1. Moreover, HMs and ARGs were the major factors shaping soil bacterial communities; thus, HMs triggered proliferation of HM and antibiotic resistances by influencing the mobile genetic element (int1) and soil microbial communities. Our study revealed that HMs potentially drive the co-selection of ARGs by shifting soil bacterial community structure and functions, thereby increasing the potential risks to human health as well as ecological environment in the paddy soils along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.  相似文献   

15.
The content of heavy metals in the soils of the Middle CisUrals (the town of Chusovoi and its vicinities) is controlled by both natural and technogenic factors. The enrichment of the parent rocks in Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cu, which influences the chemical composition of the soils, is the most important among the natural factors. Among the other natural factors, the gleying and washing of the alluvial soils with flood water are significant. The technogenic contamination of the urban soils reaches its maximum in the technozems, where the content of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr exceeds their clarkes by 4–8 times. The index of technogeneity (the share of technogenic metals referring to their total content) is high for the bulk of metals in technozems, in particular, ranging within 36–97%. The technogeneity sequence is the following for the urban soils: Cr > Zn = Mn > Pb > Cu > Fe. The soil contamination with metals is confined to the depression where the metallurgical plant is operating, and it significantly falls already at a distance of 2–3 km in the settlements located at higher topographic positions.  相似文献   

16.
The contents and profile distributions of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, and benzo[a]pyrene in oligotrophic peat soils, oligotrophic peat gley soils (Dystric Fibric Histosols), humus-impregnated peat gleyzems (Dystric Histic Gleysols), and mucky gleyzems (Dystric Gleysols) have been analyzed with consideration for their degree of oligotrophicity and anthropogenic loads. Horizons with the accumulation (O, Tpyr, TT) and removal (Ghi,e) of heavy metals have been revealed. The increase in the content of heavy metals and benzo[a]pyrene in the upper layer of oligotrophic peat soils under technogenic fallouts in the impact zone of flare and motor transport has been considered. Statistical parameters of the spatial variation of parameters in organic and gley horizons have been calculated. The variation coefficients of pollutant elements (Pb and Zn) in the surface horizons of soils increase to 100–125%. Positive correlations revealed between the content of some heavy metals in litter indicate their bioaccumulation and possible joint input with aerotechnogenic fallouts. No correlations are found between the contents of benzo[a]pyrene and heavy metals, but a reliable negative correlation with the ash content is noted in the peat horizon.  相似文献   

17.
湘中下寒武统黑色页岩土壤的地球化学特征   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  
以湘中发育于下寒武统黑色页岩之上的土壤为研究对象,选择安化东坪、烟溪,桃江,宁乡等地的典型土壤及相应成土母岩,利用等离子质谱(ICP-MS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等分析技术,对土壤、成土母岩(黑色页岩)的主量元素和微量元素(包括重金属元素、稀土元素等)进行了较系统的分析测定。结果表明,湘中下寒武统黑色页岩土壤风化作用强烈,风化指数CIA均在73以上。强烈的风化使得土壤具有明显贫CaO、Na2O,而富Al2O3、Fe2O3的化学组成特征。土壤因继承成土母岩(黑色页岩)的特征而富集Mo、Cd、Sn、Sb、U、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Tl、Pb、Th等多种重金属元素,其综合富集指数(EI值)平均在3以上,最高达17。地质累计指数(Igeo)评价结果显示,土壤重金属的富集已达到污染程度,土壤存在Cd、Mo、Sb、U、Sn、V、Cu、Tl、Ba等重金属的污染,并以Cd、Mo、Sb等重金属污染最强,达中度至极强污染程度。重金属与主量元素的相关性分析显示,土壤中的重金属主要赋存于黏土矿物和铁氧化物(针铁矿)等矿物相中,其中Ba、Sn、Th、Cu、Sc等主要赋存黏土矿物中;Zn、Ni、Mn、Co、Cd、Tl、Pb等则主要赋存于铁氧化物矿物(针铁矿)中;而Cr、V、Mo、Sb、U等则不受黏土矿物和铁氧化物矿物的控制。此外,不同地区土壤的Zr/Hf、Ta/Nb、Nd/Sm等元素比值相对稳定,依次为36.20、0.085、5.30(n=73),并与相应的成土母岩(黑色页岩)相应值基本一致。土壤与成土母岩具有相同的稀土配分型式,且成土过程中稀土元素不发生明显的分异。微量元素比值和稀土元素特征指示土壤中的重金属来自成土母岩(黑色页岩)本身,为自然污染源。  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT

In arid/semi-arid regions, soil salinization, sodification and contamination by heavy metals (HMs) are the main constrains to plant growth, crop production and human health. Biochar can affect soil behaviors, e.g. adsorption of HMs that is one of the most effective techniques for reducing their bioavailability. Effect of three levels (0%, 2% and 4% wt) of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar and two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 50 mg Cd kg?1 soil as Cd(NO3)2) on Cd adsorption of saline, sodic, saline-sodic and normal soils were evaluated through studying adsorption isotherms. Six isotherm models were fitted to the data and the best model were chosen. The maximum Cd adsorption (694 mg kg?1) obtained in sodic soils without biochar treatment. Cadmium removal decreased when dosage of the applied biochar increased. The minimum Cd removal obtained as 17%, 21%, and 23% in control, 2% and 4% biochar-treated saline soils, respectively. Biochar increased Cd adsorption in salt-affected soils. Increasing pH in soil solution after biochar addition resulted in an increase in net negative surface charge and the affinity of soil particles for Cd adsorption. Consequently, 2% biochar could ameliorate Cd contamination. However, Cd adsorption decreased when dosage of the applied biochar increased from 2% to 4%.  相似文献   

19.
The contents of heavy alkaline-earth (Sr and Ba) and rare-earth (Y, La, and Ce) metals have been studied in two technogeochemical anomalies and in the soils of Perm and Chusovoi. The soils are contaminated with barium, lanthanum, and cerium in the territory of the Cherepovets technogeochemical anomaly formed due to the atmospheric emissions from the Severstal metallurgical works. Strontium, barium, and yttrium are accumulated in the soils of the Revda technogeochemical anomaly formed by aerial emissions from the Mid-Urals copper smelter. The portion of technogenic strontium reaches 43–84% near the metallurgical works, while that of barium and yttrium, 47–63 and 28–32%, respectively. In Perm, the urban soils are polluted with technogenic alkaline-earth metals, i.e., strontium and barium, with their content reaching 31–48%. In Chusovoi, the calcareous horizons of the soddy soils are enriched in strontium and depleted in barium. The eluvial-illuvial distribution of the rare-earth metals is registered in the soddy-podzolic soil. The soils of the terrace are contaminated with barium. The technozem is contaminated with all the metals (barium and yttrium, in particular).  相似文献   

20.
The effect of soil properties and distance from the source of technogenic emission on the input of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Ni into daisy family plants (Asteraceae) has been studied. It has been found that the high level of anthropogenic load related to the atmospheric emissions from the Novocherkassk power plant (NPP) favors the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in herbaceous plants. Contamination with Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni is revealed in plants growing near the NPP. The main factors affecting the distribution of HMs in the above- and underground organs of plants include individual physiological features of plant species controlling the barrier functions of different plant organs. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Artemisia austriaca Pall. ex. Wild. Jack., and Tanacetum vulgare L. are accumulators of HMs. The resistance of herbaceous plants to pollution has been determined from the acropetal coefficient and actual biogeochemical mobility of HMs. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is most resistant to contamination with Mn; Achillea nobilis L. is most resistant to Pb, Ni, and Cd; Cichorium intybus L. is most resistant to Zn and Cu.  相似文献   

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