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1.
H. Poser M. Berlanda M. Monacolli B. Contiero A. Coltro C. Guglielmini 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(3):228-239
Objectives
To evaluate tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) with or without pulmonary hypertension (PH) and to study the correlations with clinical and echocardiographic parameters.Animals
The study population included 99 dogs with MMVD and tricuspid regurgitation.Methods
This is a prospective clinical study. All dogs received a transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation, including 2D, M-mode, echo-Doppler, and tissue Doppler measurements. The TAPSE was measured from the left apical four-chamber view and normalized for the effect of body weight (nTAPSE). The dogs were grouped according to the severity of MMVD (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine guidelines) and presence/absence and severity of PH. Significant differences between TAPSE or nTAPSE and echocardiographic parameters were analyzed among the MMVD and PH severity groups. Correlations between TAPSE or nTAPSE and echocardiographic parameters were calculated.Results
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion or nTAPSE were not significantly different among dogs of the MMVD or PH severity groups. Significant correlations were obtained between TAPSE and body weight, left ventricular and atrial dimensions, early diastolic septal and early diastolic and systolic tricuspid annulus velocity (p<0.001); nTAPSE was significantly correlated with normalized end-diastolic left ventricular dimension and fractional shortening (p<0.001).Conclusions
The results show that neither TAPSE nor nTAPSE are reduced in dogs with MMVD with or without PH. It remains unclear if the right ventricle function is not reduced or if a reduced right ventricle function is masked by the contraction of the left ventricle through ventricular interdependence. 相似文献2.
D. Caivano M. Rishniw F. Birettoni V. Patata M.E. Giorgi K. Dei F. Porciello 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(5):354-363
Objectives
To create reference intervals for right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening (RVOT-FS) in healthy dogs and examine diagnostic performance of this index in dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH). In addition, we examine the impact of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) without PH on RVOT-FS.Animals, materials and methods
The study population included 52 healthy adult dogs, 51 dogs with MMVD but without PH, and 51 dogs with PH. This is a prospective study. Complete echocardiographic evaluations were performed on all dogs. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening was obtained by two-dimensional guided M-mode recordings from the right parasternal short axis view. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening was evaluated in healthy dogs of various breeds, and reference intervals were generated. We examined the effect of PH on RVOT-FS with receiver operating characteristic analysis and evaluated the effect of MMVD on RVOT-FS in dogs without PH. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility was calculated.Results
Healthy dogs had RVOT-FS > 44%. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening values of healthy dogs and MMVD dogs without PH did not differ (p=0.84). In dogs with PH, RVOT-FS decreased with increasing tricuspid regurgitation velocity (p<0.0001). Pimobendan use in dogs with PH increased RVOT-FS as PH worsened. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening was acquired with clinically acceptable intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility.Conclusions
Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening is a novel, easy applicable, and repeatable index for evaluating RV systolic function. Studies comparing this index with common echocardiographic indices used to assess RV function in dogs are needed. 相似文献3.
L.E. Strohm L.C. Visser E.H. Chapel W.T. Drost J.D. Bonagura 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(5):330-342
Introduction
Left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) enlargement affect management and outcome of dogs with cardiac disease. Short-axis, two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) images, indexed to the aorta (Ao), are frequently used to identify cardiomegaly. Long-axis images offer complementary views of the left heart.Animals
Eighty healthy dogs and 25 dogs with MMVD.Methods
Healthy dogs were prospectively recruited to determine reference intervals (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute methodology) for long-axis ratios. Measurement variability and repeatability were quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation. Mean long-axis ratios from dogs with MMVD were compared with healthy dogs (unpaired t-test). In addition, the proportion of MMVD dogs exceeding the 97.5 percentile by LV/Ao and a conventional, allometric method were compared (McNemar’s test).Results
Two-dimensional echocardiographic long-axis reference intervals were as follows: left ventricular to aortic dimension (LV/Ao) 1.8–2.5; left atrial to aortic dimension (LA/Ao) 1.8–2.4, and left atrial to left ventricular dimension (LA/LV) 0.9–1.1. Intraobserver and interobserver measurement agreement was good-to-excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥0.84), and day-to-day variability was low (coefficient of variations <4%). Left ventricular to aortic dimension, LA/Ao, and LA/LV were significantly greater in canine MMVD compared with healthy dogs (p<0.001). The percentages of MMVD dogs demonstrating LV dilatation by LV/Ao and conventional method were 68% and 36%, respectively (p=0.043, 95% confidence interval for difference 7.9%, 56.1%).Conclusions
Simple 2DE long-axis ratios of LV/Ao, LA/Ao, and LA/LV are repeatable and demonstrate clinical utility for identifying LV and LA enlargement in dogs with MMVD. 相似文献4.
Introduction
We sought to determine the feasibility, measurement variability, and within-day repeatability of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) measured by two-dimensional echocardiography (2D TAPSE), generate reference intervals for 2D TAPSE, assess agreement and correlation between 2D TAPSE and the conventional TAPSE measured by M-mode echocardiography (MM TAPSE), and to assess the ability of 2D TAPSE to track a drug-induced decrease in right ventricular (RV) function compared with MM TAPSE.Animals
Seventy healthy privately owned dogs of varying bodyweight.Methods
All dogs underwent a single echocardiogram to quantify RV function by both TAPSE methods. Ten dogs underwent a second echocardiogram 2–3 h after the first to assess within-day repeatability, and 20 different dogs underwent a second echocardiogram 3-h after atenolol (1 mg/kg per os (PO)). Intraobserver and interobserver measurement variabilities were assessed in 12 randomly selected studies using coefficients of variation. Statistical relationships between 2D TAPSE and bodyweight, gender, heart rate, and age were explored.Results
2D TAPSE could be measured in all dogs. Coefficients of variation for repeatability and measurement variability were low (≤12%). Bodyweight-dependent reference intervals for 2D TAPSE were generated using allometric scaling. TAPSE methods were strongly correlated (r = 0.72; p<0.0001) but 2D TAPSE measured consistently less than MM TAPSE (?1.6 [2.2] mm) when analyzed by Bland–Altman's method. Both TAPSE methods were significantly (p≤0.014) reduced after atenolol but percent decrease in 2D TAPSE (?16.2 [9.3]%) was significantly greater (p=0.03) than MM TAPSE (?7.5 [13.8]%).Conclusions
Two-dimensional echocardiography TAPSE appears well suited for clinical assessment of RV function. The TAPSE methods should not be used interchangeably. 相似文献5.
S.M. Cunningham B.D. Aona K. Antoon J.E. Rush B.A. Barton 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(5):343-353
Objectives
To determine whether there are differences in measures of longitudinal right ventricular (RV) systolic function among Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) compared with healthy control Boxer dogs. To explore relationships between markers of RV systolic function and age, body weight, gender, arrhythmia frequency, and markers of left ventricular (LV) systolic function in Boxer dogs.Animals
The study included 50 client-owned Boxer dogs.Methods
This is a retrospective echocardiographic study. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging–derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S') were measured in healthy control Boxers (n = 18), Boxers with ARVC and normal LV systolic function (n = 19), and Boxers with ARVC and reduced LV systolic function (n = 13).Results
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (p=0.002) and S' (p=0.001) were significantly different between affected and control groups. Significant correlations were found between measures of left heart size and function and both TAPSE and S'. No correlations were found between RV function parameters and age, gender, or body weight in this fairly homogeneous, single-breed population. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that both TAPSE and S' had an area under the curve of 0.77 in distinguishing healthy Boxers from those with ARVC.Conclusions
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and S' are reduced in Boxers with ARVC. In contrast to prior studies evaluating these parameters in dogs of different breeds and body types, no correlation was found between markers of RV function and body weight in this population of Boxer dogs. 相似文献6.
Randolph L. Winter Ashley B. Saunders Sonya G. Gordon Jesse S. Buch Matthew W. Miller 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(2):124-131
Introduction
To determine the biologic variability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) in healthy dogs and dogs with various stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).Animals
Thirty-eight privately owned dogs: 28 with MMVD and 10 healthy controls.Materials and methods
Prospective clinical study with comprehensive evaluation used to group dogs as healthy or into three stages of MMVD based on current guidelines. NTproBNP was measured hourly, daily, and weekly. For each group, analytical (CVA), within-subject (CVI), and between-subject (CVG) coefficients of variability were calculated in addition to percent critical change value (CCV) and index of individuality (IoI).Results
For healthy dogs, calculated NTproBNP values were: CVA = 4.2%; CVI = 25.2%; CVG = 49.3%; IoI = 0.52, and CCV = 70.8%. For dogs with MMVD, calculated NTproBNP values were: CVA = 6.2%; CVI = 20.0%; CVG = 61.3%; IoI = 0.34, and CCV = 58.2%.Conclusions
Biologic variability affects NTproBNP concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD. Monitoring serial individual changes in NTproBNP may be clinically relevant in addition to using population-based reference ranges to determine changes in disease status. 相似文献7.
Objective
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) induces progressive left atrial (LA) enlargement. The LA modulates left ventricular filling and performance through its reservoir, conduit, and contractile function. Assessment of LA size and function may provide valuable information on the level of cardiac compensation. Left atrial function in dogs with naturally occurring MMVD remains largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to evaluate LA volume and function in dogs with naturally occurring MMVD.Animals
This prospective study included 205 client-owned dogs of different breeds, 114 healthy dogs, and 91 dogs with MMVD of different disease severities.Methods
Using two-dimensional echocardiography, the biplane area-length method was applied to assess LA volume and calculate volumetric indices of LA reservoir, conduit, and contractile function.Results
Left atrial volume and LA stroke volume increased, whereas LA reservoir and contractile function decreased with increasing disease severity. A maximal LA volume <2.25mL/kg was the optimal cut off identified for excluding congestive heart failure in dogs with chronic MMVD with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 100%. An active LA emptying fraction <24% and/or a LA expansion index <126% were suggestive of congestive heart failure in dogs with chronic MMVD with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 89% and a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 82%, respectively.Conclusion
Dogs with MMVD appear to have larger LA volumes with poorer LA function. Deteriorating LA function, characterized by a decreasing reservoir and active contractile function, was evident in dogs with MMVD with increasing disease severity. 相似文献8.
G. Menciotti M. Borgarelli M. Aherne S. Wesselowski J. Häggström I. Ljungvall S.M. Lahmers J.A. Abbott 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(2):113-123
Objective
To assess differences in morphology of the mitral valve (MV) between healthy dogs and dogs affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) using real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE).Animals
Thirty-four were normal dogs and 79 dogs were affected by MMVD.Methods
Real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography mitral datasets were digitally recorded and analyzed using dedicated software. The following variables were obtained and compared between healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD at different stages: antero-posterior annulus diameter, anterolateral-posteromedial annulus diameter, commissural diameter, annulus height, annulus circumference, annulus area, anterior leaflet length, anterior leaflet area, posterior leaflet length, posterior leaflet area, non-planar angle, annulus sphericity index, tenting height, tenting area, tenting volume, the ratio of annulus height and commissural diameter.Results
Dogs with MMVD had a more circular MV annulus compared to healthy dogs as demonstrated by an increased annulus sphericity index (p=0.0179). Affected dogs had a less saddle-shaped MV manifest as a decreased annulus height to commissural width ratio (p=0.0004). Tenting height (p<0.0001), area (p<0.0001), and volume (p<0.0001) were less in affected dogs.Conclusions
Real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography analysis demonstrated that dogs affected by MMVD had a more circular and less saddle-shaped MV annulus, as well as reduced tenting height area and volume, compared to healthy dogs. Multiple variables differed between dogs at different stages of MMVD. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of these variables, and the significance of these changes in the pathogenesis and natural history of MMVD, require further attention. 相似文献9.
D. Caivano M. Rishniw F. Birettoni V. Patata M.E. Giorgi F. Porciello 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(2):102-114
Introduction
Left atrial (LA) function can provide useful information in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Recently, we have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring LA longitudinal deformation using speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) to estimate LA function in healthy dogs. Whether LA strain and strain rate variables provide additional information about LA function and clinical cardiac status in dogs with MMVD remains unexplored.Animals
Ninety-six client-owned dogs of different breeds with MMVD were prospectively enrolled.Methods
LA longitudinal deformation was evaluated in each dog by STE and different STE variables were used to assess LA function.Results
No STE variables differed between American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Stage B1 and B2 dogs but were lower in Stage C dogs. Peak atrial longitudinal average strain < 27.9%, left-atrial-to-aortic ratio > 2.2 and peak atrial contraction average strain < 7.25% discriminated symptomatic MMVD dogs by receiver operating characteristic analysis with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 91–100%), 92% (95% CI 78–98%) and 98% (95% CI 87–100%), 100% (95% CI 91–100%) and 95% (95% CI 83–99%), respectively. In 12 dogs with similar left-atrial-to-aortic ratio, peak atrial longitudinal average strain and peak atrial contraction average strain differentiated dogs with subclinical disease from those with congestive heart failure (CHF).Conclusion
Dogs with MMVD in CHF appear to have lower LA longitudinal strain and strain rate variables compared with dogs with subclinical disease. Further studies are needed to establish if our initial findings can provide useful information for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of dogs with MMVD. 相似文献10.
David Dickson Domenico Caivano Jose Novo Matos Nuala Summerfield Mark Rishniw 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):469-479
Objectives
To provide reference intervals for 2-dimensional linear and area-based estimates of left atrial (LA) function in healthy dogs and to evaluate the ability of estimates of LA function to differentiate dogs with subclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and similarly affected dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF).Animals
Fifty-two healthy adult dogs, 88 dogs with MMVD of varying severity.Methods
Linear and area measurements from 2-dimensional echocardiographs in both right parasternal long and short axis views optimized for the left atrium were used to derive estimates of LA active emptying fraction, passive emptying fraction, expansion index, and total fractional emptying. Differences for each estimate were compared between healthy and MMVD dogs (based on ACVIM classification), and between MMVD dogs with subclinical disease and CHF that had similar LA dimensions. Diagnostic utility at identifying CHF was examined for dogs with subclinical MMVD and CHF. Relationships with bodyweight were assessed.Results
All estimates of LA function decreased with increasing ACVIM stage of mitral valve disease (p<0.05) and showed negative relationships with increasing LA size (all r2 values < 0.2), except for LA passive emptying fraction, which did not differ or correlate with LA size (p=0.4). However, no index of LA function identified CHF better than measurements of LA size. Total LA fractional emptying and expansion index showed modest negative correlations with bodyweight.Conclusions
Estimates of LA function worsen with worsening MMVD but fail to discriminate dogs with CHF from those with subclinical MMVD any better than simple estimates of LA size. 相似文献11.
Objectives
To determine feasibility and repeatability of measuring the anatomic regurgitant orifice area (AROA) using real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (RT3DE) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and to investigate differences in the AROA of dogs with different disease severity and in different American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stages.Animals
Sixty privately-owned dogs diagnosed with MMVD.Methods
The echocardiographic database of our institution was retrospectively searched for dogs diagnosed with MMVD and RT3DE data set acquisition. Dogs were classified into mild, moderate, or severe MMVD according to a Mitral Regurgitation Severity Score (MRSS), and into stage B1, B2 or C according to ACVIM staging. The RT3DE data sets were imported into dedicated software and a short axis plane crossing the regurgitant orifice was used to measure the AROA. Feasibility, inter- and intra-observer variability of measuring the AROA was calculated. Differences in the AROA between dogs in different MRSS and ACVIM stages were investigated.Results
The AROA was measurable in 60 data sets of 81 selected to be included in the study (74%). The inter- and intra-observer coefficients of variation were 26% and 21%, respectively. The AROA was significantly greater in dogs with a severe MRSS compared with dogs with mild MRSS (p=0.045). There was no difference between the AROA of dogs in different ACVIM clinical stages.Conclusions
Obtaining the AROA using RT3DE is feasible and might provide additional information to stratify mitral regurgitation severity in dogs with MMVD. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of the AROA deserves further investigation. 相似文献12.
Ilaria Spalla Jessie Rosie Payne Kieran Borgeat Virginia Luis Fuentes David John Connolly 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(3):154-164
Introduction
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has a variable prognosis; left atrial size, presence of clinical signs and left ventricular systolic function have been shown to predict outcomes. Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) assess longitudinal ventricular systolic function and are decreased in cats with HCM. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether MAPSE and TAPSE have prognostic value in HCM and if cats with pleural effusion have lower MAPSE and TAPSE than cats with pulmonary oedema.Animals
One hundred eighty-four client-owned cats diagnosed with HCM.Methods
This is a retrospective study. Echocardiography was used to diagnose HCM (end-diastolic left ventricular wall thickness ≥ 6 mm) and to measure MAPSE and TAPSE. Survival information was obtained.Results
No multivariable model including MAPSE or TAPSE could be generated in this population. Cats with pleural effusion ± pulmonary oedema had lower MAPSE measured at the interventricular septum (MAPSE IVS) and TAPSE, compared with cats with pulmonary oedema only. MAPSE IVS was the only factor predicting pleural effusion on multivariable regression model.Conclusions
Lower MAPSE and TAPSE were not independently associated with outcomes on multivariable analysis. Cats with pleural effusion ± pulmonary oedema had lower TAPSE and MAPSE IVS than cats with pulmonary oedema, and MAPSE IVS was the only predictive factor associated with the development of pleural effusion in this population. 相似文献13.
Objectives
To determine the prevalence of mitral valve regurgitation (MR) in asymptomatic Swedish Norfolk terriers.Animals
Seventy-nine privately owned Norfolk terriers.Materials and methods
A prospective observational study was conducted where dogs were recruited via the Swedish Norfolk terrier club. All dogs were examined using the same protocol including physical examination and Doppler echocardiography.Results
Fifteen dogs (19%) had a murmur at the time of the examination. A total of 35 dogs (44%) had MR, including 23 dogs (29%) with both MR and tricuspid valve regurgitation and 12 dogs (15%) with MR only, identified on Doppler echocardiography. In addition, 7 dogs (9%) had tricuspid valve regurgitation only. The prevalence of MR increased with increasing age (p < 0.0001).Conclusions
Mitral valve regurgitation is common in asymptomatic Norfolk terriers with and without murmurs and the prevalence increases with age. The impact of MR in this breed on survival remains to be elucidated by a longitudinal study. 相似文献14.
Introduction
Aldosterone breakthrough (ABT) is the condition in which angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and/or angiotensin receptor blockers fail to effectively suppress the activity of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. The objective of this study was to determine if ABT occurs in dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease receiving an ACEI, using the urine aldosterone to creatinine ratio (UAldo:C) as a measure of renin angiotensin aldosterone system activation.Animals, Materials and Methods
This study includes 39 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. A UAldo:C cut-off definition (derived from a normal population of healthy, adult, and client-owned dogs) was used to determine the prevalence of ABT in this population. Spearman analysis and univariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the relationship between UAldo:C and ABT (yes/no) and eight variables (age, serum K+ concentration, serum creatinine concentration, ACEI therapy duration and ACEI dosage, furosemide therapy duration and furosemide dosage, and urine sample storage time). Finally, the UAldo:C in dogs receiving spironolactone, as part congestive heart failure (CHF) therapy, was compared to dogs with CHF that were not receiving spironolactone.Results
The prevalence of ABT was 32% in dogs with CHF and 30% in dogs without CHF. There was no relationship between either the UAldo:C or the likelihood of ABT and the eight variables. Therapy with spironolactone lead to a significant elevation of the UAldo:C.Discussion
Using the UAldo:C and a relatively stringent definition of ABT, it appears that incomplete RAAS blockade is common in dogs with MMVD receiving an ACEI. The prevalence of ABT in this canine population mirrors that reported in humans. While the mechanism of ABT is likely multifactorial and still poorly understood, the proven existence of ABT in dogs offers the potential to improve the prognosis for MMVD with the addition of a mineralocorticoid receptor blocker to current therapeutic regimens.Conclusions
Approximately 30% of dogs being treated for heart disease and CHF satisfied the definition of ABT. Identifying patient subpopulations experiencing ABT may help guide future study design and clinical decision-making. 相似文献15.
B.C. Brüler F.S. Jojima G. Dittrich A.T. Giannico M.G. Sousa 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(4):254-266
Objectives
To investigate QT instability in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and to determine if this is associated with arrhythmogenesis.Animals
One hundred sixty-seven MMVD dogs that met the study criteria were included.Methods
Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic data were gathered. Fifty consecutive QT intervals were recorded for each dog. Both heart rate–corrected and uncorrected QT intervals were used to calculate average QT (QTa), QT variance (QTv), total instability (TI), short-term instability (STI), and long-term instability (LTI). Sensitivity and specificity of QTa, QTv, TI, STI, and LTI in identifying arrhythmias and cardiac remodeling were calculated. Patient follow-ups were obtained for analyses of disease progression and survival.Results
An increase related to progression was documented for all the studied indices. QTa and STI best identified dilated hearts and arrhythmias, respectively. Dogs with QTa >272 ms and STI >8 ms were 15% more likely to develop ventricular arrhythmias (likelihood ratios of 2.31 [P = 0.0008] and 2.09 [P = 0.0049], respectively). A QTa >258 ms discriminated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage B1 from stages B2/C disease with a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 61%. Dogs in American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage C of MMVD have higher STI and 3.34 times increased risk of developing arrhythmias when values more than 8 ms are reached. All indices except LTI and QTv showed prognostic value, with increases relating to all-cause mortality.Conclusion
Analyses of QT intervals demonstrated changes in STI, LTI, and TI. Increased QT prolongation and instability are significantly related to mortality and may be useful in determining prognosis of MMVD patients. 相似文献16.
Marcela Wolf Stephany B. Lucina Bruna C. Brüler Giovana L.R. Tuleski Vinícius B.C. Silva Marlos G. Sousa 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(3):175-185
Introduction
Left ventricular systolic function is one of the main parameters studied in echocardiography. Longitudinal systolic function, however, is less commonly evaluated in routine examinations but may provide early information on systolic dysfunction. The movement of the mitral annulus toward the apex has already been determined as a method for evaluation of longitudinal systolic function in dogs, but the study of this movement by speckle tracking with the tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD) technique has not yet been evaluated.Animals
One hundred fifty-three client-owned healthy dogs.Methods
Cross-sectional study. One hundred fifty-three client-owned healthy dogs underwent physical examination, electrocardiography, blood pressure measurement, and a standard and speckle tracking echocardiography. Systolic function was evaluated by global longitudinal strain (GLS) and TMAD. These parameters were compared with the standard echocardiographic data.Results
A correlation was found between GLS, TMAD, and body weight. Tissue motion annular displacement and GLS were significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with other surrogates of systolic function, including ejection fraction and fractional shortening. There were no differences in TMAD between sexes. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the intraobserver evaluation in the global TMAD (CV 4.44) was slightly higher than that in the GLS (CV 3.74). Also, TMAD was not influenced by heart rhythm and could be acquired more rapidly than GLS.Conclusions
Tissue motion annular displacement is a rapid and reproducible method for the assessment of left ventricle longitudinal function in healthy dogs. However, more studies are needed to validate the real clinical applicability of TMAD in animals with heart diseases. 相似文献17.
M. Claretti D. Pradelli S. Borgonovo E. Boz C.M. Bussadori 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(6):415-424
Objectives
The objective is to describe the clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic and angiographic findings in dogs with systemic-to-pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (SPAVF).Animals
Thirteen medical records of client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of SPAVF were reviewed/analysed.Methods
This is a retrospective study of case records. Thoracic radiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), three-dimensional TEE, intracardiac echocardiography, fluoroscopy-guided or computed tomography (CT) angiography were carried out.Results
Based on the TTE, SPAVF was identified in seven of the included dogs. In eight cases, TEE and angiography were both performed and confirmed the diagnosis. Computed tomography angiography was performed in three dogs. A case was diagnosed by TEE alone, another one by three-dimensional TEE and the latter by intracardiac echocardiography.Conclusions
Transthoracic echocardiography identified seven cases of SPAVF, while definitive diagnosis in the remaining dogs required selective angiography or computed tomography angiography. 相似文献18.
Daisy Norgate Gert Ter Haar Nicola Kulendra Kata Orsolya Veres-Nyéki 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):729-736
Objective
To compare the effect of propofol and alfaxalone on laryngeal motion under a light plane of anaesthesia in nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs anaesthetized for nonemergency procedures.Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical trial.Animals
A total of 48 client-owned dogs (24 nonbrachycephalic and 24 brachycephalic).Methods
A standardized premedication of methadone (0.2 mg kg?1) and acepromazine (0.01 mg kg?1) was administered intramuscularly. Dogs were randomly assigned to be induced with increments of propofol (1–4 mg kg?1) or alfaxalone (0.5–2 mg kg?1). Laryngeal assessment was performed under a light plane of anaesthesia by a surgeon (GTH) who was unaware of the induction protocol. Laryngeal movement was assessed as either being present when abduction of the laryngeal cartilages upon inspiration was identified, or absent when abduction was not recognized. Simultaneously, a 60-second video was recorded. The same surgeon (GTH) and an additional surgeon (NK) re-evaluated the videos 1 month later. Categorical comparisons were studied using Chi square and Fisher’s exact test where appropriate. Pairwise evaluation of agreement between scorers was undertaken with the kappa statistic (κ).Results
There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) identified between the presence or absence of laryngeal motion between dogs administered propofol or alfaxalone, as well as when analysing nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs separately. The majority of dogs (>75%) maintained some degree of laryngeal motion with both protocols. Agreement between assessors was excellent (κ = 0.822).Conclusions
Alfaxalone maintained laryngeal motion similarly to propofol in nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs.Clinical relevance
Both agents would appear appropriate for allowing assessment of laryngeal motion in nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs. The assessment technique of subjective evaluation of laryngeal motion via peroral laryngoscopy under a light plane of anaesthesia produced consistent results amongst assessors, regardless of the induction agent used. 相似文献19.
R.A. Santilli M. Mateos Pañero D.M. Porteiro Vázquez A. Perini M. Perego 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2018,20(5):384-397
Introduction
Accessory pathways (APs) in dogs are mostly right-sided, display nondecremental conduction, and mediate atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardias (AVRTs). Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is considered the first-line therapy in human patients to abolish electrical conduction along APs.Animals
Seventy-six consecutive client-owned dogs.Material and Methods
Retrospective study to describe the precise anatomical distribution and the electrophysiologic characteristics of APs in a large population of dogs and to evaluate long-term success and complication rates of RFCA.Results
Eighty-three APs were identified in 76 dogs (92.1% with single APs and 7.9% with multiple APs); 96.4% were right-sided, 3.6% left-sided. Conduction along the APs was unidirectional and retrograde in 68.7% of the cases and bidirectional in 31.3%. Accessory pathways presented retrograde decremental properties in 6.5% of the cases. They mediated orthodromic AVRT in 92.1% of the cases and permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia in 6.5%. In one case, no AVRT could be induced. In 97.4% of dogs, RFCA was attempted with an acute success rate of 100%. In 7.7% of cases, recurrence of the tachycardia occurred within 18 months, followed by a second definitively successful ablation. A major complication requiring pacemaker implantation was identified in 2.6% of dogs.Discussion
Accessory pathway distribution and electrophysiologic properties in these 76 dogs were similar to previous report. Long-term success and complication rates of RFCA in dogs appeared very similar to results of humans.Conclusion
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of APs can be performed with a high success rate and low incidence of complications. 相似文献20.
Kazumasu Sasaki Tatsushi Mutoh Tomoko Mutoh Ryuta Kawashima Hirokazu Tsubone 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):7-16