共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 265 毫秒
1.
土壤质量生物学指标研究进展 总被引：59，自引：7，他引：52
本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。 相似文献
2.
土壤是维持陆地生态系统功能和持续性的至关重要的有限资源。土壤质量和土壤健康与农牧业的可持续发展和环境质量的改善息息相关。土壤健康可简单定义为:“土壤作为一个动态生命系统具有的维持其功能的持续能力”。土壤微生物是土壤生物区系的关键性功能要素,一些微生物学参数可以综合判断土壤健康状况。文中提出土壤健康评价的指标体系可区分为土壤中微生物的量、活性、多样性和功能性4个方面,其中与微生物生物量水平相关的基本指标和衍生参数可成为土壤健康的敏感性量化指标,并有潜力作为土壤生态系统受污染和胁迫的预警性监测指标。 相似文献
3.
《Pedobiologia》2014,57(4-6):293-301
Statistical approaches, especially multivariate techniques such as hierarchical partitioning analysis (HP) and redundancy analysis (RDA), can be used to select appropriate variables for soil quality assessment. HP is usually applied to ecological data from plants and animals, but has not been applied to chemical and microbial properties such as those used as indicators of soil quality. Our aim was to show how these methods can be employed to find soil quality indicators, using soil microbiological, chemical and physical data to compare two forest types (native and reforested Brazilian Araucaria forests) in two locations in Southeast Brazil. We used RDA to investigate relationships among variables. Additionally, we quantified the independent effects of predictor variables: location, forest type, two specific seasons and some soil properties and used HP to examine how these environmental variables interact to influence soil microbial and chemical attributes. RDA showed that acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity, NO2− oxidizer numbers, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, pH, P and sand content were positive and significantly correlated with the native Araucaria forest, whereas arylsulphatase activity, denitrifier numbers, microbial biomass carbon, microbial quotient, TOC, S and clay levels were positively correlated with the reforested Araucaria. These preliminary results suggest that these variables are the best indicators of soil quality for Araucaria forests. However, HP, used as a complementary tool, showed that only dehydrogenase activity, pH and S variations were due more to forest type than to physical and chemical soil properties, and were resistant to the variation in the two seasons. Overall, our results indicated that dehydrogenase activity, pH and S are potential indicators that can be used to assess or monitor soil health in Araucaria forests. In conclusion, we demonstrated the usefulness of HP to find soil quality indicators. Similarly, other statistical methods, as RDA, could complement HP and increase the reliability of studies that consider simultaneous variables in soil science. 相似文献
4.
基于因子和聚类分析的保护性耕作土壤质量评价研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
基于长期定位试验,选择12项反映土壤质量特性的定量因子作为评价指标,采用因子分析对不同耕作模式的土壤质量进行综合评价,并运用欧氏距离最短法对其进行聚类分析。12项理化及生物属性指标归纳为5个公因子:保肥供肥因子、有机质因子、容重因子、磷素因子、酶活性因子。因子得分的结果表明:不同耕作模式的5个公因子优势差异明显。相比较而言传统耕作的土壤质量综合得分最低,说明在研究区保护性耕作模式条件下土壤在物理、化学、生物学性质方面都有所改善,土壤质量有所提高。土壤质量综合得分最高的前3种处理为隔年深松(NS2)、秸秆覆盖联合浅松、旋耕(SR2)、连年深松(NS3),说明深松、旋耕及秸秆还田与旋耕技术联合作业在改善土壤结构和培肥土壤方面优势更突出。聚类分析结果表明,同一耕作措施的不同模式土壤质量差异较小,说明在本研究试验条件下,耕作措施是影响土壤质量的关键因素。 相似文献
5.
土壤质量评价中文文献分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
基于中国知网(CNKI,http://www.cnki.net)1950~2016年关于土壤质量方面的中文文献查阅结果,概述了我国关于土壤质量的内涵认知、评价指标体系选择和权重确定方法以及土壤质量评价方法,旨在为今后的土壤质量评价提供参考。关于土壤质量的内涵,中国科研人员更接受土壤肥力和土壤质量这两个概念,进入21世纪后,中国开始更为关注基于"污染"的土壤环境质量;评价指标体系大致可以分为土壤物理指标、土壤养分和常规化学指标、土壤生物指标和污染物指标四类,土壤物理指标中,质地、含水量和耕层厚度使用频数最多,土壤养分与常规化学指标中,有机碳和pH使用频数最多,土壤生物指标中酶活性、细菌数量和真菌数量使用频数最多,但相比于物理指标和土壤养分和常规化学指标,生物指标的应用较少,污染物指标中重金属指标的使用频数最多;指标权重的确定方法中主观法的层次分析法和客观法的主成分分析占主导地位;土壤质量评价方法中综合指数法和内梅罗指数法应用的最多。土壤质量评价指标体系,因评价者、评价区域、评价对象和评价目的的不同而不同,随着我国经济、土壤微生物的研究技术的迅猛发展,预计微生物指标在土壤质量评价中将会得到越来越广泛和深入的应用。 相似文献
6.
《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2022,10(1):119-128
Environmental monitoring of small, rural watersheds was one of the components of the Natural Resources Management and Rural Poverty Alleviation Program (RS-Rural) in southern Brazil. The purpose of the monitoring was to assess the impact of promoting soil conservation and environment management practices adopted by farmers and funded by the Program. In four small monitored watersheds, in a total of 95 plots representing distinct land use and soil management, surface soil was collected to characterize ground-zero of the Program by determining several soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows soil physical, chemical and biological properties were decisive in defining the agricultural soils in the rural watersheds with family farming. The sensitivity to chemical properties provides an opportunity to improve soil quality if soil management focuses on altering those properties. Soil management practiced by tobacco farmers leads to rapid, intense degradation of some natural soil properties, especially those related to the dynamics of soil organic matter, compared with more conservationist uses (forest, regrowth, and grassland). Thus, soil management must be reoriented to avoid the progress of degradation and recover soil physical and biological quality. Cover crops and by land-abandonment to allow natural vegetation are important management strategies for the degraded soils used for tobacco production, increasing soil organic matter, nutrients and microbial activity and thus allowing further crop production. In conclusion, watersheds with tobacco cropping have soils with lower quality than when under no-tillage grain production, requiring changes in land use and soil management. 相似文献
7.
《Soil biology & biochemistry》2001,33(7-8):1029-1036
Soil microbiological analyses may serve as a means for assessing soil characteristics. Standard microbiological culture-techniques, however, leave over 90% of the microorganisms in the environment unaccounted for. Several more recently developed analytical techniques such as DNA, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and community level substrate utilization (CLSU) fingerprints allow for more detailed analyses of soil microbial communities. We applied analyses of (1) community DNA with PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), (2) community PLFAs with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and (3) CLSU with Biolog™ gram-negative-plates, to evaluate the biological characteristics of three soils used in pesticide degradation studies. Each of these methods analyzes a different aspect of soil microbial characteristics. A protocol was developed for the statistical comparison and combination of the data from all the analyses, thus allowing for a polyphasic approach to biological soil characterization. We found that all three methods yielded highly reproducible results for each soil and allowed to distinguish the soils based on the structures of specific gene- and PLFA-pools as well as on CLSU fingerprints. Not all methods, however, revealed the same relative similarities of the three soils based on cluster analysis of the biological characteristics. These results demonstrate the value of comparative data analyses and indicate that biological soil characterization needs to be interpreted with caution if it is performed with one method only. 相似文献
8.
Nosir Shukurov Stanislav Pen-Mouratov Yosef Steinberger Michael Kersten 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(3):206-215
Background, aim, and scope The present study examined air pollution effects on soil health applying microbiological parameters. It was carried out near
the Angren heavy industry complex in a semiarid region of Uzbekistan. This area was selected in order to establish a national
monitoring program for assessing environmental condition of areas remote but downwind from greater emission sources. Moreover,
little information exists about how air pollution affects microbiological functioning of soils in semiarid and arid regions
of the world, and especially those of Central Asia.
Materials and methods Soil samples were collected in May 2005 along a 20-km NE–SW river valley transect downwind from the industrial complex. Soil
chemical analyses included electrical conductivity, pH, water soluble Na, Ca, and K, total soluble nitrogen, and mineralizable
nitrogen content upon a 1:2 digestion by deionized water. Major elements and heavy metal inventory in solids was measured
by X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry. Microbiological ecosystem properties were assessed by biological
indicators such as basal respiration (R
B), microbial biomass related C and N contents, and microbial community functioning coefficients like the metabolic quotient
qCO2.
Results There was a significant spatial dependence and differences for all soil chemical and microbiological parameters tested. The
highest contents were found for the relatively volatile metals Zn (≤1,136 mg/kg) and Pb (≤373 mg/kg) in upper soil layers
near the power station suggesting that the metal pollutants are derived from local stack emissions. Soil microflora was obviously
affected by heavy metals. Significant positive correlations (p ≤ 0.001) were found between the metal content, R
B, and qCO2, while a negative one was found for the mineralizable N and C
mic/C
org ratio. A high total number of nematodes was found only most distant from the industrial emission sources.
Discussion The results disclosed remarkable spatial dependence not only of the heavy metal impact onto the soil but also of microbiological
soil properties in the study area. The latter suggests bioavailability of the anthropogenic metals in the soil affecting the
soil microbial community. This is suggested by less biomass formation and higher qCO2 values in heavy metal-contaminated compared to less-polluted soil plots.
Conclusions Knowledge of these spatial ecosystem functioning patterns and dependence could be very useful in determining and delineating
specific land use and management programs that would be suited and feasible for the highly polluted area. Results of this
study can be utilized to develop a monitoring program that may quantify harmful effects on the soil health and impact of any
future remediation activities.
Recommendations and perspectives Studies on the relationship between soil biota and pollution levels have raised the question regarding the status of natural
soil microbial health, stressing the importance of background data of environmental conditions, and elucidating the importance
of this environmental monitoring approach even in semiarid and arid regions. Soil microbiological parameters, in particular
the metabolic quotient qCO2 as one of the most sensitive bioindicators identified for that region, should clearly become part of the national environmental
monitoring program. 相似文献
9.
Most soil surveys are based on soil geomorphic, physical and chemical properties, while many classifications are based on morphological properties in soil profile. Typically, microbial properties of the soil (e.g. biomass and functional diversity) or soil biological quality indicators (SBQIs) are not directly considered in soil taxonomic keys, yet soil classification schemes are often used to infer soil biological function relating to policy (e.g. soil pollution attenuation, climate change mitigation). To critically address this, our aim was to assess whether rates of carbon turnover in a diverse range of UK soils (n > 500) could effectively be described and sub-divided according to broadly defined soil groups by conventional soil classification schemes. Carbon turnover in each soil over a 90 d period was assessed by monitoring the mineralisation of either a labile (14C-labelled artificial root exudates) or more recalcitrant C source (14C-labelled plant leaves) in soil held at field capacity at 10 °C. A double exponential first order kinetic model was then fitted to the mineralisation profile for each individual substrate and soil. ANOVA of the modelled rate constants and pool sizes revealed significant differences between soil groups; however, these differences were small regardless of substrate type. Principle component and cluster analysis further separated some soil groups; however, the definition of the class limits remained ambiguous. Exclusive reference values for each soil group could not be established since the model parameter ranges greatly overlapped. We conclude that conventional soil classification provides a poor predictor of C residence time in soil, at least over short time periods. We ascribe this lack of observed difference to the high degree of microbial functional redundancy in soil, the strong influence of environmental factors and the uncertainties inherent in the use of short term biological assays to represent pedogenic processes which have taken ca. 10,000 y to become manifest. 相似文献
10.
Manipulating soil microbial communities using soil and crop management practices is a basic strategy in developing sustainable agricultural systems. Sustainable farming is based, in part, on the efficient management of soil microorganisms to improve soil quality. However, the identification of biological indicators of soil quality that can be used to predict weed suppression in soils has received little attention. We investigated differences in soil microbial activity among various crop and soil management systems to assess: (i) the microbiological characteristics of these soils; (ii) determine whether any relationships existed that might be used in the development of weed suppression. Soil enzyme activity, water-stable aggregates, and the proportions of weed-suppressive bacteria were compared among seven cropping systems and one native-prairie ecosystem in mid-Missouri, USA. Assays of soil enzymes (fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, dehydrogenase, phosphatase) revealed that organic and integrated cropping systems, and the native-prairie ecosystem had the highest levels of soil activity. Weed rhizospheres from these same ecosystems also had greater proportions of bacterial isolates characterized as “growth suppressive” to green foxtail (Setaria viridis [L.] Beauv.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.): 15 and 10%, respectively. The proportion of water-stable soil aggregates was the greatest in soils with the highest organic matter and was found to be related to higher enzyme and weed-suppressive activity. Selected biological indicators of soil quality were associated with potential weed-suppressive activity in soil when that soil was managed for high organic matter content under reduced tillage systems. This research study provides further evidence that soil quality and sustainable agricultural practices may be linked to integrated weed management systems for the biological suppression of weeds. 相似文献
11.
《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2023,11(3):429-454
Soils constitute one of the most critical natural resources and maintaining their health is vital for agricultural development and ecological sustainability, providing many essential ecosystem services. Driven by climatic variations and anthropogenic activities, soil degradation has become a global issue that seriously threatens the ecological environment and food security. Remote sensing (RS) technologies have been widely used to investigate soil degradation as it is highly efficient, time-saving, and broad-scope. This review encompasses recent advances and the state-of-the-art of ground, proximal, and novel RS techniques in soil degradation-related studies. We reviewed the RS-related indicators that could be used for monitoring soil degradation-related properties. The direct indicators (mineral composition, organic matter, surface roughness, and moisture content of soil) and indirect proxies (vegetation condition and land use/land cover change) for evaluating soil degradation were comprehensively summarized. The results suggest that these above indicators are effective for monitoring soil degradation, however, no indicators system has been established for soil degradation monitoring to date. We also discussed the RS's mechanisms, data, and methods for identifying specific soil degradation-related phenomena (e.g., soil erosion, salinization, desertification, and contamination). We investigated the potential relations between soil degradation and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and also discussed the challenges and prospective use of RS for assessing soil degradation. To further advance and optimize technology, analysis and retrieval methods, we identify critical future research needs and directions: (1) multi-scale analysis of soil degradation; (2) availability of RS data; (3) soil degradation process modelling and prediction; (4) shared soil degradation dataset; (5) decision support systems; and (6) rehabilitation of degraded soil resource and the contribution of RS technology. Because it is difficult to monitor or measure all soil properties in the large scale, remotely sensed characterization of soil properties related to soil degradation is particularly important. Although it is not a silver bullet, RS provides unique benefits for soil degradation-related studies from regional to global scales. 相似文献
12.
13.
Visual soil examination and evaluation (VSEE) techniques are semi‐quantitative methods that provide rapid and cost‐effective information on soil quality. These are mostly applied at site or field level, but there is an increased need for soil quality indicators at farm level to allow integration with other sustainability indicators. The objectives of this study were to develop and apply a protocol for application of a VSEE technique at site level, to assess the VSEE observations against standardized laboratory analyses and to aggregate VSEE observations to farm level using an appropriate sampling design. The study was conducted at ten dairy farms in a reclaimed polder in the Netherlands with clay and organic soils. A stratified random sampling design was used to account for spatial variability in land use and soil series. VSEE was carried out using the Visual Soil Assessment approach. Results show that 81% of sites were assessed as good and the remainder as moderate to poor. For the clay soils, field observations of soil structure were significantly correlated with pH, bulk density, soil organic matter (SOM) and mean weight diameter of aggregates, whereas for organic soils, soil structure significantly correlated with pH, bulk density, organic C and SOM. The range in overall scores calculated at farm level was smaller than at site level, and most farms were assessed as good. 相似文献
14.
不同种植年限酸化果园土壤微生物学性状的研究 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
土壤微生物学指标能够反映土壤质量,是敏感的土壤质量指标。本文以山东果园土壤急剧酸化为背景,研究了山东5个不同种植年限酸化果园(5a～30a)土壤pH值、土壤的微生物数量、土壤微生物量和酶活性的变化,分析果园土壤微生物学性状与土壤pH值的相关性。结果表明:随着种植年限的延长,除真菌、磷酸酶活性只在一定范围内呈现波动趋势外,土壤pH值与微生物数量,土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性呈现不同程度下降。其中酸化果园土壤pH值与微生物量碳、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶之间都存在着极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.92、0.97和0.94。土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性之间也存在着某种关联,集中体现在土壤酶活性之间及与土壤微生物生物量之间。 相似文献
15.
综述了土壤质量的概念及其研究进展,并探讨了土壤质量指标的选择原则,得出不同土壤的评价应以土壤的功能为基础并采用不同的标准。在以往研究中,人们一直强调以土壤物理、化学特性作为土壤质量指标。目前,国内外关于土壤生物学指标的研究日益增多,一些参数作为生物指标已表现出很大的潜力并成为系统稳定性的早期预警和敏感指标。之后阐述了国内外土壤质量指标空间变异的研究现状,探讨了该领域研究中存在的问题,展望了国内外土壤空间变异的研究前景。 相似文献
16.
主成分分析方法在长期施肥土壤质量评价中的应用 总被引：20，自引：2，他引：18
以长期定位试验玉米季成熟期6种土壤微生物活性和9种土壤化学性质指标组成的土壤生物肥力性质为评价指标对不同施肥条件下的土壤质量水平进行主成分分析。结果表明,经18年连续不同施肥处理后,各土壤性质在处理间均产生显著差异,但各土壤性质在处理间的变化趋势并不完全一致。上述15个土壤性质指标最终可以用两个主成分来综合表征土壤质量,其中有机C、全N、碱解N、pH值、微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N、脲酶、转化酶、FDA酶和脱氢酶活性等10个土壤性质在第一主成分（PC1）上有较高因子负荷;全P、全K、速效N和速效P在第二主成分（PC2）上有较高的因子负荷。同时各施肥土壤质量水平在主成分1上的分异程度大于主成分2。根据两个主成分的综合得分结果显示,长期不同施肥土壤质量水平高低依次表现为OM＞1/2OM＞NPK＞NP＞PK＞NK＞CK。 相似文献
17.
土壤健康指标体系与评价方法研究进展 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
健康土壤能够保障健康食物生产,维持土壤生态系统多功能性,是农业绿色发展的基础。明确土壤健康现状,系统开展土壤健康诊断是培育健康土壤和提高土壤生产力的基础。然而,以往人们基于单一土壤功能即土壤生产力开展了大量的指标选择和评价工作,忽视了其他土壤功能,评价指标中土壤生物学特性未引起足够重视,对土壤过程的动态监测少。随着对可持续发展的关注以及农业绿色发展的需求,土壤健康指标体系和评价方法正在不断完善。针对不同空间尺度和不同作物体系,建立多目标协同的土壤健康评价体系成为土壤可持续利用的热点和前沿。本文总结了土壤健康指标体系的选择原则,分析了生物学指标在土壤健康评价中的重要性,重点阐述了我国、美国、新西兰等国家土壤健康评价方法以及基于土壤功能和土壤管理等评价方法的进展、优缺点和应用区域,提出了完善土壤健康评价系统的途径。未来需要构建基于区域自然禀赋环境特征的土壤-作物管理大数据平台,发展生物学指标,建立长期和全程动态监测体系,并与快速无损测试技术、智能化信息技术相结合,形成多目标协同、适用于不同区域和作物体系的土壤健康评价方法,通过多主体参与,为农业绿色发展提供重要支撑。 相似文献
18.
A F Gross 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1975,58(4):799-803
In a collaborative study, an automated method for the determination of niacin and niacinamide in cereal products was compared with the official final action microbiological (43.121-43.125) and chemical (43.044-43.046) methods. Ten samples of cereal products, including enriched flour, yeast-leavened baked products, fortified breakfast cereals, and baked pet food products, were submitted to 14 laboratories. Nine laboratories reported values by the automated method, 6 reported values by the microbiological method, and 7 reported values by the chemical method. The results from the microbiological method were not subjected to analysis of variance because of the unusually large between-laboratory variation. The between-laboratory coefficients of variation for the automated and chemical methods were 10.90 and 10.18%, on the basis of results from 7 and 4 laboratories, respectively. There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) difference between methods when results from the 4 laboratories who used both methods were compared. The automated chemical method has been adopted as official first action. 相似文献
19.
Changes in soil quality due to introduction of broad-leaf trees into clear-felled Chinese fir forest in the mid-subtropics of China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Y. Huang S.L. Wang Z.W. Feng Z.Y. Ouyang X.K. Wang Z.Z. Feng 《Soil Use and Management》2004,20(4):418-425
Abstract. After clear-felling of a first generation Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ) forest, mixed stands of Chinese fir and Michelia macclurei (a broadleaf tree) (MCM), pure M. macclurei stands (PMS) and pure Chinese fir stands (PCS) were established in 1983. The effects on soil were evaluated 20 years after planting by measuring physicochemical, microbiological and biochemical parameters. Both broadleaf monoculture and mixtures of broadleaf and conifer exerted a favourable effect on soil fertility. A soil quality index (SQI) decreased in the order: PMS (0.62) > MCM (0.57) > PCS (0.41). Improvement in soil quality, enhanced biological activity and forest productivity demonstrated that mixed stands are an effective measure to maintain sustainable forest productivity, as well as to control soil degradation under successive stands of Chinese fir. In addition, since the microbiological and biochemical parameters measured were sensitive to the forest management, they may be potential indicators for assessing the sustainability of different management systems. The results also showed that total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and microbial biomass carbon are effective indicators of the improvement or deterioration of soil quality under forest. 相似文献
20.
热带地区农场尺度土壤质量现状的系统评价 总被引：38，自引：3，他引：38
以我国热带地区海南儋州的农场为典型样区 ,按网格方法系统调查和采集了不同利用条件下的土壤剖面和表层样品。提出了一个系统的评价方法 ,将土壤质量划分为水分有效性、养分有效性和根系适应性这三个功能 ,确定了十项符合热带地区特点的土壤质量指标 ,建立各项功能和各项指标的权重。综合参考国内外研究结果 ,结合热带地区实际状况 ,建立标准评分方程 (SSF)对各项指标进行标准化。研究根据海南儋州样区土壤质量分析数据 ,在GIS支持下 ,采用系统评价模型对样区的土壤质量进行综合评价 ,并对农场尺度土壤质量的变异进行了分析。结果表明 ,系统评价模型可以在对土壤功能进行评价的基础上综合评价土壤质量 ,在GIS支持下可以方便有效的直观反映土壤质量的状况。研究区域土壤具有较好的水分供应性能 ,能够提供根系生长的适宜环境 ,存在的主要问题在于养分供应和保持能力较弱 ,但是在合理的管理措施下 ,土壤养分能够较快增加 ,土壤质量可以改善 相似文献