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1.
香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cubense)引起的维管束系统性的毁灭性病害,给香蕉产业造成巨大损失。为有效控制该病害的发生危害,本实验室研制出一种胶囊杀菌剂绿茵2号,有效成分为噁霉灵。采用香蕉叶鞘内注入胶囊剂,2009年和2010年分别在广州市番禺区和东莞市麻涌镇进行了该药剂防治‘粉蕉’和‘巴西蕉’枯萎病的田间药效试验,防治效果分别达到58.00%和63.77%,获得利润分别为6 005.0元/667m2和1 420.0元/667m2,取得了较好的防治效果和经济效益。  相似文献   

2.
香蕉品种对香蕉细菌性软腐病的抗性鉴定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
由菊欧文氏杆菌香蕉致病变种[Dickeya paradisiaca(原名Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv.paradisiaca)]引起的香蕉细菌性软腐病是我国新入侵的毁灭性香蕉病害,应用抗病品种将是防治该病害的有效方法.采用离体叶片法和盆栽法相结合的筛选方法对39个香蕉品种进行抗性鉴定,结果表明,供试品种对香蕉细菌性软腐病菌的抗性存在明显差异,其中表现高抗(HR)的品种为‘皇帝蕉’,抗病(R)品种为‘红河矮’,中抗(MR)品种为‘矮脚遁地蕾’和‘龙州中把’.离体和盆栽鉴定结果与品种田间抗病性一致,可有效、快速、准确地筛选出抗病品种.  相似文献   

3.
研究了不同浓度竹醋液复合硅、硅酸钠溶液、竹醋液在室内离体条件和盆栽条件下对番茄叶霉病菌[Fulviafulva(Cooke)Cifferri]的抑制作用。在试验稀释范围内,随着竹醋液复合硅浓度增加,病情指数降低,对番茄叶霉病的防治效果增加。在相同处理中,竹醋液复合硅对番茄叶霉病防治效果要明显高于硅酸钠、竹醋液处理。当竹醋液复合硅浓度为2 mmol/L时,对番茄叶霉菌菌丝生长抑制率达46.57%,对番茄叶霉病的防治效果达53.45%。  相似文献   

4.
为了解海南海口香蕉分化芽携带香蕉束顶病毒(Banana bunchy top virus, BBTV)的情况, 本研究建立了双抗夹心酶联免疫反应(DAS-ELISA)检测法, 对来自海南地区组培厂的香蕉分化芽进行检测。检测结果表明, 6个品种1 852个香蕉分化芽平均带毒率为2.1%, 其中‘皇帝蕉’为1.98%, ‘粤科1号’为2.07%, ‘广粉蕉’为1.98%, ‘大蕉’为6.25%, ‘218’为1.89%, ‘巴西蕉’为2.25%。为了进一步验证ELISA结果的可靠性, 随机选取12个阳性样品提取总DNA进行PCR鉴定。鉴定结果显示, 12个样品中11个检测出有BBTV, 表明DAS-ELISA方法的准确率较高, 与分子检测结果基本一致, 可以胜任日常香蕉组培苗BBTV的检测。  相似文献   

5.
韭菜对巴西香蕉枯萎病发生的抑制作用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
采取田间试验、盆栽试验及实验室研究相结合的方法,研究了韭菜对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。田间试验表明,韭菜之后轮作香蕉,第1年香蕉枯萎病平均发病率仅为1.73%（对照为52%）。盆栽试验表明,韭菜处理对香蕉枯萎病发病抑制率为85.9%,病情抑制率为82%;而且韭菜叶片的水提取液对香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,FOC）孢子增殖抑制率为91.2%,对其致死率为86.97%。本研究表明,韭菜轮作香蕉的种植模式是一种防控香蕉枯萎病的有效途径,而且韭菜及其制剂有望发展成为防控香蕉枯萎病的环境友好型的新型生物试剂。  相似文献   

6.
不同苜蓿品种对镰孢菌的抗性鉴定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
丁守彦  李敏权  赵慧 《植物保护》2011,37(1):110-114
为探明苜蓿不同品种对能引起苜蓿根腐病的茄镰孢(Fusarium solani)、半裸镰孢(F. semitectum)、弯角镰孢(F. camptoceras)等3种镰孢菌的抗性差异,提供筛选抗耐病性材料的新来源,通过室内盆栽法,对30个苜蓿品种(系)进行了苗期抗病性鉴定,结果表明,各品种之间抗病性差异显著,其中‘德里兰德’、‘新疆大叶’、‘苜蓿王’对半裸镰孢表现为抗病,病情指数分别为18.11、19.93、19.96,占鉴定总数的10%;总体来看,‘猎人河’等7个品种表现耐病,病情指数为25.30～39.95,占鉴定总数的23.3%;‘甘农2号’等18个感病品种,病情指数为40.55～59.56,占鉴定品种总数的60.0%;‘德宝’等5个品种为高感,平均病情指数为61.7~68.6,占鉴定总品种数的16.7%,无免疫和抗病品种。  相似文献   

7.
荸荠枯萎病在我国各个荸荠Eleocharis dulcis产区普遍发生,是影响荸荠产量的重要病害。为有效防治该病害,于2010—2012年调查了湖北省荸荠枯萎病的田间发生动态,并进行了荸荠品种抗病性评价、室内药剂筛选及药剂处理球茎盆栽和田间试验。3年田间病情调查结果表明,荸荠枯萎病于8月中旬开始发生,8下旬—9月上旬温度适宜,病害开始缓慢增长;9月下旬—10月中旬为该病发生的高峰期;病情指数均与温度呈显著负相关,但各年份的病情指数与相对湿度和降雨量均无显著相关性。沙洋荠、肇庆荠、韶关马坝荠、桂林荠-1品种对荸荠枯萎病有较强的抗性。10%苯醚甲环唑、25%多菌灵、40%氟硅唑和25%嘧菌酯4种药剂处理球茎均有利于荸荠出苗。经多菌灵和氟硅唑处理的球茎假植到大田2个月后对荸荠枯萎病仍有一定的防治效果,防治效果分别为22.3%和27.0%,而嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑对该病基本无防治效果。  相似文献   

8.
内生生防菌FJAT-346-PA是一株从香蕉植株体内分离的对香蕉枯萎病病原菌具有良好抑制作用的铜绿假单胞菌。为研究该生防菌在植株体内的定殖动态,采用逐步提高诱导浓度的方法,筛选获得稳定的双抗(抗利福平和卡那霉素,浓度均为300μg/mL)菌株FJAT-346-PA-K,跟踪分析了该菌株在香蕉组培苗、盆栽苗及大田植株体内的定殖情况,并调查该菌株对香蕉生长特性的影响和对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果。结果显示:香蕉植株根部和茎部均有该菌定殖,在盆栽苗和大田苗根部的最大定殖量分别为2.15×105CFU/g和8.00×103CFU/g;该生防菌对香蕉有明显的促长作用,显著提高香蕉的株高和叶片数量;对香蕉枯萎病具有较好的防治效果,盆栽防效和田间防效分别为83.67%和82.00%。  相似文献   

9.
由马铃薯粉痂病菌Spongospora subterranea引起的粉痂病已成为甘肃省马铃薯生产上的重要病害之一,发生面积及危害程度均呈逐年增加的趋势,严重威胁马铃薯产业的健康可持续发展。研究马铃薯不同品种对粉痂菌的抗性并筛选高效防治药剂,是控制该病扩散蔓延最为直接和有效的手段,对马铃薯粉痂病的综合治理具有重要意义。本试验对甘肃省马铃薯主栽品种对粉痂病抗病性及田间防治药剂开展了系统研究,抗病性测定结果表明：22个品种块茎上均可感染粉痂病,发病率为25.00%～100.00%,病情指数为6.67～68.33,平均病情指数为29.45。从发病率和病情指数综合评价,‘冀张薯12号’对粉痂病有较好的抗性。田间药剂筛选试验结果表明：10亿cfu/g多黏类芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂100倍液和0.3%四霉素水剂50倍液播前种薯浸种处理均对马铃薯粉痂病有较好的防治效果,防效分别为60.50%和60.22%,显著高于其他处理;0.3%四霉素水剂30倍液和10亿cfu/g多黏类芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂45倍液于马铃薯花期时进行灌根处理,对粉痂病的防效分别为56.00%和52.87%,显著高于其他处理。因此,甘肃省马铃...  相似文献   

10.
香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense侵染引起的维管束系统性病害。本试验对从海南省东方、八所、黄流、三亚和广东省湛江、徐闻、海安等香蕉种植地采集的根际土样进行拮抗放线菌的分离纯化,得到放线菌菌株139个。通过纸片扩散法,筛选出对香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种具有拮抗作用的菌株8个。进一步试验表明,其中4个菌株不仅对香蕉枯萎病生理小种4号的菌丝生长有良好稳定的抑制作用,且对另外14个不同专化型病原菌也有一定的抑制作用。另外,分别将这8株放线菌发酵上清液与香蕉枯萎病病原菌孢子悬浮液混合12h后,有6株放线菌发酵上清液对病原菌孢子萌发的抑制率超过85%。盆栽试验结果表明,2株放线菌对香蕉枯萎病防效达86%以上,极显著地高于恶霉灵药剂处理。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

19.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

20.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

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