共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
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小麦杂种优势利用途径与研究进展 总被引：44，自引：2，他引：44
小麦杂种优势利用途径与研究进展张爱民黄铁城(中国农业大学北京100094)国内目前主要是通过常规的品种间杂交选育小麦优良品种。近些年来,由于我国常规小麦育种工作处于爬坡阶段,育成的新品种没有取得重大突破。而利用杂种第一代优势则是各类作物育种共同的发展…… 相似文献
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从绵阳系列小麦品种的选育谈四川“三高”小麦育种 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
该文根据四川省气候特点和生态条件，提出了“三高”小麦育种目标，着重分析了绵阳系列品种的选育特点及与其亲本间的性状表现，肯定了利用四川省现有育种材料培育高产、优质、高效小麦新品种的可能性，并对实现“三高”小麦育种所采取的途径和方法进行了详细讨论，并提出了看法。 相似文献
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克字号小麦品种是黑龙江省农科院小麦研究所育成的系列品种。本文分别从抗锈品种,多抗性品种,高产、超高产品种,优质专用小麦品种以及克字号小麦育种的特点方面进行研究。通过分析克字号小麦育种的特点,目的在于更好的利用现有小麦资源,同时为优质、专用、高产、超高产小麦品种的选育提供一个参考。 相似文献
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农作物的育种目标是获得更高经济产量的新品种,收获指数是经济产量和总生物量的比值,在品种选育中能够反映一个品种群体同化产物转化为目标经济产量的能力,也是当前评价选育高产品种的重要指标。为更好指导育种工作,选育更加适宜当前需求的高产品种,本文通过对收获指数在作物育种中的重要性、对高效品种选育的指导性梳理,综述农作物高收获指数的生理机制和提高收获指数的生理基础以及通过多种育种技术途径改良提高收获指数,以期为选育优良高产的品种提供理论和方法借鉴。 相似文献
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不同小麦品种对氮素吸收和利用效率不同,为了研究不同小麦品种对氮素吸收和利用的差异,选择目前10个华北平原区推广面积较大的小麦品种为材料,采用随机区组设计试验,于2009-2010年对春季氮素处理对不同小麦品种可溶性糖含量和产量的影响进行研究。结果表明,在拔节期不同施氮处理对不同小麦品种可溶性糖含量影响不大,在开花期不同小麦品种可溶性糖都有较大幅度的提高,并且施氮处理比不施氮处理有更大的提高,不同施氮处理对不同小麦品种产量也有影响,施氮处理的产量比不施氮处理的产量高,其中品种‘中科9818’产量最高。试验表明,春季施氮肥有利于改善小麦生育后期的碳代谢能力从而增加产量,可为小麦氮高效育种和小麦生产合理施用氮肥提供科学依据。 相似文献
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龙麦59是黑龙江省农科院作物资源研究所小麦育种研究室选育的小麦新品种，该品种是利用龙94-4081/小冰32杂交组合，采用生态派生系谱法选育而成的优质强筋小麦。2018年通过内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定。该品种适宜在黑龙江省和内蒙古自治区东部种植。 相似文献
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小麦氮素吸收利用的基因型差异研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用裂区试验设计,施氮和不施氮(对照)处理下,对16个不同基因型小麦拔节期和收获期氮素吸收利用差异进行研究。结果表明,不同基因型小麦的氮素吸收、利用特性存在很大差异,相关分析表明,氮素胁迫条件下,氮素吸收过程是全生育期的限制因素。依据收获期小麦相对吸氮总量和相对利用效率(对照处理与施氮处理的比值),将16个基因型分为5种类型:双高型、氮吸收高效型、氮利用高效型、双低型和中间型,为小麦氮高效育种提供理论依据。 相似文献
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该文利用1980～1992年全国黄推南片及河南省水地小麦区试资料，分析了“六五”和“七五”黄推南片麦区育成品种特点及在生产上的应用情况，根据该区的生态条件、生产发展水平等一系列综合条件，提出大面积（亩产350～450公斤）生产条件下对丰产稳产广泛适应性品种性状的要求和今后的有种目标．并在选育广泛适应性品种的方法和途径上，与育种者商榷。黄淮南片麦区是全国的第一大产麦区，孩区横跨豫（中北）、皖（北）、苏（北）、陕（关中）四省，生态、土壤、气侯等条件复杂，对小麦品种的要求比较严格。1980年以来，该区各育种单位开展了联合攻关，培育出很多小麦新品种，！980～1992年仅黄淮南片冬、春水两组区试就鉴定了96个品种，其中有25个经国家或豫、皖、苏、陕等省审定，在生产上广泛应用，对该区小麦单产和总产的不断提高起到了积极推动作用。因此，了解核区小麦品种选育和利用特点及大面积生态环境对小麦品种的要求，将有助于确定今后育种目标和选育模式，培育出适于该区大面积广泛利用的突破性品种。 相似文献
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作物根系与水肥利用密切相关,发掘根系性状相关遗传位点或候选基因,对于培育适宜特定土壤环境的小麦新品种具有重要意义。为系统了解低氮磷供应、盐碱、干旱等非生物胁迫对根系的影响,以及小麦根系性状遗传定位进展,本研究对近几十年相关文献进行了调研。发现尽管目前对小麦根系性状遗传解析工作已有较多报道,但许多根系性状QTL区间在不同研究间难以吻合,限制了分子标记开发和候选基因的发掘。随着高密度SNP芯片的开发及全基因组重测序技术的发展,今后整合"表型组"、"基因组"、"转录组"和"代谢组"对特定环境条件下小麦根系性状进行解析,可快速、高效地发掘特定环境条件下的优异等位变异和候选基因。本研究对于了解非生物胁迫条件小麦根系性状的遗传学基础具有参考价值。 相似文献
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Fabien Cormier John Foulkes Bertrand Hirel David Gouache Yvan Moënne‐Loccoz Jacques Le Gouis 《Plant Breeding》2016,135(3):255-278
Nitrogen fertilizer is the most used nutrient source in modern agriculture and represents significant environmental and production costs. In the meantime, the demand for grain increases and production per area has to increase as new cultivated areas are scarce. In this context, breeding for an efficient use of nitrogen became a major objective. In wheat, nitrogen is required to maintain a photosynthetically active canopy ensuring grain yield and to produce grain storage proteins that are generally needed to maintain a high end‐use quality. This review presents current knowledge of physiological, metabolic and genetic factors influencing nitrogen uptake and utilization in the context of different nitrogen management systems. This includes the role of root system and its interactions with microorganisms, nitrate assimilation and its relationship with photosynthesis as postanthesis remobilization and nitrogen partitioning. Regarding nitrogen‐use efficiency complexity, several physiological avenues for increasing it were discussed and their phenotyping methods were reviewed. Phenotypic and molecular breeding strategies were also reviewed and discussed regarding nitrogen regimes and genetic diversity. 相似文献
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Mary J. Guttieri Katherine Frels Teshome Regassa Brian M. Waters P. Stephen Baenziger 《Euphytica》2017,213(4):87
Wheat genotypes that efficiently capture and convert available soil nitrogen into harvested grain protein are key to sustainably meeting the rising global demand for grain protein. The purposes of this study were: to characterize the genetic variation for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits within hard winter wheat adapted to the Great Plains of the United States and evaluate trends in the germplasm with year of release; to explore relationships among traits that may be used for selection within breeding programs; and to identify quantitative trait loci associated with NUE traits in this germplasm. NUE traits were measured in a panel of 299 hard winter wheat genotypes, representing historically important and contemporary germplasm, from across the growing region. Trials were grown in two years at two levels of nitrogen fertility. Genotype and genotype × year interaction effects were highly significant for NUE traits, while genotype × nitrogen rate interactions were non-significant. Strong genetic correlations of plant height and flowering date with NUE traits were observed. Wheat breeders have improved NUE: the subset of 183 genotypes that were released as cultivars after 1960 demonstrated significant trends with year of release for improved grain N yield, grain yield, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and post-anthesis nitrogen uptake. In genome-wide association analyses, plant height and flowering date were important covariates in the mixed models, and plant height and flowering date substantially explained the variation in NUE traits in this germplasm. Marker-trait associations were identified that may prove useful in breeding. 相似文献
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氮肥高效利用水稻育种的现状与展望 总被引：23，自引：4，他引：19
我国水稻对氮肥的利用率平均仅在28%-37%之间(低于世界一般水平15-20个百分点)。江苏一季的施氮量超过国际公认的的安全标准（年施氮量225kg/hm2）达27.6%。按此标准,则每年至少造成180万吨的氮肥（纯N）的浪费。将带来严重的环境污染。缓释、控释性等有机肥料的施用,可提高氮素的利用率,但成本太高。我国科学家已在水稻第12条染色体上检出1个QTL与氮素利用率关联,且表现出显著的加性和显性效应。因此,培育适合于不同栽培条件的氮高效新品种,是切实可行的。这对于降低氮素肥料的使用量,保护环境,意义十分重大。 相似文献
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普通小麦氮素利用效率相关性状全基因组关联分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氮元素在粮食作物生长和发育过程起着不可替代的作用。发掘氮素利用效率相关基因对于提升小麦产量、减少环境污染具有重要意义。植株根系构型(root system architecture,RSA)代表着根系的结构及空间造型,显著受氮素水平影响。本研究在正常供氮和缺氮两种氮素水平下,对160份来自黄淮冬麦区和北部冬麦区普通小麦品系的根系构型相关性状(总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、平均根直径和根尖数)进行统计,并结合小麦660K SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)芯片基因分型数据对根系相关性状的相对值进行全基因组关联分析,以期发掘氮素利用效率相关位点。本研究检测到34个与氮素利用效率显著关联的SNP位点,可解释6.9%~15.4%的表型变异。关联位点在所有染色体均有分布,主要集中于1A、2B、3B、5B、6A、6B和7A染色体。11个位点与已报道位点重叠或接近,其他23个位点可能为新的位点。另外,在3B染色体上发现一个编码E3泛素连接酶的候选基因。 相似文献
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旱地冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡对降水年型与施氮量的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究不同降水年型施氮量对旱地冬小麦产量、氮素利用及土壤氮素表观平衡的影响,探讨渭北旱塬旱作麦田稳产增效的最佳氮素投入量,为高效施氮提供理论依据。田间定位施氮试验于2017—2020年连续3年在陕西合阳县开展,以长6359为试验材料,设置5个施氮量处理包括0、60、120、180和240 kg hm-2 (分别以N0、N60、N120、N180和N240表示),研究旱地冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡对降水年型与施氮量的响应。连续3年定位试验表明:(1)降水年型对冬小麦产量和经济收益影响显著,丰水年较平水年和欠水年分别增产33.6%和113.3%,经济收益提高2～3倍以上。冬小麦氮肥回收利用率和农学效率与产量有相似的变化规律,丰水年氮肥回收利用率和农学效率较平水年和欠水年分别提高4.7个百分点、0.6 kg kg–1 (平水年)和11.9个百分点、2.5 kg kg–1 (欠水年)。(2)无论何种降水年型,冬小麦产量、氮肥回收利用率和农学效率均随施氮量增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势。在丰水年和平水年,均以N180处理下最高,收获期0～100 cm土层土壤硝态氮积累分... 相似文献
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Summary Changes in nitrogen (N) economy and N to dry matter (DM) relationships were studied for six cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) released in Argentina at different times between 1912 and 1980. Experiments were performed on two successive years.N partitioning to reproductive organs was changed both at anthesis and at maturity. Grain N yield (GNY) was associated to both total N accumulated and N partitioning. Most of the changes produced by genetic improvement on N economy at maturity could be explained by parallel changes at anthesis. Neither biological N yield (BNY) at anthesis nor BNY at maturity showed any trend with the year of release of the cultivars.Grain N concentration (GNC) showed a negative trend with the year of release, and was inversely correlated to both grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI). However, GNC was positively and significantly associated with NHI to HI ratio, indicating that the main reason for its behaviour along this century was the dilution of N on non N compounds.The N utilization efficiencies (NUE) for both GY and grain number were positively affected by breeding. Moreover, modern Argentinian cultivars are as efficient as the best cultivars showed by other authors.It is suggested that to increase GNC together with GY, breeders should improve N accumulation at anthesis maintaining high remobilization of vegetative N. 相似文献
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The demands for increasing global crop production have prompted the development of new approaches relying on molecular marker
technologies to investigate and improve the plant genome. The merits of molecular markers make them valuable tools in a range
of research areas. This review describes novel approaches based on modern molecular marker technologies for characterization
and utilization of genetic variation for wheat improvement. Large-scale genome characterization by DNA-fingerprinting has
revealed no declining trends in the molecular genetic diversity in wheat as a consequence of modern intensive breeding thus
opposing the genetic ‘erosion’ hypothesis. A great number of important major genes and quantitative trait loci have been mapped
with molecular markers. Marker-assisted selection based on a tight linkage between a marker allele and a gene(s) governing
a qualitative or quantitative trait is gaining considerable importance as it facilitates and accelerates cultivar improvement
through precise transfer of chromosome regions carrying the gene of interest. The implementations of molecular markers in
wheat genotyping, mapping and breeding complemented by specific approaches associated with the complex polyploid nature of
common wheat are analyzed and presented. 相似文献