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随着转基因作物研究的快速发展,农业转基因生物安全评价试验逐年增多。本研究利用调查问卷以及实地走访的方式对转基因南繁单位情况进行调查研究,以从事南繁工作的机构、转基因南繁试验基地为对象,了解南繁基本情况、条件建设、相关诉求等内容。为在我国南繁基地开展转基因作物安全评价提供参考。 相似文献
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转基因作物安全评价研究进展 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
转基因技术是现代生物技术的核心之一,在缓解资源约束、保障粮食安全、保护生态安全、拓展农业功能等方面呈现出重要作用和巨大潜力。同时,也为公众带来关于转基因生物安全的忧虑。为此,包括我国在内的世界上很多国家和国际组织都制定了与转基因生物安全管理相关的法律法规和规章制度,以加强对转基因生物的研发、生产、加工、经营和进出口活动的管理。通过介绍我国转基因植物安全评价的主要内容、综述转基因作物安全评价的研究现状,并对我国转基因作物安全评价的发展进行思考和探索,以期为我国转基因生物安全管理提供参考。 相似文献
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A. J. A. M. Kapteijns 《Euphytica》1992,66(1-2):145-149
Summary The proposed introduction of genetically modified organisms into the environment has caused public and scientific concern. In response to this concern governments have set up biosafety regulations. In this paper a step-by-step scheme is described by which the safety of genetically modified organisms can be assessed. The first step is to determine the level of safety concern for the unmodified organism. Important aspects of the safety concern of the unmodified organism are the potential to hybridize with the wild flora and the ability of the crop to run wild. These aspects have been investigated by a desk study for four agricultural crops (potato, beet, oilseed rape and maize). Maize and potato are genetically isolated from the wild flora. Beet and oilseed rape on the contrary can potentially hybridize with wild relatives in the Netherlands. The risk assessment of the latter two species should focus entirely on the effects of the introduced genetic material. 相似文献
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植物安全性表达载体的构建策略:以表达水稻反义蜡质基因的载体构建为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于转基因作物的安全性考虑,在用于转化的表达载体上除了含有目的基因以及控制该目的基因表达的启动子和终止子外,最好不存在其它有可能存在安全性争议的DNA序列,由此培育的转基因植物可能将更易于被消费者所接受。本研究以pCAMBIA1300载体为基础,基因操作去除pCAMBIA1300质粒上的潮霉素抗性基因和花椰菜花叶病毒的35S启动子序列,构建了两种只含有水稻蜡质基因启动子引导蜡质基因反义片段的表达载体,p13AWY-1和p13AWY-2。其中p13AWY-1表达载体含有一个由水稻蜡质基因启动子、第一内含子、反义蜡质基因（W axy pro＋intron1＋anti-W axy）的融合基因单元;而p13AWY-2表达载体含有两个正向排列的W axy pro＋intron1＋anti-W axy融合基因单元。我们通过构建水稻反义蜡质基因安全性表达载体,试图为植物安全性表达载体的构建提供一种思路,为今后大规模商业化采用转基因技术改良农作物遗传特性提供安全的转基因方法。 相似文献
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The intentional introduction into the environment or market of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is nearly always governed
by a framework of science-based risk assessment and risk management measures. This is usually implemented through the integration
of hazard identification and characterisation of all of the elements of risk associated with a new GM crop or derived product.
Typical categories of hazards arising from the introduction of transgenic crops include: possible unintended negative health
effects in a susceptible subgroup of the consumer (target) population; the evolution of resistance in the targeted pest/pathogen
populations when the transgene confers resistance to a pest or pathogen; non-target hazards associated directly or indirectly
with the transgenic plant or transgene product outside the plant; and those associated with the integration and subsequent
expression of the transgene in a different organism or species following gene flow. The consequences of likely exposure to
these and other hazards are considered in this introduction to the main issues raised when evaluating the possible risks arising
from the importation or cultivation of genetically modified crops. 相似文献
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转基因作物环境安全性研究进展 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
随着转基因作物在全球范围内的广泛应用,转基因作物的环境安全性问题日益受到重视,科研工作者们对此开展了大量的研究工作。本文对近年来这方面的研究成果进行了综述,主要内容包括:1)转基因作物的杂草化问题,这里面又包含两层含义,一是转基因作物自身的杂草化问题,多数研究表明转基因并没有提高作物的生存竞争能力,在没有选择压力的自然条件下,即使转入了抗病抗逆基因,转基因植株的生存竞争能力也没有增加,因此杂草化的可能性很小;二是转基因作物通过基因漂移使得同种或近缘野生种或得某种抗性而成为更加难以防除的“超级杂草”,由于不同植物种间杂交能力不同,外源基因转移并稳定遗传的几率受到多种因素的影响,不同作物的风险性也不同,因此必须经过长期的监测才能得出科学的结论;2)转基因作物对作物遗传多样性、物种多样性及生态系统多样性的影响:多数观点认为转基因作物会通过基因漂移,外来基因在农家品种或野生种中固定及其竞争优势导致遗传多样性减少乃至丧失,也有观点认为,从长远看,转基因作物将会增加作物的生产力,从而少用农田,少用农药,有助于保护生物多样性;转基因作物对物种多样性的影响正反两方面的报道均有,有待进一步的研究,尤其是研究分析方法亟待规范;转基因作物对生态系统多样性的影响仍在研究争论之中,尚无定论。 相似文献
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Agriculture generates important impacts on the environment, which can be evaluated with agri-environmental indicators. A key element of environment protection in agriculture is the maintenance of a dense soil cover for the longest possible period. Notably, soil cover is known to diminish erosion risks and nitrate leaching. In this study, an agri-environmental indicator for soil cover is presented, which integrates data from the crop model STICS to quantify vegetation growth dynamics. Simulations were conducted with STICS for the major crops cultivated in Switzerland across several contrasting pedoclimatic situations. They were then integrated with data for crop residue cover to evaluate soil cover at the field and farm levels in the framework of a farm network survey. At the field level, for the period from the harvest of the previous crop through the harvest of the main crop, the highest soil cover was achieved by silage maize and winter barley. A high variability between fields was observed, due to the diversity of cultural practices during the period preceding the seeding of the main crops. Some crops, winter wheat in particular, showed a high number of days with insufficient soil cover (under 30%), leading to potential environmental risks. This shows the crucial need of promoting conservation agriculture principles (permanent soil cover, minimum soil disturbance, diversification of crop rotation) in arable systems to better protect the soils and the environment. The soil cover indicator presented here provided a continuous quantification of soil cover, whereas most of the currently used indicators provide qualitative or roughly quantitative results. 相似文献
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甘蔗作为重要的糖料作物和遗传转化高安全级别的经济作物,其遗传转化的研究一直倍受重视。目前应用于甘蔗中的转基因技术主要是基因枪介导法和农杆菌介导法。近年来甘蔗的转基因研究主要以新型抗病虫、抗寒、抗旱和高糖以及作为生物反应器生产高附加值产品为主,同时在转基因生物的检测研究中也取得了较大的进展。但是甘蔗的转基因还是受到一些因素的限制,转化效率低、基因表达效率不高、转基因安全性研究少以及可能存在的法律和社会问题等。建立多个甘蔗主栽品种高效、快速、稳定的遗传转化体系,研究安全型系统,开展大片段基因、多基因转化,实现基因的时空控制表达等将是甘蔗转基因技术的新的发展趋势。 相似文献
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外源抗草膦EPSPs基因在大豆基因组中的整合与定位 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过基因特异引物扩增和免疫层析试纸法分别对EPSPs基因和其编码的蛋白进行检测。结果表明,EPSPs基因不仅已整合到大豆基因组中,而且EPSPs蛋白可以正常表达。利用染色体步移方法获得了转基因大豆插入位点的侧翼序列,序列比对表明35S上游的大豆DNA序列起始于Gm02:7912740,NOS下游的大豆DNA序列起始于Gm02:7777705。外源基因不是以点插入方式整合,而是导致大豆基因组约135 kb片段的移位和重排。基因组序列重排导致一个编码HEC1和HEAT repeat功能域的基因(Glyma02g09790)结构受到影响,该基因在ABA和PEG处理时下调表达。本研究发现外源基因的插入导致插入位点附近DNA序列发生重排,并鉴定出一个编码HEC1和HEAT repeat功能域的基因可能会在ABA信号通路中参与干旱胁迫应答。本研究通过对抗除草剂EPSPs基因在大豆基因组中的插入位点分析,明确了外源EPSPs基因在大豆基因组中的整合、定位及其侧翼序列,为转基因大豆安全评价提供了依据。 相似文献
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M.D. Eyre C.N.R. Critchley C. Leifert S.J. Wilcockson 《European Journal of Agronomy》2011,34(3):153-162
A survey of 128 plots, in 2008, of a trial where the effects of crop protection can be separated from those of fertility management, generated weed cover data within six crops (winter wheat, winter barley, spring barley, potatoes, cabbages and a grass/clover ley). The effects of the 2008 crop types, of the two preceding crops and of organic and conventional crop protection and fertility management, were assessed using mixed-effects models and constrained ordination. Cover data for 22 weed species and for monocotyledon, dicotyledon, annual, perennial and total weed cover were used. Cover of 15 weed species, and of the five weed groups, was significantly affected by 2008 crops, with cover highest in spring beans and cabbage. Nine and four weed species 2008 cover were significantly related to crops grown in 2007 and 2006 respectively, as were dicotyledon, annual and total weed cover, but not monocotyledon or perennial cover. Cover of 15 species, and the five groups, was significantly higher in plots with organic crop protection, but only eight species and annuals were significantly affected by fertility management. Crop:crop protection produced the most significant interactions with most cover in organically managed plots. Five species, perennials and total weed cover produced significant three-factor models. The greatest weed cover was in organic crop protected but conventionally fertilised spring barley and the least in totally conventional winter barley. Other factors such as crop density and mechanical weeding also affected 2008 weed cover. The ordination indicated that most of the 22 species were strongly associated with crops from all three years. The sequence of crops in the rotation had a profound effect on weed cover. Where three spring-sown, difficult to weed, crops were grown in sequence (spring beans, potatoes and vegetables, spring barley) weed cover increased. However, cover was limited in grass/clover and some cereal plots with different preceding crops. Models predicting weed cover may need to take into account crop sequences within crop rotations, as well as the more usual management inputs. 相似文献
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Effects of rotational fallows (‘set-aside land’) on subsequent winter wheat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different fallow treatment on subsequent winter wheat. The field trials included rotational fallows planted with Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra and Lolium perenne sown under winter barley compared to complete fallow and natural fallow without seed application and fallows planted with Trifolium pratense, Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata sown under winter wheat. After ploughing up the fallow vegetation, winter wheat was planted for 2 succeeding years at two levels of N-fertilization. Herbicides and fungicides were not applied. The following criteria were investigated: biomass-production, N-uptake, yield, weed infestation, nitrate and water content of the soil. In autumn, after ploughing up the fallow vegetation, the nitrate content of the soil (0—150 cm) increased by up to 210 kg NO3-N/ha after complete fallow, by up to 60 kg NO3-N/ha after natural fallow and by up to 75 and 130 kg NO3-N/ha after fallows cropped with Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense, respectively. Low nitrate levels of 20—27 kg NO3-N/ha were observed after fallows planted with grass. N-immobilization caused by ploughing up grass fallows continued until the first harvest of the subsequent winter wheat. In the second year of winter-wheat, no differences of N-mineralization dependent on the previous fallow crop occurred, except in the case complete fallow which showed lower N-mineralization. It can be concluded that fallows cropped with grass lead to a higher nitrogen fertilizer requirement m the succeeding crops. Festuca rubra was able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds and to decrease the abundance of Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spíca-venti in subsequent winter wheat, while natural fallow and fallow planted with Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne caused epidemical increases in grass-weed density. Preceding crop effects on grain yield of the winter wheat showed a close relation to N-supply and were compensated by mineral N-fertilization. After natural fallow and fallow covered with Trifolinm repens, yield reductions due to grass-weed competition occurred. Undersown Festuca rubra seems to possess a special suitabihty for cultivation in routional fallows. It establishes itself strongly under different cover crops and is able to form dense swards in strong competition with weeds. Grass-weed density in the succeeding crops will be reduced and nitrate leaching will still be prevented after ploughing up the fallow vegetation. N-fertilization of the subsequent crops must be carried out under considerations of higher N-requirements which is probably not entirely due to a stronger N-immobilization. 相似文献