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喜旱莲子草是一种危害严重的恶性入侵杂草,生物防治该杂草尤其是引入莲草直胸跳甲后取得很大进展。然而陆生型和高纬度地区的喜旱莲子草的防治仍是难点,利用真菌资源防治该杂草具有潜力。本文概述了对喜旱莲子草有一定生防潜力的真菌,并对其寄主专一性及作用机理进行了总结,提出了目前存在的问题及建议,以期为有效控制该杂草提供指导。 相似文献
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入侵种喜旱莲子草——主要天敌昆虫 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
喜旱莲子草是一种水陆两栖的重要入侵杂草,中国首批16种重要入侵物种之一。本文介绍了生物防治喜旱莲子草的天敌昆虫莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygophila、Vogtia malli、Amynothrips anderso- ni、阿根廷跳甲Disonycha argentinensis、Systena nitentula和虾钳菜披龟甲Cassida piperata等天敌的分类地位、形态特征、生物学、生态学特性以及国内外寄主专一性研究、释放效果与评价。 相似文献
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莲草直胸跳甲在几种非靶标植物上的适合度比较 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
莲草直胸跳甲是防治入侵杂草喜旱莲子草的引进天敌,为检测莲草直胸跳甲对非靶标植物的影响,选取了29种具有代表性的植物对该天敌进行了3种选择和1种非选择性压力的测试.在全组植物或移除喜旱莲子草组中,莲草直胸跳甲成虫和幼虫对喜旱莲子草和非靶标近缘种莲子草的取食面积均显著大于其它非靶标植物,幼虫还可取食非靶标植物若蘧、反枝苋等;成虫在无喜旱莲子草时可取食若蘧和甜菜.当移除喜旱莲子草和莲子草时,成虫和幼虫对若蘧和甜菜的取食面积分别提高22.33、4倍和1.76、16.42倍.在非选择测试中,成虫和幼虫对喜旱莲子草和莲子草的取食显著高于其它组,其它植物均不能满足其正常发育和生存.研究表明,莲草直胸跳甲对莲子草属植物的适合度最高. 相似文献
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利用光谱特征评价莲草直胸跳甲对喜旱莲子草的控制效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为建立快速有效的喜旱莲子草生物防治效果评价技术体系,采用基于成像光谱遥感技术的多波段光谱辐射仪,研究了利用冠层光谱特征值评价天敌昆虫莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila对喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides控制效果的方法。结果表明,莲草直胸跳甲取食引起喜旱莲子草冠层光谱变化,在可见光区绿光波段（中心波长约560 nm）和近红外波段（中心波段810 nm）,喜旱莲子草冠层光谱反射率随莲草直胸跳甲密度的增加逐渐下降,而在红光波段（中心波长约660 nm）呈上升趋势。莲草直胸跳甲取食还导致喜旱莲子草植被指数的变化。在近红外区760～810 nm波段莲草直胸跳甲的控制效果与喜旱莲子草冠层光谱反射率呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.92,故可将760～810 nm波长范围作为监测莲草直胸跳甲对喜旱莲子草控制效果的敏感波段。 相似文献
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广东莲草直胸跳甲生物学的观察 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
空心莲子草 ( Alternanthera philoxeroides)为一种多年生恶性杂草 ,属苋科 ,莲子草属 ,在我国各地又名水花生、空心苋、喜旱莲子草等 ,具有繁殖迅速 ,适应性强和难以用化学除草剂根除的特点 [1 ] 。该草原产南美 ,大约本世纪 40年代传入我国 ,现成为南方各省主要恶性杂草 ,已泛滥成灾 ,给农业和水产养殖业造成极大危害 [2 ]。莲草直胸跳甲 ( Agasicles hygrophila)原产阿根廷 ,是空心莲子草的天敌。李宏科等 [3] 报道了莲草直胸跳甲的大量繁殖及释放技术 ,对应用莲草直胸跳甲的可行性作了研究。吴珍泉等 [4]对莲草直胸跳甲生物学特性进行… 相似文献
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饥饿程度及取食不同植物对莲草直胸跳甲消化酶的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为明确莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫消化酶的作用,分别采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法、福林-酚法、碘-淀粉比色法测定其取食喜旱莲子草、莙荙及饥饿48 h后纤维素酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶的变化,以及饥饿不同时间对3种消化酶的影响。结果表明,取食不同植物后,莲草直胸跳甲成虫的纤维素酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶活力差异显著,其中取食莙荙后其体内纤维素酶(葡聚糖外切酶、葡聚糖内切酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶)和淀粉酶活力最高,分别为3.07、6.63、6.79、23.48 U/mg,是对照的1.21、3.18、2.43和1.34倍;取食喜旱莲子草后其蛋白酶活力最高,为25.09μg·mg~(-1)·min~(-1)。饥饿不同时间对莲草直胸跳甲成虫体内纤维素酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶活力有显著影响,随着饥饿时间的延长,纤维素酶、淀粉酶活力均逐渐降低,而蛋白酶活力呈先升高后降低的趋势,饥饿36 h对成虫蛋白酶活力的促进作用最强,为20.64μg·mg~(-1)·min~(-1),是对照的1.11倍;饥饿60 h后其蛋白酶活力最低,仅为10.17μg·mg~(-1)·min~(-1)。表明饥饿初期对莲草直胸跳甲成虫消化酶起促进作用;取食莙荙后可增强其体内淀粉酶、纤维素酶的分解作用,取食喜旱莲子草可增强其体内蛋白酶活力。 相似文献
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一种镰刀菌对空心莲子草的致病力与寄主专一性测定 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
从罹病的空心莲子草上分离到一种镰刀菌,人工接种条件下,3叶期的空心莲子草幼苗最易发病,叶部次之.在供试的4个菌株中,以YZ-03菌株的致病力最强,该菌株接种空心莲子草幼苗5d后,接种的植株病情指数已达100,8d后幼苗全部枯死;人工接种叶片和茎秆9d后,叶片的病情指数达90.95,接种茎秆的病情指数达85.19.采用27科61种植物对该镰刀菌进行寄主专一性测定,结果表明,该镰刀菌能使莲子草严重发病,也能侵染藜的幼苗,对包括主要农作物在内的其他59种植物均无致病性. 相似文献
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Neal R. Spencer 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):444-450
Abstract The Agricultural Research Service of the USDA has been actively engaged in research on the biological control of aquatic weeds since 1959. Research emphasis until 1967 was on alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. As a result of this research, three species of insects from Argentina were released in the southeastern United States. Alligatorweed control with these natural enemies has been variable; but indications are that control will be substantial over most of the range of the weed. One species of weevil, Neochetina eichhorniae Warner, has been released against water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in the USA as a result of research in Argentina. A second closely related species, N. bruchi Hustache, is presently undergoing final clearance procedures. Several other arthropods are being studied in Argentina as possible biological control agents of water hyacinth. A USA sponsored programme in Yugoslavia under the direction of Dr M Leki? resulted in the discovery of two insect species that show potential as control agents for eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L. Further testing for host specificity of these insects will be carried out in the USA in quarantine in Florida. A USA sponsored Pakistan programme under Dr M. A. Ghani is investigating insects and other phytophagous organisms attacking Hydrilla verticillata Royle. The results are encouraging. PANS 20: 444–450, 1974. 相似文献
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福建为害水稻的粘虫属种类,有粘虫Leucania separata Walker、白脉粘虫Leucania roseilinea Walker和劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi(Duponchel)等三种。其中粘虫和白脉粘虫发生普遍,为害严重。白脉粘虫在福建一年发生六代,少数五代,冬季无明显的停育。成虫羽化后需要补充营养。有明显的趋化性和较强的趋光性。产卵于枯叶鞘内侧或枯叶端部。每雌一生最多产卵802粒,一般产卵150～300粒左右。初孵幼虫食心叶,三龄后食叶成缺刻,并能咬断小穗,影响产量。幼虫虫口密度纵然很大,亦无成群迁移习性。白脉粘虫在稻田终年发生,其周年群体数量变动规律,无“骤减”和“骤增”现象。第二代于6～7月(早稻后期)和第五代于10～11月(晚稻后期)发生数量较多,为害较重,而第五代是发生量最大和为害最严重的世代;也是一年中防治的主要时期。 相似文献
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Felipe Balocchi Mike J. Wingfield Rodrigo Ahumada Irene Barnes 《Plant pathology》2021,70(5):1243-1259
Araucaria araucana, (commonly referred to as araucaria, pewen, or monkey puzzle tree) is an ancient conifer endemic to the Chilean and Argentinian mountain ranges where it has a sacred relevance to indigenous communities. During 2015, a serious disease was noticed on trees of all ages in most of the natural distribution of this iconic tree. Four areas were surveyed, and the most important symptoms of the disease were cankers on branches and stems resulting in copious resin exudation. Trees were monitored for a period of two years and isolations were made from the cankers. Field observations showed that the disease typically begins on the leaves or at the leaf bases and progresses downwards to initiate cankers that can girdle branches or stems within a two-year period. Black ascomata, resembling those of Caliciopsis species previously described from A. araucana, were consistently found developing in the cankers from which isolations were made. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, nucSSU, and nucLSU gene regions showed that the fungus resides in the Coryneliaceae but is distinct from other genera in that family. The morphological characteristics and phylogenetic position of the fungus show that it represents a new genus and species, described here as Pewenomyces kutranfy gen. nov. et sp. nov. Pathogenicity trials on trees under field conditions confirmed that this newly described fungus is able to cause cankers on A. araucana similar to those found under natural conditions. 相似文献
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A. GRANITI 《EPPO Bulletin》1986,16(3):479-486
Several species of microscopic fungi have been associated with canker diseases of wild and cultivated species of Cupressus and related genera. Seiridium cardinale was first reported in Europe (France) in 1944 and then spread to other countries, causing what at present is the major disease of cypress in Europe. Over the last two decades, heavy losses have been caused to the nursery industry, to cypress plantations used for forestation and windbreaks as well as to ornamental cypresses. The death of millions of trees has devastated the traditional and beloved landscape of areas where cypresses constitute a major element of the vegetation. Lepteutypa cupressi (anamorph Seiridium cupressi) has recently been reported in Greece (Kos). It had already caused considerable losses on cypress plantations in other geographical areas (Africa, Australia, Oceania). Some taxonomic aspects of the pathogen are discussed. The introduction of L. cupressi into the Mediterranean area, where S. cardinale has already spread, not only represents a serious threat to European cypress plantations, but also complicates the efforts made up to now towards the selection of resistant clones and the improvement of genetic resistance of the Mediterranean cypress C. sempervirens to S. cardinale. Thus, immediate action is required in order to eradicate the existing foci and to avoid further spread of the disease. Seiridium unicorne was first described in the USA in 1878 and then recorded again in North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. The host range of this pathogen is not restricted to Cupressaceae and includes plants belonging to eight families. It seems that the canker disease due to S. unicorne is not so serious as that caused by S. cardinale or L. cupressi. L. cupressi has probably been misidentified as S. unicorne in records of epidemics in East Africa and other areas of the world. 相似文献