共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 750 毫秒
1.
云南松林分系统在时、空中的随机分布，遵循“概率对称性”的描述。而林分产生的株数递减率和蓄积量递增率则遵循“非对称性转移概率”的描述。这就是云南松林分系统存在与演化的两种概率现象。由“对称性概率”描述的林分系统结构状态中产生“非对称性转移概率”，所造成的各种林分结构仍然遵循“对称性概率”的描述，由此可见林分系统在时、空中的演变，可以归结为“对称性概率”与“非对称性转移概率”的交替变换，因此能用内部时间刻划的“立木度／蓄积度”序列及其对应的“株数递减率／蓄积量递增率”序列，描述各种林分结构的连续演变过程。 相似文献
2.
云南松林分与小蠹虫的竞争状态研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
云南松林遭小蠹虫危害以后，常由于林分抵御功能的不同而形成区域性的蠹害林分系统，即在“虫群区域”内存在着“衰退”和“发展”两种林分演变过程，若按“演变属性”来分析，则看到蓄积量下降、蓄积量停滞、蓄积量上升等３种林分演变过程是蠹害林分系统的普遍性特征，前２种属于“衰退状态”，后１种属于“发展状态”。对３个蠹害林分系统的“演变属性”用二项分布Ｐ（衰退概率）＋Ｑ（发展概率）＝１来描述，那么二项式（Ｐ＋Ｑ）＾３方程中的系数１、３、３、１成为系统中不同“演变属性”的概率论判断。由人为因素、虫群因素、环境因素引起的林分“衰退”和“发展”当然是随机的，但从分析中看到人的正、反两面行为都会引起林分与虫群相互作用的变化。 相似文献
3.
云南松林分系统的存在与演化 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
云南松林分系统在时,空中的随机分布,遵循“概率对称性”的描述。而林分产生的株数递减率和蓄积量递增率则遵循“非对称性转移概率”的描述。这就是云南松林分系统存在与演化的两种概率现象。由“对称性概率”描述的林分系统结构状态中产生“非对和性转移概率”,所造成的各种林分结构仍然遵循“对称性概率”的描述,由此可见林分系统在时,空中的演变,可以归结为“对称性概率”和“非对称性转移概率”的交替交变,因此能用内部时 相似文献
4.
云南松林分系统的形成与演变 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
优良木成长壮大不断分化,被压木衰退消亡是云南松林分系统演变的两个方面。由优良木组成的上层林冠和被压木组成的下层林冠,是云南松林分系统中的两个子系统。在饱和林分系统内,占据上层林冠的优良木子系统每年分化为被压木的数量,与处于下层林冠的被压木子系统的死亡量相协调,以保持饱和林分系统结构,保持优良木株数占30—40％,蓄积量占60—70％。在饱和林分系统内间伐Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ级木,则使优良木的生产量上升,同时使被压木的死亡量下降,直至林分回归于饱和林分系统结构。优良木子系统随全林分系统的演变,因林分系统密度而异,是生境、年龄、密度相互制约所表现的数量集合,都按照幂函数曲线轨迹演变,其曲线系数“A”随密度下降而上升,“B”值则随密度下降而减小。依照云南松林分系统的演变规律,对预测优良木保留量和确定间伐强度有实用价值。 相似文献
5.
阔叶林分通过株数递减和蓄积量递增而演变,这种演变过程和转移概率的特征是一致的。林分平均直径与转移概率有联系,且平均直径与林分演变的内部时间有联系,所以林分的转移概率形成新的“概率分布函数（＾ρ）”。这种概率分布是由内部时间定向的,可用以描述阔叶林分未来的结构状态。 相似文献
6.
云南松林遭小蠹虫危害以后,常由于林分抵御功能的不同而形成区域性的蠢害林分系统,即在"虫群区域"内存在着"衰退"和"发展"两种林分演变过程,若按"演变属性"来分析,则看到蓄积量下降、蓄积量停滞、蓄积量上升等3种林分演变过程是蠹害林分系统的普遍性特征,前2种属于"衰退状态",后1种属于"发展状态"。对3个蠢害林分系统的"演变属性"用二项分布P(衰退概率)+Q(发展概率)=1来描述,那么二项式(P+Q)3方程中的系数1、3、3、1成为系统中不同"演变属性"的概率论判断。由人为因素、虫群因素、环境因素引起的林分"衰退"和"发展"当然是随机的,但从分析中看到人的正、反两面行为都会引起林分与虫群相互作用的变化。 相似文献
7.
云南松生长的环境,蕴藏着生长所需要的能量,也包含低温、干旱、病虫害等破坏性因素,是持续涨落波动的“能量流”.“苗木群体”对不稳定“能量流”的适应,表现为通过优胜劣汰而演变为初始林分.能够进入初始林分的“苗木群体”,可由“平均苗龄”1～10年刻划的“苗木株数递减率”来描述.各种密度的“苗木群体”都通过优胜劣汰的过程进入初始林分,它是一种整体性的演变过程.用随机调查的192个“苗木群体”样本进行导算,揭示出1个“苗木度”为0.3～2.0,随“平均苗龄”增长而走向初始林分的演变模型.“平均苗龄”10年时的株数变动为24900～3620株/hm2,也就是初始林分形成(株数-蓄积量)结构的时刻,从此林分演变过程由“内部时间(T=)”刻划的“株数递减率/蓄积量递增率”来描述.具有时间因素的初始林分,是“耗散结构”的起点. 相似文献
8.
云南松林分系统分布于北纬23°~29°、东经98°30′~106°、海拔高度为1 200~2 800 m的区域,面积约500万hm2,这一地理区域是由多种树种组成林分系统的生态区域。在诠释此云南松林分系统的生态环境及生长过程的前提下,引入了“耗散结构的进化观念”对本区域云南松林分系统的结构状态和演变动态进行了研究,导算出在8种地位级上发生的131条由“初始林分”走向“过熟林分”的“坐标序列”,表明其结构具有“对称分布”的特征,揭示了云南松林分系统与其生态阈限环境相互平衡的特性。并论述了云南松林分系统在由初始林分走向过熟林分的过程中都要与外界进行能量和物质转化,而由其产生的净生长量和死亡量是一种促成林分系统进化的理念,以此表明可用内部时间T(D-):3、4、5……32所刻画的131条“株数递减率/蓄积量递增率”过程,来反映云南松林分系统的演变动态的客观实际。 相似文献
9.
天然森林中包含着多种类型的林分类型,各个林分系统具有自然历史确定的地理分布范围,外界的“能量流”和“物质流”都呈非均匀分布状态,因此造成林分系统“结构状态”和“演变动态”的多样性。林分系统中的各个林分与外界进行能量、物质转换的规律相似,林分内部的“优胜劣汰”规律也相似。因此可用“内部时间T(D)”：3、4、5……32所刻画的“立木度／蓄积度”序列和“株数递减率／蓄积量递增率”序列的数学模型,来描述林分从幼林到过熟林的演变过程,这就是林分系统的“周期行为”。进入过熟林分以后,林分平均直径“D”的变化无规律性,但过熟林分仍然通过“新生林木更替衰老林木”而向前演变发展,这种“非周期行为”表达了林分系统“从存在到演化”的永恒性。 相似文献
10.
云南阔叶林分的结构状态转移概率的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
阔叶林分通过株数递减和蓄积量递增而演变化,这种演变过程和转移概率的特征是一致的,林分平均直径与转移概率有联合,且平均直径与林分演变化的内部时间有联系,所以林分的转移概率形成新的“概率分布函数”。这种概率分布是由内部时间空向的,可用以描述阔叶林分未来的结构状态。 相似文献
11.
IntroductionItissurethatpresentelevatiollsofCO2a11dotllergrcc11-housegasesinducedbyhumanactivitiesaren1akli1gglobalclimategothroughinexperielICedcl1anges(Scl1le-subgerl987).Thecurrentquasi-equilibriulllstatesofbio-sphereecosystCm,esPeciallyterrestrialecosystems,wouldbebrokenbecausetl1estructure,fu11ction,distributio11andtlledynamicsofanyexistedecosystemsareIberesultsoflongtermadaptationofbio-systemtocurrentclin1ate.Theec()systemsdistributedinhighlatitlldeareawouldhavemuchbiggerchai1ge(Bona… 相似文献
12.
An integrated assessment approach to optimal forest bioenergy production for young Scots pine stands
《Forest Ecosystems》2015,(3)
Background: Bioenergy is re-shaping opportunities and imperatives of forest management. This study demonstrates,through a case study in Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.), how forest bioenergy policies affect stand management strategies.Methods: Optimization studies were examined for 15 Scots pine stands of different initial stand densities, site types, and temperature sum regions in Finland. Stand development was model ed using the Pipe Qual stand simulator coupled with the simulation-optimization tool Opti For Bioenergy to assess three forest bioenergy policies on energy wood harvest from early thinnings.Results: The optimal solutions maximizing bare land value indicate that conventional forest management regimes remain optimal for sparse stands. Energy harvests occurred only when profitable, led to lower financial returns. A forest bioenergy policy which included compulsory energy wood harvesting was optimal for denser stands. At a higher interest rate(4 %), increasing energy wood price postponed energy wood harvesting. In addition, our results show that early thinning somewhat reduced wood quality for stands in fertile sites. For less fertile sites, the changes were insignificant.Conclusions: A constraint of profitable energy wood harvest is not rational. It is optimal to carry out the first thinning with a flexible forest bioenergy policy depending on stand density. 相似文献
13.
改制前的毛竹林，每两年有一年无笋或少有笋、有几个月林内立竹上无叶，竹子上的害虫种类简单，危害不重，有些害虫少发生或不能发生；能发生或危害重的竹子害虫，在生活过程中，习性多少都发生一些变化，如竹织叶野螟有迁飞习性，毛笋泉蝇、毛竹黑叶蜂部分蛹有滞育习性，赭翅双叉端环野螟有同时以小幼虫和老熟幼虫越冬习性，以适应无笋、少叶的营养环境。改制后的毛竹林地被物挖锄，天敌资源锐减，竹林中年年有笋，立竹上终年披叶，使竹子害虫食物条件改善，竹子害虫种类逐年增加，害虫迁飞、滞育习性的比例逐年减少，危害逐年加重。 相似文献
14.
Productivity of temperate broad-leaved forest stands differing in tree species diversity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
15.
Water availability is a major factor influencing the distribution and productivity of the earth's vegetation, but details of the mechanisms by which its effects are felt are not well understood. This is due in large part to the interactions between water and vegetation, such as through interception and change in leaf-area, which affect rates of canopy photosynthesis and transpiration. Physiological differences among species are not always directly translated to differences among stands, emphasizing the importance of climate and microclimate as controls.
Leaf-area index (L) is a critical integrator of water availability and productivity, and changes in leaf-area, such as occur through thinning and understory control, may have dramatic effects on both. There is increasing evidence that L changes significantly within an annual cycle and from year to year, even in closed-canopy conifer stands. Consequently, the season and year in which a measurement of L is made may explain much of the variability noted before in its response to water availability and effects on productivity. Because carbon, water, and nutrient cycles are so closely coupled, simulation models that represent both direct and indirect relationships are useful tools for understanding and managing forest ecosystems. 相似文献
16.
采用定位观测方法与水集水区试验技术方法，利用1-6月份艰测数据，从土壤水分、坡面径流、集水区径流量等方面对大岗山地区人工针阔混交林、天然常绿阔叶林典型森林集水区的森林水文动态变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：⑴人工针阔混交林森林土壤水分量大值（51.8mm）出现在5月份，最小值（33.2mm）出现在3月份，且垂直变化幅度不大。⑵坡面径流量月变化较大，与一次性降水有密切关系，可用指数式y=0.1266e^0.0502x表示。⑶与人工针阔混交林相比，天然常绿阔叶林具有较强水土保持能力和显著水源涵养作用。 相似文献
17.
The western steppe of Patagonia, Argentina, is being afforested with conifers since long ago. However, the effects of this land-use change on some soil parameters are still unknown. We determined soil organic matter (SOM) and root abundance at different soil depths, in 29 paired steppe-ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) stands planted at different times and densities between the 36°43′ and 44°8′S, and the 71°29′ and 70°35′W, in Patagonia, Argentina. SOM was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in steppe than in afforestations at upper soil horizons (0–30 cm soil depth), and similar at deeper depths. Soil OM was also higher in steppe as compared to sparse/young afforestation stands. Denser/older stands showed equal or slightly higher SOM values as compared to steppe. While root abundance was higher (p < 0.05) in afforestations than in steppe at all but in the superficial soil horizon, it has not yet significantly contributed to SOM formation. This study contributes to the understanding of how ponderosa pine afforestations, planted on a steppe of Patagonia, affect SOM, adding useful information for other areas of the world in which afforestations replace native vegetation. 相似文献
18.
Ekaterina Shorohova Timo Kuuluvainen Ahto Kangur Kalev Jõgiste 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(2):201-201
19.
In order to infer successional changes in structure, species composition and diversity of warm-temperate forest, we compared secondary stands regenerating after clear-felling (41–64-years old) with old-growth stands at altitudes between 300 and 800 m on Yakushima Island, southern Japan. Stem density and maximum stem diameter differed between secondary and old-growth stands, but basal area and aboveground biomass did not. At lower altitudes, the dominant species in old-growth stands with a strong sprouting capacity (Castanopsis cuspidata) also dominated secondary stands, and species composition of secondary and old-growth stands was similar. At higher altitudes, by contrast, the dominant species in old-growth stands (Distylium racemosum) had little sprouting capacity and was poorly represented in diverse secondary stands, which were dominated by Castanopsis or other less abundant species. Secondary stands had greater species diversity (Shannon–Wiener index) than old-growth stands, particularly at higher altitudes. This was due to greater species richness resulting from higher stem density per area, but not to greater evenness. We grouped the component species that share ecologically similar traits into four guilds (fagaceous, primary evergreen, secondary evergreen and deciduous species). Secondary stands were characterized by greater numbers of deciduous and secondary evergreen species. We concluded that different sprouting capacities of dominant species and different regeneration traits among guilds are responsible for the change in species composition and diversity during succession. 相似文献