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1.
脱毒马铃薯扩繁技术初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验以早熟品种东农３０３、中熟品种系薯１号和晚熟品种晋薯７号为试验材料，采用Ｌ１２（４×３￣２）正交试验法，分室内和室外两组同时进行试验，结果表明，出芽天数随着温度的上升而减少；大薯块出芽数极显著高于中小薯块；出芽数则随着掰芽次数的增加而减少；系薯１号的出芽数明显高于晋薯７号，与东农３０３差异不显著．产量结果表明，主因素为品种；其次为薯块大小；掰芽次数间差异不显著；母薯则极显著高于掰芽次数．综合结果分析，脱毒马铃薯掰芽扩繁是一项节省种薯，提高繁殖系数的有效措施；以选择适宜当地种植的高产高效和大薯块掰芽为好；三次掰芽扩繁移栽和母薯直播是可行的马铃薯扩繁技术措施． 相似文献
2.
Summary Different amounts ofRhizoctonia solani inoculum were applied to sprouted and non-sprouted seed tubers cultivar Désirée during planting in field experiments at Rothamsted
in 1984 and 1985. Severity of stem canker and stolon infection increased with increasing amounts of inoculum; with small or
medium amounts these infections were most severe on plants from sprouted seed. In 1985 plants grown from non-sprouted, seed
had most stem canker when large amounts of inoculum were applied.
Severe infection following high inoculum levels delayed shoot emergence, increased the variability in stem height and decreased
the mean height of stems and weight of foliage but did not affect the number of stems per plant or final plant populations.
Tuber initiation was delayed and tuber numbers slightly decreased by severe infection and at harvest the size distribution
of tubers was altered. Tuber yields from severely infected plants were decreased by 15% (sprouted seed) and 19% (non-sprouted
seed) in 1984 and by 17 and 28% respectively in 1985. 相似文献
3.
Comparative performance of three small seed tuber sizes and standard size seed tubers planted at similar stem densities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S. G. Wiersema 《Potato Research》1989,32(1):81-89
Summary Small seed tubers of 1–5 g, 5–10 g and 10–20 g were planted at the same sprout densities as standard size seed tubers of 40–60
g in order to give similar stem densities. Early ground cover by foliage, total yield, and yield of tubers >45 mm were consistently
greater in plots planted with larger seed tubers. The effect of seed tuber size on yield and tuber number per stem varied
between years but 1–5 g seed tubers always gave lower yields per stem than larger seed tubers. Reducing the spacing between
rows from 90 cm to 60 cm and maintaining the same sprout density was more effective in increasing yields from small seed tubers
than increasing sprout density from 20 to 40 sprouts per m2 by reducing plant spacing within the row. 相似文献
4.
N. Richard Knowles Lisa O. Knowles Margo M. Haines 《American Journal of Potato Research》2005,82(3):179-190
1,4-DMN is a relatively new sprout inhibitor for use on maincrop and seed potatoes. Despite its registration as a “dormancy enhancer” for seed, relatively little is known about its effects on plant establishment and productivity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 1,4-DMN on the productivity of seed potatoes. ‘Umatilla Russet’ (UR), ‘Ranger Russet’ (RR), and ‘Russet Burbank’ (RB) seed tubers were stored at 4, 7, and 9 C over three seasons to create 80-, 554- and 642-degree-day seed, and 1,4-DMN was applied to maintain dormancy several times during each season. 1,4-DMN residue levels at the end of storage were lower in seed aged at higher temperatures. Multiple applications of 1,4-DMN at higher-than-label rates were necessary to effectively inhibit sprouting of seed of all cultivars stored above 4 C. In field trials, depending on cultivar and year, 1,4-DMN either delayed plant emergence slightly or had no effect. 1,4-DMN increased stem numbers from RB and UR seed, but not from RR seed. 1,4-DMN reduced total tuber yields by 3.2 to 5.6 t ha?1 (5% to 9%), and U.S. No. 1 tuber yields by 4.8 to 7.8 t ha?1 (8% to 15%) in all cultivars, regardless of seed tuber age. 1,4-DMN also reduced the average tuber weight for all three cultivars and shifted the size distribution from larger (> 284 g) to smaller tubers. 1,4-DMN reduced the respective yields of > 397-g, 340-to 397-g, and 284-to 340-g tubers by 43%, 19%, and 18% for RR seed, 31%, 14%, and 11% for RB seed, and 40%, 47%, and 27% for UR seed. Conversely, depending on cultivar, yields of smaller tubers (≤170 g) were 11% to 38% higher from 1,4-DMN-treated seed. The shift in tuber size distribution for RR was accompanied by a 1,4-DMN-induced increase in tuber number per plant and per hectare. However, no such effects on tuber set occurred in RB and UR. Moreover, in most cases, the 1,4-DMN effects on yield and tuber size distribution were independent of seed age. Since the 1,4-DMN-induced shifts in tuber size distribution were greater than the reductions in total and U.S. No. 1 yields, 1,4-DMN may be a suitable treatment to reduce average tuber size and increase yield and uniformity of specific size classes of tubers to more closely match market requirements. 相似文献
5.
The influence of tuber-borne pathogenicStreptomyces on potato common scab incidence in daughter tubers was examined under micro-plot conditions. Visually healthy tubers, surface-disinfested healthy tubers, and tubers with 25% scab coverage were planted in pasteurized soil. At 30, 57, and 93 days after planting, soil and belowground plant parts were sampled from various zones around the mother tuber. The total population of actinomyctes was determined by plating on a semiselective medium, and colonies of pathogenicStreptomyces were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting thetxtA gene. At day 30, pathogenicStreptomyces populations were below detectable levels, whereas by day 93, measurable levels were present on the belowground plant parts and in soil adjacent to scabby mother tubers at 104 to 105 CFU g?1 soil. Incidence of scab in the progeny tubers was 89% at harvest. Progeny tubers produced by visually healthy seed tubers had an incidence of 60% scab and substantial populations of pathogenicStreptomyces were present in the zone near the mother tuber (104 CFU g?1 soil). Plots planted with surface disinfested seed tubers had a very lowStreptomyces population in the tuber zone and yielded 100% marketable tubers. A perfect correlation (r = 1.00) was found between the population densities of pathogenicStreptomyces in the root zone and daughter tuber disease incidence indicating that measurement of such populations in the field can serve as an excellent predictor of scab disease. After harvest, populations of pathogenicStreptomyces (106 to 107 CFU g?1 lesion tissue) remained high on the mother tubers. 相似文献
6.
Pamela J. S. Hutchinson Joel Felix Rick Boydston 《American Journal of Potato Research》2014,91(4):394-403
Field studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Aberdeen, ID, Ontario, OR, and Paterson, WA to determine the effect of simulated glyphosate drift on ‘Ranger Russet’ potato during the application year and the crop growing the next year from the daughter tubers. Glyphosate was applied at 8.5, 54, 107, 215, and 423 g ae ha?1 which corresponds to 1/00, 1/16, 1/8, ¼, and 1/2 of the lowest recommended single-application rate for glyphosate-resistant corn and sugar beet of 846 g ha–1. Glyphosate was applied when potato plants were at 10 to 15 cm tall (Early), or at stolon hooking (H), tuber initiation (TI), or during mid-bulking (MB). In general, the MB applications caused less visual foliar injury to the mother crop than earlier applications at ID or OR, and H applications at WA. Mother crop injury increased as glyphosate rate increased regardless of location, application timing, and rating date. U.S. No.1 and total tuber yields were usually related to the injury level resulting from glyphosate application timings and rates. Although injury to the mother crop from glyphosate applied at MB usually was the lowest compared to injury from other application timings, when daughter tubers from that timing were planted the following year, emergence, plant vigor, and yield was most detrimentally impacted compared with that of daughter tubers from other timing treatments. MB daughter tuber emergence was less than 30 % of the nontreated control tuber emergence while emergence of daughter tubers from the other treatments was 60 to 95 %. As rate of glyphosate applied to the mother crop increased, daughter tuber emergence decreased. When MB daughter tubers did emerge, plants were chlorotic and stunted as if the plants had been directly sprayed with glyphosate. Regardless of whether the daughter tubers had defects or not, results the following year were the same. Implications are that if a mother seed crop encounters glyphosate during bulking, injury may not even be noticeable on the foliage or the tubers, however, emergence, vigor, and yield of the crop growing the following year from the daughter tubers could be greatly impacted. 相似文献
7.
Loretta J. Mikitzel 《American Journal of Potato Research》1993,70(9):667-676
Freshly-cut seed pieces of the potato cultivars Ranger Russet and Shepody were dipped in 0, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/1 Gibberellic Acid (GA3) prior to planting. GA3 treatments increased stem and tuber numbers per hill of both cultivars and shifted tuber size profile toward the production of more seed-sized (up to 226 g) tubers and fewer large (greater than 340 g) tubers. The effect of GA3 on reducing average tuber size was similar for the two cultivars. Total tuber yields were not affected. A 2 mg GA3/1 seed piece dip decreased the yield of US#1 tubers in Ranger Russet primarily due to a significant increase in yield of tubers less than 226 g. Also, yields of culls were greater after a 1 mg GA3/1 seed piece treatment, suggesting Ranger Russet is sensitive to this concentration of GA3. One and 2 mg GA3/1 seed piece dips to Shepody increased yields of tubers less than 113 g by 93% and reduced the yield of tubers greater than 340 g by 25% to 50%. GA3 at 1 to 2 mg/1 may be useful in the production of seed potatoes with the cultivar Shepody which tends to produce many large tubers. 相似文献
8.
9.
Summary The effect of environmental conditions on seed tuber production from true potato seed (TPS) in nurseries was evaluated in
different growing periods during two seasons in Egypt. In the autumn season, high soil and air temperatures reduced emergence
and initial foliage development of early-sown seedlings, and decreased tuber yields. In late-sown seedlings low night temperatures
and short daylengths caused early tuberization, poor foliage development and low tuber yields. In the spring season, low temperatures
and short daylengths resulted in a slow initial foliage development and early haulm-tuber competition for assimilates in early-sown
seedlings. However, tuber yields were higher than for late-sown seedlings, presumably because net assimilation and assimilate
partitioning to the tubers were impaired by above optimum air and soil temperatures in May and June. Slow development of true
seed-sown plants caused a high sensitivity towards adverse environmental conditions and would limit yielding ability in Egypt. 相似文献
10.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):144-148
AbstractTo examine the effect of the size of the potato microtuber (MT) produced in vitro on the posterior field performance, we examined the growth and yield of the late maturity cultivar Norin 1 using four sizes of MT: 0.3–0.5 g, 0.5–1 g, 1–3 g and 3–5 g, and conventional seed tubers (CT) (approximately 50 g). The experiment was conducted at Hokkaido University, Sapporo Japan in 1998 and 1999. The tubers were planted in May of each year, in a randomized block design with three replications. Plants from MT lighter than 0.5 g showed a slower initial leaf and tuber growth than heavier MT, but around the full flowering stage there was no significant difference with the MT size in leaf or tuber growth. CT plants showed higher initial leaf and tuber growth compared with MT plants, especially in 1999. No differences in growing period, number of tubers, and tuber fresh and dry yield were observed with the MT size. However, in 1999, the growing period was longer and tuber fresh and dry yields at harvest were higher in CT plants. MT of all sizes used in the study can be used for direct field planting, but more studies are needed to increase the yield stability of MT plants. 相似文献
11.
Summary The relationships between intercepted solar radiation and dry matter production (total and tubers) were established for four
cultivars of different maturity classes and using seed tubers of two physiological ages. The crops were grown in an autumn
and a spring season in Tunisia. Radiation use efficiencies were lower in autumn than in spring and the quantity of intercepted
radiation at tuber initiation was more than two times greater in autumn than in spring due to retarded tuberization in the
autumn caused by the relatively high temperatures. In addition, tuber dry matter, number of stems per plant, tubers per stem
and harvest indices were all lower in the autumn than in the spring season which explained why tuber yields in the spring
season were higher than in the autumn. 相似文献
12.
Summary Micro tubers of 3 weight categories with means of 0.63 g, 1.25 g or 2.50 g and in vitro plants were planted in nursery beds
at densities of 24 and 48 plants per m2. The average tuber numbers and tuber weights were, respectively, 38% and 17% higher at 48 than at 24 plants per m2. In vitro plants produced significantly more but smaller tubers than did plants grown from micro tubers. Plants grown from
the larger micro tubers produced a similar number of tubers but larger ones than did plants grown from small micro tubers.
Tuber yields and multiplication rates are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Summary A single blighted tuber released on average 1.39 mg ofP. infestans mycelia and sporangia during simulated washing. In subsequent experiments up to 100% of tubers were infected when healthy
tubers were washed in a suspension ofP. infestans equivalent to a concentration of 1.65 μg ml−1, i.e. that calculated to be in a commercial washing plant after washing a potato stock with approximately 1% of tubers infected
with blight for 4 hours. Immature tubers were more prone to infection during washing than mature tubers. Damaging tubers,
irrespective of their maturity, increased the incidence of tuber infection. The viability ofP. infestans isolates was significantly reduced byin vitro immersion in water at 44°C for 5 minutes. The infection of daughter tubers dipped in a suspension ofP. infestans for 3 minutes was prevented when the suspension temperature was 44°C. There was no indication of tuber damage at this temperature. 相似文献
14.
Jackson Kawakami Kazuto Iwama Yutaka Jitsuyama Xu Zheng 《American Journal of Potato Research》2004,81(5):327-333
Potato plants of early cultivars grown from microtubers have been reported to have a much lower growth vigor and produce lower yields than microtubers of late cultivars. This study intended to clarify the field performance of plants grown from directly planted microtubers of cultivars with different maturity periods, with a special attention to early cultivars. The experiments were conducted at Hokkaido University, Japan, over four years. Microtubers and conventional seed tubers of the early cultivar Kitaakari, late cultivars Konafubuki and Norin 1, and very late breeding line IWA-1 were planted, and the plant growth and tuber yields were analyzed. The microtuber plants of Kitaakari had a lower initial increase in leaf area index than conventional seed tuber plants, but at the maximum shoot growth had the same leaf area index. This pattern was also observed in the other cultivars. Tuber initiation and tuber bulking occurred on average five days later in microtuber plants than in conventional seed tuber plants of cultivar Kitaakari. At maximum shoot growth, microtuber plants had on average 65% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants, with small variation among cultivars. Irrespective of maturity period, microtuber plants showed a higher tuber increase after maximum shoot growth, achieving around 86% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants at harvest. From the results of this study we conclude that microtuber plants of early and late cultivars have a similar yield potential relative to conventional seed tuber plants, and microtubers of both early and late cultivars might be used as an alternative seed tuber source for potato production, if necessary. 相似文献
15.
Summary In many seed potato producing areas, micro- and minitubers are too small for direct planting as seed tubers in the field.
Such use of these propagules can, however, be feasible if the crop's growth and development can be advanced. Increasing light
interception, harvest index and yield of useable progeny tubers has been proved possible with plastic mulch and pre-planting
of small tubers in a greenhouse. High amounts of nitrogen (up to 180 kg ha−1) or deep planting (up to 9 cm) were less effective. Using older or pre-sprouted micro- or minitubers may be beneficial, because
this might increase the number of sprouts per mother tuber (and thus stems per plant) or advance the growth of sprouts or
stems. However, this would require even more careful management, due to the weakness of these sprouts and stems. Micro- and
minitubers should be as large as feasible when used for direct planting in the field. 相似文献
16.
S. S. Leach 《American Journal of Potato Research》1985,62(3):129-136
A survey of selected potato soils in Maine was made to determine the species and populations ofFusarium spp. present.Fusarium solani ‘Coeruleum’ was most often isolated butFusarium roseum ‘Sambucinum’ was not recovered from any soil. Crops or cropping sequences in general showed no direct relationship to observed Fusaria populations or tuber dry rot. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect ofFusarium contaminated seed on soil and daughter tuber contamination. Whole and cut seed were inoculated withFusarium roseum ‘Sambucinum’ and half of each lot treated with thiabendazole (1500 ppm) to controlFusarium seed decay. Soil populations ofF. roseum ‘Sambucinum’ were higher near plants produced from non-treated, cut seed tubers. No increase inFusarium populations was found between plants or near plants produced from whole or thiabendazole treated seed. Daughter tuber contamination was greatest from plants produced from non-treated contaminated cut seed, and lowest from whole or treated seed. Whole non-treated seed produced daughter tubers with contamination equal to treated whole seed. This indicates that the use of whole seed could be a method to reduce daughter tuber contamination and reduce reliance on chemical treatments. Cut seed contaminated withFusarium spp. is an important source of daughter tuber contamination which can result in a high amount of tuber dry rot in storage. 相似文献
17.
Manipulating Stem Number, Tuber Set and Size Distribution in Specialty Potato Cultivars 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jacob M. Blauer Lisa O. Knowles N. Richard Knowles 《American Journal of Potato Research》2013,90(5):470-496
Manipulating seed physiological age is an effective method to alter tuber set and size distribution for many cultivars. However, cultivars Cal White, Red La Soda, Chieftain, Yukon Gold, and Satina were largely insensitive to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. Gibberellins (GA) also have potential for altering tuber set and size development. When applied to cut seed of the five cultivars, GA hastened plant emergence, increased stem and tuber numbers per plant, and decreased average tuber size. The optimum concentration of GA for shifting tuber size distribution to maximize crop value without decreasing total yield depended on cultivar. Total yields decreased substantially in all cultivars with 10 mg L?1 GA but lower concentrations (0.5–4 mg L?1) either increased yields of Red La Soda, Yukon Gold, Chieftain and Satina by 11, 13, 15, and 24 %, respectively, or had no effect (Cal White). GA-induced increases in tubers per hectare ranged from zero (Cal White, Satina) to 36 % (Chieftain) and associated increases in yields of premium priced creamer size potatoes (C size; 10–66 g, 28–51 mm diameter) ranged from 0 to 140 %, depending on cultivar and length of the growing season. Increases in total crop values ranged from 7 to 30 % (Chieftain) with the optimum concentrations of GA, which also varied by cultivar. Effective use of GA to alter tuber size distribution for increased value depends on cultivar, concentration, and harvest timing. 相似文献
18.
Summary The tuber-to-tuber variability in storage behaviour of seed tubers from true potato seed was compared with that in clonal
seed tubers after storage in the dark, in diffused light, or in diffused light with a single desprouting. The variability
was estimated by calculating standard deviations of length, number and weight of sprouts, and tuber weight loss. After dark
storage, the variability of these variables was greater in seed tubers from true potato seed than in clonal seed tubers. After
storage in diffused light with a single desprouting, the variability of number, length and weight of sprouts of seed tubers
from true seed was not statistically different from that observed in clonal seed tubers. All storage treatments resulted in
a greater variability of tuber weight loss in seed tubers from true potato seed than in clonal tubers. 相似文献
19.
Summary Field performance of five fresh weight classes of minitubers ranging from 0.13–0.25 g to 2.00–3.99 g and conventional seed
tubers was studied in a short growing season (79 or 82 days) in two years. The heavier minitubers gave a more regular emergence,
faster ground cover soon after emergence, higher dry-matter yields, and higher fresh tuber yields. Radiation conversion coefficient
(RCC) did not differ. Higher tuber yields resulted from more radiation intercepted due to a faster ground cover, and a higher
harvest index. All minitubers produced plants with one primary stem. In one experiment when heavier minitubers had long sprouts,
time to 50% emergence decreased with tuber weight, whereas dry-matter concentration of progeny tubers increased. Conventional
tubers appeared superior to minitubers in all characteristics mentioned except RCC, which was similar. Differences in performance
between minitubers and conventional tubers were attributed to weight and age of seed tubers, presprouting method and crop
husbandry. 相似文献
20.
Cody J. Dean Lisa O. Knowles N. Richard Knowles 《American Journal of Potato Research》2018,95(6):622-641
Tuber shape phenotype is an important determinant of raw product (≥7.6-cm-long French fries) recovery for frozen processing. Tuber length-to-width (L/W) ratios ≥1.8 translate to maximum yield of raw product; however, some cultivars produce tubers with much lower L/W ratios. While gibberellin (GA) can be used to elongate tubers, it also decreases tuber size and can thereby attenuate raw product recovery. We investigated the utility of GA and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) combination treatments for modifying tuber set, size, and shape to increase yield of raw product from ‘Payette Russet’ and ‘Alturas’; two late-season frozen-processing cultivars that often produce tubers with undesirably low L/W ratios. Models describing L/W ratio and fry yield by tuber size class were developed to translate total U.S. No. 1 tuber yields (>113 g) into yield of raw product. Increases in the L/W ratios of 113–284-g tubers had a greater effect on recovery of French fries (% fresh wt) than for tubers >284 g. Undersize (<113 g) and oversize (>340 g) tubers yielded 0 and 96% fries, respectively, regardless of L/W ratio. GA applied as a seed treatment effectively hastened emergence and altered tuber shape by increasing the L/W ratios of ‘Alturas’ and ‘Payette Russet’ tubers, enhancing total fry yield for the 113–340-g tubers by 24–46%, depending on concentration and application technique (dip, spray, in-furrow). However, GA also decreased apical dominance and shifted tuber size distribution away from >284-g tubers toward higher yields of <170-g tubers, erasing the gains in fry yield when all size classes (>113 g) were considered. When combined with GA, NAA maintained apical dominance, attenuated the shift in tuber size distribution, had no effect on the GA-induced increase in tuber L/W ratio, and only partly moderated the GA-induced stimulation of plant emergence. Raw product yield from ‘Payette Russet’ increased 12–39% in spray application trials by using NAA to confine the effect of GA to tuber shape and limit the loss of U.S. No. 1 tubers to undersize. Increases in tuber L/W ratio with GA/NAA seed treatments translated to increased yield of fries only when the relative concentrations were adjusted to minimize loss of >284-g tubers and gain in undersize tubers, as dictated by cultivar sensitivity to GA. ‘Alturas’ was less sensitive to GA than ‘Payette Russet’ for shifts in tuber size distribution but not shape, resulting in 17% increase in raw product with GA alone in pre-plant seed spray application studies. GA/NAA combination treatments provide an effective approach to manipulate tuber size distribution and enhance the yield of raw product for frozen processing in cultivars with a rounder tuber shape phenotype. 相似文献