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1.
Dilnee D. Suraweera Tim Groom Marc E. Nicolas 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2020,206(5):565-578
Heat stress is one of the major limitations to crop productivity worldwide. Global warming effects are expected to increase the number of hot days and increase the probability and intensity of heat stress events. Short periods (3–5 days) of heat stress with maximum temperatures exceeding 35°C often occur during late spring and early summer in some pyrethrum growing regions of Australia. These heat stress events usually coincide with pyrethrum flowering period. Pyrethrum is a perennial herbaceous plant which is commercially grown for extraction of pyrethrins which accumulate in the achenes of the flowers and are used as a natural insecticide. This experiment was conducted to understand the effects of timing of short periods of heat stress on flower development and pyrethrum yield. Plants were subjected to short periods of high temperature treatments (12 hr at 35–40°C) for three consecutive days at three flower maturity stages (early, mid, late). Control plants were grown at ambient temperature (10–25°C) throughout the flowering period. Exposure of pyrethrum plants to short periods of high temperature during the flowering period caused a significant reduction in the flower and pyrethrin yield. This was associated with the reduction in flower size and accelerated flower senescence. Exposure of pyrethrum plants to heat stress significantly increased the rate of flower development resulting in a shorter flowering period. Overall, plants grown under control treatment showed slower rate of flower development and longer duration flowering period. This resulted in longer duration of pyrethrin accumulation and higher yield of pyrethrins per flower. Timing and duration of heat stress significantly influenced pyrethrin yield per flower. Heat stress caused more severe yield reductions at early flowering than later in the flowering period. Research focusing on agronomic strategies, phenology and breeding for tolerance to heat stress is therefore important to cope with future climate changes and to obtain maximum pyrethrin yield. 相似文献
2.
花期高温胁迫对水稻花药生理特性及花粉性状的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为探明花期高温胁迫对水稻花器官的影响机制,以耐热水稻品系996和热敏感水稻品系4628为材料,在人工气候室进行高温(8:00~17:00,37℃;17:00~次日8:00,30℃)和适温处理(8:00~17:00, 30℃;17:00~次日8:00,25℃), 研究高温胁迫对水稻花药抗氧化酶活性、膜透性、MDA含量及花粉性状等生理特性的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫下,水稻花药中SOD、POD、CAT、AsA-POD活性在高温胁迫初期均明显增加,尔后快速下降,耐热品系996这四种酶活性增幅大于热敏感品系4628;热敏感品系4628花药中MDA含量和膜透性在高温胁迫下增幅大于耐热性品系996;高温胁迫导致花药开裂、花粉萌发率和柱头上花粉粒数的显著下降,花粉粒直径增大。但耐热品系996的前3项参数显著高于热敏感品系4628。高温胁迫下水稻花药中保持较高抗氧化酶活性、较好的花粉散落特性和花粉萌发特性及较低的膜透性和MDA含量,是品种耐高温的生理基础。 相似文献
3.
J. P. Braak 《Euphytica》1968,17(2):311-318
Summary A study was made of the possible causes of poor fruit set occurring in the strawberry variety Jucunda. In experiments in which plants were exposed to different constant temperatures from the beginning of flowering it was found that fruit set in Jucunda was normal at temperatures of 17°C and higher, but decreased rapidly at lower temperatures to a very low level at 10°C. In other experiments, in which in each case the temperature treatments were started a different number of days before the begining of flowering, fruit set was always lower than in the experiments mentioned above, but here too the unfavourable effect of lower temperatures was quite distinct. The experimental results indicate that poor fruit set is Jucunda results from inadequate pollen production and that it will occur if temperatures during the period of flowering are below 17°C, and possibly also if temperatures at some time before flowering are higher than the normal temperatures prevailing in the field during that period.Fruit set in the variety Juspa which originated from a cross between Jucunda and the American variety Sparkle, showed sensitivity to temperatures before and during flowering which was identical, if less pronounced, with that of Jucunda. Thus it was confirmed that poor fruit set in Jucunda can be passed on to its progeny. The results of these experiments indicate under which conditions selection against poor fruit set can be effectively carried out in progenies derived from Jucunda. 相似文献
4.
A. H. Eenink 《Euphytica》1981,30(1):71-76
Summary For the production of inbred lines and F1 hybrids in witloof-chicory information is wanted on characteristics such as the incompatibility system. These characteristics can only be studied properly if the influence of temperature and physiological status of the plant on pollen germination and seed production is known. Investigations were carried out with 9 self-incompatible (SI) and 6 self-compatible (SC) clones in glasshouses of the IVT phytotron at constant temperatures of 10, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26°C. In general, in vivo pollen germination percentages were rather low after self pollination with an optimum for germination around 17–20°C. No seeds were formed at the lowest temperature (10°C) while seed production for SC clones was usually (rather) good at higher temperatures. At 26°C seed production in some clones decreased. Both pollen germination and seed production decreased at the end of the flowering period. There was a rather positive relationship at e.g. 17 and 20°C between pollen germination after selfing and seed production. When no pollen germination was observed, no seed formation occurred. When pollen grains did germinate, seed development would not necessarily occur in all cases. So this relationship only enables negative mass selection for SC. 相似文献
5.
F. R. Echer D. M. Oosterhuis D. A. Loka C. A. Rosolem 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2014,200(3):191-198
Cotton‐producing regions throughout the world often experience high night temperatures (HNTs), affecting flowering and yield in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of high nighttime temperatures on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of cotton during the floral bud and flowering stages. Growth chamber experiments were conducted in 2011–2012 and treatments included a control (day/night temperature of 32/24 °C) and two HNT treatments (32/29 °C from 8:00 pm to 12:00 am) for 3 weeks from the beginning of each phenological stage, i.e., first floral bud (B1) and first flower (F1). The results indicated that increased night temperatures (NTs) during the floral bud and flowering stages increased the rate of flower production per plant. However, no increase was observed in the final number of reproductive structures because the rate of floral abortion also increased for both treatments compared to the control. Additionally, the increase in night temperature during the floral bud stage reduced the sucrose content in the flower, resulting in decreased pollen viability and premature abortion of reproductive structures while the onset of flowering period was also delayed and lower accumulation of reproductive dry matter was observed. HNTs during the flowering stage reduced the number of seeds per locule and the number of seeds per boll. In general, higher than optimum NTs affected sucrose metabolism of the cotton flower and consequently its pollen viability. As a result the flowering period was delayed and a reduction in reproductive dry matter accumulation was observed due to premature abortion of reproductive structures. Finally, cotton is more sensitive to HNT at floral bud stage and this finding may be important to adjust cotton planting date, management and breeding. 相似文献
6.
Influence of flower and flowering characteristics on seed yield in diploid and tetraploid red clover 
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下载免费PDF全文 Tetraploid red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) often produces insufficient seed to be economically interesting. Numerous studies have identified poor pollination due to long corolla tubes as its cause, but other studies disagree. Therefore, we investigated seed yield, corolla tube length and flowering traits in 244 plants from five diploid and five tetraploid cultivars during 2 years. Tetraploids produced fewer seeds, fewer flower heads and fewer seeds per head, but an equal number of flowers per head when compared to diploids. Although corolla tubes were longer in tetraploid than in diploid red clover (P < 0.001), no correlation between corolla tube length and seed yield was detected. Therefore, the corolla tube length is likely neither the main nor only cause of low seed yield in tetraploid red clover. Instead, three putative causes for low seed yield were identified: tetraploids produced less inflorescences per plant, possessed a lower degree of determinacy and had markedly less seeds per head when compared to diploids. Possible causes for such differences include lower pollen viability and higher rates of embryo abortion. 相似文献
7.
The after effect of continuous and variable chilling temperatures acting periodically for 7 days at seedling stage (day/night: 2/2°C, 5/5°C, 15/2°C, 15/5°C, 15/15°C and control–22/18°C) on growth, development and final yield of soybean cultivar Polan and Progres were investigated. The temperature decrease lengthened the duration of the vegetation period before flowering for both cultivars, which allowed compensation for the reduced–as an effect of chilling–rate of daily increments in the leaf area and the dry weight of the above-ground parts of the plants. The most important symptom of chilling treatment was a considerable increase in the number of axillary branches after flowering, which caused an increase in the dry weight of plants. The subsequent reaction of the growth of leaves to chilling at seedling stage was, after flowering, variety dependent. The area of leaves bigger at Polan or similar to control at Progres ensured good seed filling in an increased number of pods developed on axillary branches. Chill-induced delay in plants development allowed the avoidance of low temperature occurring during flowering in this experiment. This chilling during flowering was one of the reasons of worse-pod setting and reduction of seeds per pod number at control plants. 相似文献
8.
Effect of high temperature on incompatibility in radish 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. I. M. El Murabaa 《Euphytica》1957,6(3):268-270
Summary Clones of radish plants were cross-pollinated or selfed at 17 and 26 °C. In crosscompatible plants the fruit set; the average number of seeds per fruit and the total seed yield were decreased at 26 °C. In incompatible plants the fruit set and the total seed yield were increased when selfing was done at the higher temperature. It is concluded that while high temperature has an unfavourable effect on seed set of radish plants, it also weakens the incompatibility reaction between pollen and style, so that the result is a small increase in yield. 相似文献
9.
Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed. 相似文献
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华北低平原不同播种期春玉米的产量表现及其与气象因子的通径分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对华北地区种植春玉米面临的灌浆期高温胁迫问题,2011-2012年在河北省吴桥县开展了2个春玉米品种(郑单958播种于2011年,金海5号播种于2012年)的播期试验,以探讨气象因子与玉米产量间的关系,为通过调整播种期减轻春玉米灌浆期的高温胁迫提供理论依据。结果初步表明,不同播种期使春玉米灌浆时期发生变化,因而灌浆期气象因子特征表现出差异。4月上旬播种与其他播种期处理相比,春玉米灌浆期光水资源丰富,降雨量增加5.0~47.4 mm,日照时数增多41.0~70.0 h、气温日较差大0.2~0.6℃,但是,高温胁迫严重(≥33℃天数多达15 d,日均温高达28.4℃);5月中旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫轻（≥33℃天数仅有8 d,日均温平均26.0℃）,而光水资源相对充足;4月中旬、4月下旬和5月上旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫相对严重;5月下旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫相对较轻,但阴雨寡照严重。两年的籽粒产量由高到低的播种期依次是,4月上旬、5月中旬、5月上旬、4月下旬、4月中旬、5月下旬;郑单958和金海5号在4月上旬播种的产量分别达9912 kg hm-2和11 046 kg hm-2,在5月中旬播种的产量分别达9906 kg hm-2和10 852.5 kg hm-2,其他4个播种期的产量比前两个播种期低6.0%~28.2%。通径分析表明,4月上旬播种的玉米灌浆期气温日较差大、光照时数长,对千粒重和穗粒数的直接正效应大,从而缓解了高温胁迫负效应;5月中旬播种的玉米产量较高是因为躲避了灌浆期高温胁迫,但气温日较差和日照时数的正效应比4月上旬播种期的低,因此比4月上旬播种的产量低;4月中旬、4月下旬、5月上旬、5月下旬各播种处理的千粒重和穗粒数受高温胁迫或阴雨寡照影响较大,且气温日较差和光照时数正效应较小,产量下降明显。针对华北地区种植春玉米面临的灌浆期高温胁迫问题,2011-2012年在河北省吴桥县开展了2个春玉米品种(郑单958播种于2011年,金海5号播种于2012年)的播期试验,以探讨气象因子与玉米产量间的关系,为通过调整播种期减轻春玉米灌浆期的高温胁迫提供理论依据。结果初步表明,不同播种期使春玉米灌浆时期发生变化,因而灌浆期气象因子特征表现出差异。4月上旬播种与其他播种期处理相比,春玉米灌浆期光水资源丰富,降雨量增加5.0~47.4 mm,日照时数增多41.0~70.0 h、气温日较差大0.2~0.6℃,但是,高温胁迫严重(≥33℃天数多达15 d,日均温高达28.4℃);5月中旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫轻（≥33℃天数仅有8 d,日均温平均26.0℃）,而光水资源相对充足;4月中旬、4月下旬和5月上旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫相对严重;5月下旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫相对较轻,但阴雨寡照严重。两年的籽粒产量由高到低的播种期依次是,4月上旬、5月中旬、5月上旬、4月下旬、4月中旬、5月下旬;郑单958和金海5号在4月上旬播种的产量分别达9912 kg hm-2和11 046 kg hm-2,在5月中旬播种的产量分别达9906 kg hm-2和10 852.5 kg hm-2,其他4个播种期的产量比前两个播种期低6.0%~28.2%。通径分析表明,4月上旬播种的玉米灌浆期气温日较差大、光照时数长,对千粒重和穗粒数的直接正效应大,从而缓解了高温胁迫负效应;5月中旬播种的玉米产量较高是因为躲避了灌浆期高温胁迫,但气温日较差和日照时数的正效应比4月上旬播种期的低,因此比4月上旬播种的产量低;4月中旬、4月下旬、5月上旬、5月下旬各播种处理的千粒重和穗粒数受高温胁迫或阴雨寡照影响较大,且气温日较差和光照时数正效应较小,产量下降明显。 相似文献
12.
为了观测狭瓣辣木和多油辣木改良种PKM-1开花散粉时期花部形态、花粉萌发率和柱头可授性的变化规律,本研究采用琼脂培养基萌发法测定花粉萌发率,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性,结合田间花部性状随着时间变化的实际观测进行分析。结果表明,狭瓣辣木花朵开花之初,花药即完全打开并开始大量散粉,柱头直立,高于雄蕊;花朵开放后,柱头直立不变,高度逐渐低于雄蕊。PKM-1花朵开花之初,花药微微闭合,2 h后完全打开并开始大量散粉,柱头微微弯曲,高度低于雄蕊;花朵开放后,柱头逐渐弯曲,高度逐渐高于雄蕊。狭瓣辣木花粉萌发率在开花第2天达到最大值77%,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。PKM-1花粉萌发率在开花第1天达到最大值69%,之后迅速降低;狭瓣辣木和PKM-1柱头可授性均呈上升趋势,二者在开花第3天柱头可授性最强。在开花第1天,狭瓣辣木柱头具有微弱活性,而PKM-1柱头没有活性。在自然授粉条件下,狭瓣辣木花期柱头形态不利于其杂交授粉;在开花第2天采集花粉,在开花第3天柱头可授性最强时人工授粉,可以提高狭瓣辣木结实率和杂交成功率。本研究对于制定辣木杂交育种措施、提高辣木人工授粉效率和产量有重要意义。 相似文献
13.
Summary Forty strains of mungbeans, including all of the entries in the 1st and 2nd International Mungbean Nurseries (IMN), were grown in plant growth chambers in photoperiods of 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 hours and mean temperatures of 18, 23, and 28°C. Results show that (1) mungbean strains differ in their flowering response to photoperiod and to mean temperature; (2) increasing the photoperiod of reducing the mean temperature delayed flowering, the amount of delay varied with the strain: (3) variations in mean temperature may alter the effect of the photoperiod on flowering in particular strains. Twenty-five strains which flowered in all photoperiod-temperature treatments could be divided into four groups, each group being successively later in flowering. The remaining 15 strains could be divided into four groups, according to their failure to flower within 105 days in specific photoperiod-temperature treatments. Flowering response in the growth chamber is useful in explaining flowering response in the 2nd IMN at three locations varying from 14°N to 49°N latitude.Contribution No 7516 from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
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苜蓿花期访花昆虫种类调查 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
野生传粉昆虫在提高牧草种子产量方面具有的意义,为了掌握野生访花昆虫的种类及活动规律,指导苜蓿种子生产,笔者于2011年对新疆农业大学呼图壁生态站苜蓿花期访花昆虫种类进行调查研究。结果表明,苜蓿花期访花昆虫有6个目,分属于18个科。其中蜜蜂总科是传粉频率最为稳定的昆虫,也是数量最多的昆虫;6月14—16日是访花昆虫传粉的高峰期,访花昆虫种类及数目最多。一天中,13:00—16:00是访花昆虫传粉活动最频繁的时期。 相似文献
16.
Flowering, Pod Set and Reproductive Success in Soya Bean 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
D. B. Egli 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2005,191(4):283-291
Much of the variation in yield of soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and other grain crops is associated with changes in the number of pods and seeds per unit area. Photosynthesis and seed characteristics are the primary determinants of pod and seed number, but recent research suggests that the temporal distribution of flower production may also play an important role. Soya bean has a long flowering period (up to 40 days or more), but most of the flowers are produced in a much shorter time. The length of the period varies among cultivars, growth habits (indeterminate and determinate) and environments. The reproductive success of flowers produced early in the period is usually greater than those produced later. Little is known, however, of the regulation of the temporal distribution of flower production or its potential role in determining pod and seed number at maturity. Research is needed to determine first, if the temporal distribution can be manipulated to increase pod and seed set and secondly, if such increases would result in higher yields. 相似文献
17.
A better understanding of the agronomic importance of planting date and the influence of cold temperatures and photoperiod during germination and plant growth may lead to better management strategies for cultivation of the sweet white lupin (Lupinus albus). The effects of planting date (temperature and photoperiod) were determined on the number of days to flowering, yield and yield components of four early to medium and one late sweet white lupin genotype in a field trial at Potchefstroom, South Africa, planted during February 1996 to January 1997. Moisture stress was avoided through regular irrigation. Duration of the developmental phases planting date to emergence, emergence to floral initiation, initiation to first flower, duration of flower and days to physiological and harvest maturity was related to field measurements of temperature and photoperiod. Differences in the main determinants of yield, i.e. seeds per pod, pods per plant, single seed mass (SSM), plant and pod height and yield, were measured. Results showed that both temperature and photoperiod influence the growth and development of the Lupinus albus genotypes ‘Esta’, ‘Hantie’, ‘Tifwhite’, ‘Kiev’ and ‘LAL 186’. Temperature influences include the effect of vernalization at seedling emergence. Minimum grass temperatures under 5 °C at emergence are effective for vernalization. However, after grass temperatures at emergence increased again from June to December, to gether with an increase in the photoperiod length, ‘Tifwhite’ as well as the other genotypes still flowered earlier, confirming that these cultivars are long‐day plants, which is in accordance with controlled‐environment data. Cool vernalizing temperatures thus not only influence obligate vernalization requiring genotypes such as ‘Tifwhite’, but also influence the non‐obligate genotypes studied. Plan‐ting date had a significant influence on pods per plant, single seed mass (SSM) and seed yield. In all trials laterplanting, from June to November, decreased SSM and seed yield. The highest seed yield of 1.5 t ha?1 was obtained for the 10 June planting date and the lowest average yield of 0.450 t ha?1 for the 5 November planting date. 相似文献
18.
Yunfei Jiang Arthur R. Davis Vladimir Vujanovic Rosalind A. Bueckert 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2019,205(3):324-333
Flowering plants are highly sensitive to heat stress during reproductive phase, which covers development from floral initiation to seed maturity. The objectives of this study were to diagnose high temperature effects on pollen production and morphology, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pollen grains and ovules in pea cultivar “CDC Golden.” This study also investigated timing and duration of heat exposure at specific developmental stages of floral buds, open flowers and early set pods on flower and pod abortion, seed development and seed yield in “CDC Golden” and a second cultivar “CDC Sage.” The experiments were conducted in growth chambers with two temperature regimes (24/18°C and 35/18°C day/night temperature for 4–14 days) during reproductive development. Heat stress reduced the number of pollen grains per anther, induced smaller pollen grains and increased ROS production in pollen grains, but it did not affect ROS accumulation in ovules and ovule number per ovary. Heat exposure when young floral buds were visible at the first reproductive node was more detrimental to flower retention, seed set, pod development and seed yield compared to heat exposure started later when flowers at the second reproductive node were fully open. 相似文献
19.
M. E. Cisneros-López L. E. Mendoza-Onofre H. A. Zavaleta-Mancera V. A. González-Hernández L. Córdova-Téllez M. Hernández-Martínez & G. Mora-Aguilera 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2009,195(6):464-471
In A-lines of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), seed production under field conditions with manual pollination is generally lower than that in self-pollinated B-lines. This may be associated with floral differences. Six pairs of A/B-lines and four R-lines were evaluated during 2005 and 2006 at Montecillo, State of México (2240 m altitude). Rachis length, number of primary branches and fertile flowers per panicle, 100-seed weight, seed number, seed yield and seed set per panicle were evaluated. In the A-lines, the pistil characteristics were also measured and in the male-fertile lines, the size of anthers and the amount and size of viable pollen were recorded. Compared with the A- and B-lines, the R-lines exhibited significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) numbers of flowers, seed set and seed yield per panicle and they also produced more pollen grains of larger size and with greater viability during their longer flowering period (FP). Between A- and B-lines, there were differences (P ≤ 0.05) in most of the yield traits, which also interacted with year. The proportion of viable pollen in B- and R-lines (75 %) was not considered to be a factor that might account for their low seed production. Chilling temperatures (3.5–8.4 °C) during the FP could have affected stigma receptivity in the three different line types and thus may have reduced seed set in the male-fertile lines. 相似文献
20.
昆虫授粉对芝麻产量构成因素的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为探索芝麻花期访花昆虫授粉效果,更好地利用昆虫为其授粉提高产量。本研究利用全封闭、半封闭、开放3个处理对芝麻花期访花昆虫数量及产量构成因素进行调查和分析。结果表明：蜜蜂是芝麻主要的传粉昆虫,占总访花昆虫数量的78.69%~88.78%。通过芝麻盛花期蜜蜂访花次数可看出,1d当中蜜蜂访花高峰主要集中在9∶00-10∶30和15∶00-16∶30两时段。昆虫授粉可显著增加半封闭区、开放区芝麻单株蒴果数、每蒴粒数、千粒重、单株产量、小区产量,与全封闭区（CK）相比分别提高了7.06%~17.58%、10.48%~16.83%、2.19%~5.13%、11.24%~20.86%、10.12%~20.85%。因此,在芝麻杂交制种和栽培生产过程中,人为增加传粉昆虫数量对提高制种效果和增加芝麻产量具有重要意义。 相似文献